The northernmost haulout site of South American sea lions and fur seals in the western South Atlantic.

We present estimates of the seasonal and spatial occupation by pinnipeds of the Wildlife Refuge of Ilha dos Lobos (WRIL), based on aerial photographic censuses. Twenty aerial photographic censuses were analysed between July 2010 and November 2018. To assess monthly differences in the numbers of pinnipeds in the WRIL we used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model. Spatial analysis was carried out using Kernel density analysis of the pinnipeds on a grid plotted along the WRIL. Subadult male South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) were the most abundant pinniped in the WRIL. Potential females of this species were also recorded during half of the census. The maximum number of pinnipeds observed in the WRIL was 304 in September 2018, including an unexpected individual southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), and a high number of South American fur seal yearlings (Arctocephalus australis). However, there was no statistically significant difference in counts between months. In all months analysed, pinnipeds were most often found concentrated in the northern portion of the island, with the highest abundances reported in September. This study confirms the importance of the WRIL as a haulout site for pinnipeds in Brazil, recommends that land research and recreational activities occur in months when no pinnipeds are present, and encourages a regulated marine mammal-based tourism during winter and spring months.

Animal-borne tags provide insights into the acoustic communication of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) on the calving grounds.

This study investigated the repertoire, call-type variability and call rates of southern right whales on a calving ground off Brazil in the western South Atlantic. Acoustic tag data were collected from four lactating females and one juvenile. Pulsive, hybrid, and upcalls showed the greatest variability among call-types with up to 23% of non-standard forms detected. Quiet sounds (grunt, single, and double pulse) were detected for the first time in this species on the calving grounds. Although the sample size was limited, results suggest that social interaction increased call-type diversity and call rates, in line with other acoustic studies on right whales.

Genetic Diversity and Connectivity of Southern Right Whales (Eubalaena australis) Found in the Brazil and Chile-Peru Wintering Grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) Feeding Ground.

As species recover from exploitation, continued assessments of connectivity and population structure are warranted to provide information for conservation and management. This is particularly true in species with high dispersal capacity, such as migratory whales, where patterns of connectivity could change rapidly. Here we build on a previous long-term, large-scale collaboration on southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) to combine new (nnew) and published (npub) mitochondrial (mtDNA) and microsatellite genetic data from all major wintering grounds and, uniquely, the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur: SG) feeding grounds. Specifically, we include data from Argentina (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 208/46), Brazil (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 50/50), South Africa (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 66/77, npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 350/47), Chile-Peru (nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 1/1), the Indo-Pacific (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 769/126), and SG (npub mtDNA/microsatellite = 8/0, nnew mtDNA/microsatellite = 3/11) to investigate the position of previously unstudied habitats in the migratory network: Brazil, SG, and Chile-Peru. These new genetic data show connectivity between Brazil and Argentina, exemplified by weak genetic differentiation and the movement of 1 genetically identified individual between the South American grounds. The single sample from Chile-Peru had an mtDNA haplotype previously only observed in the Indo-Pacific and had a nuclear genotype that appeared admixed between the Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic, based on genetic clustering and assignment algorithms. The SG samples were clearly South Atlantic and were more similar to the South American than the South African wintering grounds. This study highlights how international collaborations are critical to provide context for emerging or recovering regions, like the SG feeding ground, as well as those that remain critically endangered, such as Chile-Peru.

Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and diametrical tensile strength of an interim cement modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles and terpenes: An in vitro study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Interim restorations are occasionally left in the mouth for extended periods and are susceptible to bacterial infiltration. Thus, dental interim cements with antibacterial properties are required. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine in vitro antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and to compare the diametrical tensile strength (DTSs) of dental interim cement modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) with that of cement modified with terpenes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Antibacterial properties of ZnO-NPs, terpenes, and dental interim cement modified with ZnO-NPs and cement modified with terpenes against S mutans were tested according to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and direct contact inhibition (DCI). Tensile strength levels were evaluated using DTS. Results were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA, and Tamhane tests (α=.05). RESULTS: The MICs of ZnO-NPs and terpenes against S mutans were 61.94 µg/g and 0.25% v/v, respectively. The DCI assay under the cylinders of cement (area of contact with the agar surface) revealed significant bacterial growth inhibition on Temp-Bond NE specimens with ZnO-NPs at MIC of 495.2 µg/g (8× MIC) and with terpenes at MIC 0.999% v/v (4× MIC) (P<.05). The Temp-Bond NE cement cylinder (control group) showed the lowest DTS (1.05 ±0.27 MPa) of all other test groups. In the Zn-NPs group, the greatest increase occurred in the NP8 (8× MIC; 495.2 µg/g) group with a value of 1.50 ±0.23 MPa, a significant increase in DTS compared with the control and terpene groups (P<.05). In the terpene group, the highest increase corresponded to group T2 (2× MIC; 0.4995% v/v) with a value of 1.29 ±0.18 MPa. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of terpenes and ZnO-NPs to interim cement showed antibacterial activity when in contact with S. mutans ATCC 25175. Both terpenes and ZnO-NPs antimicrobial agents increased diametral tensile strength.

Vocalizations produced by southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) mother-calf pairs in a calving ground off Brazil.

Aiming to gather information on southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) mother-calf pairs' vocal behavior, archival acoustic recorders were deployed at a calving area off Brazil. Manual inspection of spectrograms revealed seven call classes: upcall, downcall, down-upcall, tonal variable, tonal constant, hybrid, and pulsive calls, which are consistent with those previously described for this species in Argentina. Gunshots and warbles, vocalizations described from other right whale species, were not detected. Mean values of start, end, maximum, minimum and peak frequencies, frequency bandwidth and duration were calculated for each call class. Start and end frequencies, frequency bandwidth and duration of upcalls recorded off Brazil were compared to those from other right whale populations and species. Only mean duration of upcalls from Brazil were significantly different from upcalls from all other populations. Differences in call duration may be driven by differences in demographic factors or background noise features among study areas. The repertoire characterization presented in this study will contribute to increase the utility of passive acoustic monitoring as a tool for conservation and research of southern right whales off Brazil as it provides important baseline information on the vocal behavior of this species.

Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis) Reproductive Success is Influenced by Krill (Euphausia superba) Density and Climate.

The reproductive success of southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) depends on body condition and, therefore, on foraging success. This, in turn, might be affected by climatically driven change in the abundance of the species main prey, krill (Euphausia superba), on the feeding grounds. Annual data on southern right whale number of calves were obtained from aerial surveys carried out between 1997 and 2013 in southern Brazil, where the species concentrate during their breeding season. The number of calves recorded each year varied from 7 to 43 ( = 21.11 ± 11.88). Using cross-correlation analysis we examined the response of the species to climate anomalies and krill densities. Significant correlations were found with krill densities (r = 0.69, p = 0.002, lag 0 years), Oceanic Niño Index (r = -0.65, p = 0.03, lag 6 years), Antarctic Oscillation (r = 0.76, p = 0.01, lag 7 years) and Antarctic sea ice area (r = -0.68, p = 0.002, lag 0 years). Our results suggest that global climate indices influence southern right whale breeding success in southern Brazil by determining variation in food (krill) availability for the species. Therefore, increased frequency of years with reduced krill abundance, due to global warming, is likely to reduce the current rate of recovery of southern right whales from historical overexploitation.

Stable isotopes indicate population structuring in the southwest Atlantic population of right whales (Eubalaena australis).

