Online videos: The hidden curriculum.

INTRODUCTION: Dental undergraduates will access the Internet searching for learning materials to complement their training; however, open access content is not generally recommended by dental schools. This study aimed to evaluate how dental students are using online video content. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Students from eight Universities (Athens, Birmingham, Brescia, Cardiff, Melbourne, Paris, Sao Paulo and Valdivia) representing three continents were invited to complete a survey on their access and learning from online videos. RESULTS: International students behave similarly when studying dental content online. Of 515 respondents, 94.6% use the Internet as a learning tool. It was observed that videos are not frequently recommended during didactic lectures (9.6%). But many students (79.9%) will use YouTube for their learning which includes clinical procedures. Students will check online content before performing procedures for the first time (74.8%), to understand what was explained in class (65.9%) or read in books (59.5%), to relearn clinical techniques (64.7%) and to visualise rare procedures (49.8%). More than half of the students do not fully trust the accuracy or the reliability of online content. This does not prevent students from watching and sharing dental videos with classmates (64.4%). The content watched is not shared with teachers (23.3%) even when it contradicts what was learnt in the school (38.2%). CONCLUSION: This study concludes that students regularly integrate open access digital resources into learning portfolios but are hesitant to inform their teachers about their viewing habits. Students wish to receive critical skills on how to evaluate the material they encounter outside their traditional learning space.

Prevalence and Distribution of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in children receiving dental care in Caracas Metropolitan Area, Venezuela.

Great variation has been reported in worldwide prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM). South America has the highest regional prevalence. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of MIH HSPM in 6- to 12-year-old children who received care at two dental healthcare services (public and private) in Caracas Metropolitan Area, Venezuela. A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted on 145 children, of whom 121 were selected in the stratified random sample. A calibrated examiner (Kappa=0.878/0.831) evaluated all patients following the MIH diagnosis criteria established by the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry and using a valid and reliable instrument. Data were analyzed with a significance level of 5%. Of the 121 children, 46.28% (56) were male and 53.72% (65) female, average age 8.83 ± 1.61. The prevalence of MIH/HSPM was 25.6%/20%. Both enamel defects were more prevalent in females (p-value=0.026/0.005). Severe MIH/HSPM was present in 21.8%/31.2% of cases. Average number of affected teeth was 4.16 ± 2.19/1.68 ± 0.74; and the condition was more frequent in upper molars (67.7%/51.4%). It was concluded that prevalence of MIH in 6- to 12-year-old Venezuelan children who received care in Caracas Metropolitan Area was higher than the previously estimated prevalence for South America, with predominance of mild affectation and more frequently occurring in upper molars.

Una gran variabilidad ha sido reportada en la prevalencia mundial de Hipomineralización Incisivo-Molar (HIM) y de Hipomineralización del segundo molar primario (HSMP). América del Sur presenta la prevalencia regional más alta. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y distribución de HIM y HSMP en niños entre 6 y 12 años atendidos en dos servicios de atención odontológica (público y privado) en el Área Metropolitana de Caracas, Venezuela. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo transversal en 145 niños. Se seleccionaron 121 niños en la muestra aleatoria estratificada. Un examinador calibrado (Kappa=0,878/0,831) evaluó a todos los pacientes siguiendo los criterios de diagnóstico de HIM establecidos por la Academia Europea de Odontología Pediátrica y utilizando un instrumento válido y confiable. Los datos se analizaron con un nivel de significancia del 5%. De los 121 niños, el 46,28% (56) eran varones y el 53,72% (65) mujeres con una edad media de 8,83 ± 1,61. La prevalencia de HIM/HSMP fue del 25,6%/20%. Ambos defectos del esmalte fueron más prevalentes en el grupo de niñas (valor de p-valor=0,026/0,005). La forma severa de HIM/HSMP estuvo presente en el 21,8%/31,2% de los casos. El promedio de número de dientes afectados por paciente fue de 4,16 ± 2,19/1,68 ± 0,74, siendo más frecuente en los molares superiores (67,7%/51,4%). Se concluyó que la prevalencia de HIM en niños venezolanos entre 6 y 12 años atendidos en el Área Metropolitana de Caracas fue superior a la prevalencia estimada previamente para Sudamérica, con predominio de afectación leve y más frecuente en molares superiores.

Prevalence and Distribution of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in children receiving dental care in Caracas Metropolitan Area, Venezuela / Prevalencia y distribución de Hipomineralización Incisivo-Molar en niños atendidos en el Área Metropolitana de Caracas, Venezuela

ABSTRACT Great variation has been reported in worldwide prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM). South America has the highest regional prevalence. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of MIH HSPM in 6- to 12-year-old children who received care at two dental healthcare services (public and private) in Caracas Metropolitan Area, Venezuela. A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted on 145 children, of whom 121 were selected in the stratified random sample. A calibrated examiner (Kappa=0.878/0.831) evaluated all patients following the MIH diagnosis criteria established by the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry and using a valid and reliable instrument. Data were analyzed with a significance level of 5%. Of the 121 children, 46.28% (56) were male and 53.72% (65) female, average age 8.83 ± 1.61. The prevalence of MIH/HSPM was 25.6%/20%. Both enamel defects were more prevalent in females (p-value=0.026/0.005). Severe MIH/HSPM was present in 21.8%/31.2% of cases. Average number of affected teeth was 4.16 ± 2.19/1.68 ± 0.74; and the condition was more frequent in upper molars (67.7%/51.4%). It was concluded that prevalence of MIH in 6- to 12-year-old Venezuelan children who received care in Caracas Metropolitan Area was higher than the previously estimated prevalence for South America, with predominance of mild affectation and more frequently occurring in upper molars.

RESUMEN Una gran variabilidad ha sido reportada en la prevalencia mundial de Hipomineralización Incisivo-Molar (HIM) y de Hipomineralización del segundo molar primario (HSMP). América del Sur presenta la prevalencia regional más alta. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y distribución de HIM y HSMP en niños entre 6 y 12 años atendidos en dos servicios de atención odontológica (público y privado) en el Área Metropolitana de Caracas, Venezuela. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo transversal en 145 niños. Se seleccionaron 121 niños en la muestra aleatoria estratificada. Un examinador calibrado (Kappa=0,878/0,831) evaluó a todos los pacientes siguiendo los criterios de diagnóstico de HIM establecidos por la Academia Europea de Odontología Pediátrica y utilizando un instrumento válido y confiable. Los datos se analizaron con un nivel de significancia del 5%. De los 121 niños, el 46,28% (56) eran varones y el 53,72% (65) mujeres con una edad media de 8,83 ± 1,61. La prevalencia de HIM/HSMP fue del 25,6%/20%. Ambos defectos del esmalte fueron más prevalentes en el grupo de niñas (valor de p-valor=0,026/0,005). La forma severa de HIM/HSMP estuvo presente en el 21,8%/31,2% de los casos. El promedio de número de dientes afectados por paciente fue de 4,16 ± 2,19/1,68 ± 0,74, siendo más frecuente en los molares superiores (67,7%/51,4%). Se concluyó que la prevalencia de HIM en niños venezolanos entre 6 y 12 años atendidos en el Área Metropolitana de Caracas fue superior a la prevalencia estimada previamente para Sudamérica, con predominio de afectación leve y más frecuente en molares superiores.