Mechanistic insights into transition metal-mediated bioorthogonal uncaging reactions.

Cleavage of C-O and C-N bonds mediated by transition metals is a promising bioorthogonal approach to rescue the activity of caged molecules, such as proteins and cytotoxic drugs, under biological conditions. However, the precise mechanism of such uncaging reactions remains elusive. This review provides mechanistic insights into metal-mediated bond-cleavage reactions, with the goals of understanding the main factors that influence the reaction and aiding the rational development of new caging groups/catalysts for chemical biology and drug-delivery applications.

Effect of surface and porosity of biochar on water holding capacity aiming indirectly at preservation of the Amazon biome.

As part of efforts to reduce pressure on the Amazon and other biomes, one approach considered by Brazilian authorities and scientists is more intensive use of the soils of the interior of the northeast of the country, which are generally sandy, with low contents of organic matter and low water holding capacity and are frequently affected by severe droughts. In this work, biochars produced from waste biomasses were tested for the improvement of these soils. The highest BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) specific surface areas were observed for all biochars. In the pH range studied, the water hyacinth plants (WH) sample showed the most negative zeta potentials, as well as the highest water holding capacity (WHC) values, while the zeta potentials of two quartzarenic neosol soils were consistent with their WHC values. The results suggested that despite the effect of porosity on water retention, the zeta potential could be associated with the presence of negative charges by which hydrated cationic counterions were absorbed and retained. The surface energy and its polar and dispersive components were associated with water retention, with sugar cane bagasse, orange peel, and water hyacinth biochars presenting higher SE values and larger polar components.