From the early 17th century to the 1970s southern right whales, Eubalaena australis, were subject to intense exploitation along the Atlantic coast of South America. Catches along this coast recorded by whalers originally formed a continuum from Brazil to Tierra del Fuego. Nevertheless, the recovery of the population has apparently occurred fragmentarily, and with two main areas of concentration, one off southern Brazil (Santa Catarina) and another off central Argentina (Peninsula Valdés). This pattern suggests some level of heterogeneity amongst the population, which is apparently contradicted by records that traced individuals moving throughout the whole geographical extension covered by the species in the Southwest Atlantic. To test the hypothesis of the potential occurrence of discrete subpopulations exploiting specific habitats, we investigated N, C and O isotopic values in 125 bone samples obtained from whaling factories operating in the early 1970s in southern Brazil (n=72) and from contemporary and more recent strandings occurring in central Argentina (n=53). Results indicated significant differences between the two sampling areas, being δ13C and δ18O values significantly higher in samples from southern Brazil than in those from central Argentina. This variation was consistent with isotopic baselines from the two areas, indicating the occurrence of some level of structure in the Southwest Atlantic right whale population and equally that whales more likely feed in areas commonly thought to exclusively serve as nursing grounds. Results aim at reconsidering of the units currently used in the management of the southern right whale in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. In the context of the current die-off affecting the species in Peninsula Valdés, these results also highlight the necessity to better understand movements of individuals and precisely identify their feeding areas.

Aislamiento y caracterización de Escherichia coli O157:H7 a partir de carne molida de bovino en Lima-Perú

El objetivo del estudio fue aislar y caracterizar E. coli O157:H7 a partir de carne molida fresca de bovino obtenida en diferentes mercados de abastos. Se analizaron 195 muestras; para el aislamiento y enumeración de E. coli se utilizó la técnica del Numero Más probable mediante tubos múltiples; para el aislamiento y caracterización de E. coli O157:H7 el enriquecimiento selectivo y el análisis bioquímico, las colonias características se confirmaron mediante pruebas serológicas. Para determinar la presencia de shigatoxina (stx1, stx2) e intimina (eae A) se empleó la técnica de PCR multiplex en tiempo real y para enterohemolisina la prueba de hemólisis. El 87.18% de la muestras fue positivo para E. coli y el 77.95% presentó un recuento igual o superior a 50 NMP/g. Se obtuvieron 3 (1.54%) cepas de E. coli O157:H7, una stx1 +/ stx2 +/ eaeA - y enterohemolisina -, una stx 1 +/ stx2 -/ eaeA + y enterohemolisina - y la otra stx1 -/ stx2 -/ eaeA - y enterohemolisina +. También se obtuvieron 4 cepas (2.05%) de E. coli O157 no H7, ninguna presentó factores de virulencia. El estudio reveló el riesgo potencial de que E. coli O157:H7 afecte a la población de Lima

The aim of the study was to isolate and characterize E. coli O157: H7 from fresh ground beef obtained in different food markets. 195 samples were analyzed, for isolation and enumeration of E. coli was used most probable number technique using multiple tubes, for the isolation and characterization of E. coli O157: H7 selective enrichment and biochemical analysis, characteristic colonies were confirmed serologically. To determine the presence of shigatoxin (stx1, stx2) and intimin (eaeA) was done with multiplex real time PCR and for enterohemolysin the hemolysis test. The 87.18% of the samples were positive for E. coli and 77.95% had a count greater than or equal to 50 NMP/g. Were obtained 3 (1.54%) strains of E. coli O157: H7, one stx1 +/ stx2 +/eaeA - and enterohemolysin -, one stx1 +/stx2 -/eaeA + and enterohemolysin - and the other stx1 -/stx2 -/eaeA - and enterohemolysin +. Also obtained 4 (2.05%) strains of E. coli O157 non H7, no virulence factors presented. The study found that the risk potential E. coli O157: H7 affecting the population of Lima

Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma: clinical case report and literature Review / Carcinoma adenoide quístico nasosinusal: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura

We present the case of a patient, a 59 year-old man, with Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Magnetic resonance exam revealed invasion of the right orbit and brain at the level of the anterior cranial fossa floor. Due to the large volume, we decided to perform radio-chemotherapy treatment to diminish the size of the lesion. On conclusion of the first stage of treatment, reduction in tumor size was confirmed by computerized tomography exam and we decided to perform surgical resection with right ocular globe preservation. At present the patient is under periodic control and without major complications...

