Evolution of In-Cylinder Diesel Engine Soot and Emission Characteristics Investigated with Online Aerosol Mass Spectrometry.

To design diesel engines with low environmental impact, it is important to link health and climate-relevant soot (black carbon) emission characteristics to specific combustion conditions. The in-cylinder evolution of soot properties over the combustion cycle and as a function of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was investigated in a modern heavy-duty diesel engine. A novel combination of a fast gas-sampling valve and a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) enabled online measurements of the in-cylinder soot chemistry. The results show that EGR reduced the soot formation rate. However, the late cycle soot oxidation rate (soot removal) was reduced even more, and the net effect was increased soot emissions. EGR resulted in an accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during combustion, and led to increased PAH emissions. We show that mass spectral and optical signatures of the in-cylinder soot and associated low volatility organics change dramatically from the soot formation dominated phase to the soot oxidation dominated phase. These signatures include a class of fullerene carbon clusters that we hypothesize represent less graphitized, C5-containing fullerenic (high tortuosity or curved) soot nanostructures arising from decreased combustion temperatures and increased premixing of air and fuel with EGR. Altered soot properties are of key importance when designing emission control strategies such as diesel particulate filters and when introducing novel biofuels.

Identification of urban leprosy clusters.

Overpopulation of urban areas results from constant migrations that cause disordered urban growth, constituting clusters defined as sets of people or activities concentrated in relatively small physical spaces that often involve precarious conditions. Aim. Using residential grouping, the aim was to identify possible clusters of individuals in São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, who have or have had leprosy. Methods. A population-based, descriptive, ecological study using the MapInfo and CrimeStat techniques, geoprocessing, and space-time analysis evaluated the location of 425 people treated for leprosy between 1998 and 2010. Clusters were defined as concentrations of at least 8 people with leprosy; a distance of up to 300 meters between residences was adopted. Additionally, the year of starting treatment and the clinical forms of the disease were analyzed. Results. Ninety-eight (23.1%) of 425 geocoded cases were located within one of ten clusters identified in this study, and 129 cases (30.3%) were in the region of a second-order cluster, an area considered of high risk for the disease. Conclusion. This study identified ten clusters of leprosy cases in the city and identified an area of high risk for the appearance of new cases of the disease.

Identification of urban leprosy clusters

Overpopulation of urban areas results from constant migrations that cause disordered urban growth, constituting clusters defined as sets of people or activities concentrated in relatively small physical spaces that often involve precarious conditions. Aim. Using residential grouping, the aim was to identify possible clusters of individuals in São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, who have or have had leprosy. METHODS: A population-based, descriptive, ecological study using the MapInfo and CrimeStat techniques, geoprocessing, and space-time analysis evaluated the location of 425 people treated for leprosy between 1998 and 2010. Clusters were defined as concentrations of at least 8 people with leprosy; a distance of up to 300 meters between residences was adopted. Additionally, the year of starting treatment and the clinical forms of the disease were analyzed. RESULTS: Ninety-eight (23.1%) of 425 geocoded cases were located within one of ten clusters identified in this study, and 129 cases (30.3%) were in the region of a second-order cluster, an area considered of high risk for the disease. CONCLUSION: This study identified ten clusters of leprosy cases in the city and identified an area of high risk for the appearance of new cases of the disease.

[Spatial analysis of dengue transmission in a medium-sized city in Brazil]. / Análise espacial da transmissão de dengue em cidade de porte médio do interior paulista.

OBJECTIVE: To perform spatial analysis on dengue transmission in a medium-sized city in the interior of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, covering the period from September 1990 to August 2002. METHODS: Autochthonous cases with confirmation by laboratory tests were utilized. Population data on the city of São José do Rio Preto were obtained from the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics and the municipal authorities. The cases were georeferenced according to street addresses and clustered according to the 432 census tracts in the municipality, thus resulting in thematic maps. RESULTS: A rising trend in annual incidence was noted, with a peak in 2000/2001. From 1990 to 1994 the length of the transmission period reached a maximum of five months per year. This period increased in length over subsequent years. In the final year investigated, transmission occurred in all twelve months, without interruptions. Analysis of the period of highest incidence showed that the transmission did not occur uniformly. While 29% of the tracts registered incidences of less than 1,000 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, 5% of them had more than 5,000 cases. CONCLUSIONS: A process of increasing endemicity was observed, with transmission throughout the year, without the need for virus introducers. The endemic characteristic of the transmission and the differentiated occurrence according to areas need to be taken into account when developing strategies for dengue control.

Análise espacial da transmissão de dengue em cidade de porte médio do interior paulista / Spatial analysis of dengue transmission in a medium-sized city in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar espacialmente a transmissão de dengue entre setembro de 1990 e agosto de 2002 em cidade de porte médio do interior paulista. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se casos autóctones confirmados laboratorialmente e dados populacionais de São José do Rio Preto, obtidos da Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e da Prefeitura Municipal. Os casos foram geocodificados a partir do eixo de logradouros e agrupados segundo os 432 setores censitários do município, resultando em mapas temáticos. RESULTADOS: Notou-se tendência ascendente das incidências anuais com pico em 2000/2001. Entre 1990 e 1994 a duração da transmissão atingiu, no máximo, cinco meses em cada período, com aumento nos anos seguintes. No último período, ocorreu nos 12 meses, sem interrupção. A análise do período de maior incidência mostrou que a transmissão não ocorreu uniformemente. Enquanto 29 por cento dos setores registraram incidências inferiores a mil casos por 100 mil habitantes, 5 por cento deles ultrapassaram os cinco mil casos. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se o processo da endemização, com transmissão durante todo o ano, sem a necessidade de introdutores. A característica endêmica da transmissão e a ocorrência diferenciada segundo áreas devem ser levadas em conta na estruturação de estratégias para o controle de dengue.