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 59 años con carcinoma adenoide quístico nasosinusal. El examen de resonancia magnética reveló la invasión de la órbita derecha y el cerebro a nivel del suelo de la fosa craneal anterior. Debido al gran volumen, se decidió realizar el tratamiento de radio-quimioterapia para disminuir el tamaño de la lesión. Al término de la primera etapa del tratamiento, la reducción del tamaño del tumor fue confirmada por el examen de tomografía computarizada y se decidió realizar una resección quirúrgica con preservación del globo ocular derecho. En la actualidad el paciente se encuentra bajo el control periódico y sin mayores complicaciones...

Reações comportamentais na superfície de Sotalia guianensis (Cetacea, Delphinidae) durante encontros com embarcações na Baía Norte de Santa Catarina

Reações comportamentais na superfície do golfinho ou boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) a embarcações foram estudadas dentro e no entorno de uma área protegida no Sul do Brasil (2735S, 4830W) durante os anos de 1993 a 2003. A maioria dos encontros embarcação-golfinho causaram reações negativas e apenas 0.03% (n = 2) produziram reações positivas, enquanto 35.45 (n = 235) não resultaram em reações. As reações comportamentais dos animais demonstraram padrões de freqüência distintos entre si ao longo dos anos, com freqüência decrescente de reações negativas e, crescente das neutras. As reações dos golfinhos foram afetadas por estação do ano, tipo de embarcação e tipo de aproximação da embarcação. A maioria dos encontrosocorreu no verão, embora tenham sido registrados ao longo de todas as estações do ano. Escuna foi o tipo de embarcaçãoresponsável pelo maior número de encontros, seguida por barcos de passeio e por barcos de pesca. Praticamente todos os encontros geo-referenciados ocorreram dentro da área protegida, sendo 60% no interior da Zona Exclusiva para Golfinhos. Fatores importantes para reduzir o impacto da atividade das embarcações sobre esses golfinhos nesta importante área podem incluir maior integração e cooperação entre operadores de embarcações, comunidade cientifica e moradores locais, assim como fiscalização adequada da atividade das embarcações.

Reações comportamentais na superfície de Sotalia guianensis (Cetacea, Delphinidae) durante encontros com embarcações na Baía Norte de Santa Catarina

Reações comportamentais na superfície do golfinho ou boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) a embarcações foram estudadas dentro e no entorno de uma área protegida no Sul do Brasil (2735S, 4830W) durante os anos de 1993 a 2003. A maioria dos encontros embarcação-golfinho causaram reações negativas e apenas 0.03% (n = 2) produziram reações positivas, enquanto 35.45 (n = 235) não resultaram em reações. As reações comportamentais dos animais demonstraram padrões de freqüência distintos entre si ao longo dos anos, com freqüência decrescente de reações negativas e, crescente das neutras. As reações dos golfinhos foram afetadas por estação do ano, tipo de embarcação e tipo de aproximação da embarcação. A maioria dos encontrosocorreu no verão, embora tenham sido registrados ao longo de todas as estações do ano. Escuna foi o tipo de embarcaçãoresponsável pelo maior número de encontros, seguida por barcos de passeio e por barcos de pesca. Praticamente todos os encontros geo-referenciados ocorreram dentro da área protegida, sendo 60% no interior da Zona Exclusiva para Golfinhos. Fatores importantes para reduzir o impacto da atividade das embarcações sobre esses golfinhos nesta importante área podem incluir maior integração e cooperação entre operadores de embarcações, comunidade cientifica e moradores locais, assim como fiscalização adequada da atividade das embarcações.