Deprescripción en el anciano con demencia / Deprescribing in the elderly with dementia

Resumen Introducción: La polifarmacia inapropiada en adultos mayores con demencia es un problema de salud pública global. En este artículo se describen las indicaciones y se dan pautas para la deprescripción de potenciadores cognitivos (inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa y memantina) y psicofármacos en pacientes con demencia. Materiales y métodos: Esta es una revisión narrativa a partir del estado del arte sobre la deprescripción en el anciano con demencia. Resultados: La deprescripción no significa limitar esfuerzos terapéuticos, por el contrario, consiste en una estrategia de prevención cuaternaria para reducir el riesgo de reacciones adversas e identificar escenarios donde el beneficio clínico es marginal. Para esto, es necesario rastrear activamente a pacientes con demencia con indicación de deprescripción (falta de respuesta clínica adecuada, desaparición del beneficio con el uso prolongado, estadio de demencia grave o fase terminal). Discusión: Los procesos de deprescripción varían según el grupo farmacológico e incluyen disminuciones progresivas de la medicación, así como el seguimiento y la monitorización para evitar el empeoramiento clínico. Se requiere de programas de educación médica en deprescripción para estudiantes y profesionales en ejercicio, especialmente en servicios de atención primaria en áreas rurales o dispersas, lo cual configura un llamado urgente a la neurología, la psiquiatría y la geriatría. Conclusión: El proceso de deprescripción en el paciente con demencia puede implementarse bajo criterios específicos y de una forma organizada.

Abstract Introduction: Inappropriate polypharmacy in older adults with dementia is a global public health problem. This article describes the indications and gives guidelines for the deprescription of cognitive enhancers (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine), and psychotropic drugs in patients with dementia. Materials and methods: This is a narrative review article based on the state of the art on deprescribing in the elderly with dementia. Results: Deprescribing does not mean limiting therapeutic efforts; on the contrary, it consists of a quaternary prevention strategy to reduce the risk of adverse reactions and identify scenarios where the clinical benefit is marginal. For this, it is necessary to actively track patients with dementia with an indication for deprescription (lack of adequate clinical response, disappearance of benefit with prolonged use, severe dementia, or palliative phase). Discussion: Deprescribing processes vary depending on the pharmacological group and include progressive reductions in medication, as well as follow-up and monitoring to avoid clinical worsening. Medical education programs in deprescribing are required for students and practicing professionals, especially in primary care services in rural or dispersed areas, which constitutes an urgent call for neurology, psychiatry, and geriatrics. Conclusion: The deprescription process in patients with dementia can be implemented under specific criteria and in an organized manner.

Competencias y habilidades de la y el profesional de enfermería, para aplicar el proceso enfermero durante el cuidado: Revisión sistemática / Competencies and skills of the nursing professional to apply the nursing process during care: A systematic review

INTRODUCCIÓN: las competencias y habilidades de la y el enfermero para aplicar el proceso de atención de enfermería corresponden a un aprendizaje evolutivo que requiere rigurosidad, conocimiento científico y creatividad. Este proceso potencializa el pensamiento crítico para brindar cuidados con calidad adaptados a las necesidades del paciente. OBJETIVO: analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre las competencias y habilidades del profesional de enfermería para aplicar el proceso enfermero durante el cuidado. METODOLOGÍA: revisión integrativa de la literatura según PRISMA, en diez bases de datos, con sintaxis de palabras clave, publicados en la última década. Se seleccionaron catorce artículos. RESULTADOS: la literatura reconoce tanto competencias generales como específicas para el desarrollo del proceso enfermero, entre ellas: la toma de decisiones y el emitir juicios clínicos, la capacidad de brindar cuidados particulares y prioritarios, la autoevaluación y autorregulación de su accionar, la ética, la autonomía, y la competencia cultural y tecnológica. De igual forma, se resaltó la importancia de habilidades como: la capacidad de recolectar información y llevar a cabo actividades procedimentales clínicas, la capacidad afectiva (demostrar comprensión-emoción por la otra persona), el empoderamiento y el trabajo en equipo. CONCLUSIONES: las competencias y las habilidades para la ejecución del proceso de atención de enfermería durante el cuidado son múltiples y se interrelacionan; así mismo, estas deben seguir siendo individualizadas, reconocidas y socializadas para corroborar su grado de aplicabilidad en la práctica profesional.

INTRODUCTION: The competencies and skills of the nurse to apply the nursing care process correspond to an evolutionary learning that requires rigor, scientific knowledge, and creativity. This process potentiates critical thinking to provide quality care adapted to the needs of the patient. OBJECTIVE: The following is an analysis of the available scientific evidence on the competencies and skills of the nursing professional to apply the nursing process during care. METHODOLOGY: An integrative review of the literature according to PRISMA, in ten databases with keyword syntax published in the last decade. Fourteen articles were selected. RESULTS: The literature recognizes both general and specific competences for the development of the nursing process, including decision-making and clinical judgments, the ability to provide particular and priority care, self-assessment and self-regulation of their actions, ethics, autonomy, and cultural and technological competence. Similarly, the importance of skills such as: the ability to collect information and carry out clinical procedural activities, affective capacity (show understanding-emotion for the other person), empowerment and teamwork were highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: The competencies and skills for the execution of the nursing care process during care are multiple and interrelated; Likewise, these must continue to be individualized, recognized, and socialized to corroborate their degree of applicability in professional practice.

Relación de las distracciones, las características sociodemográficas y contextuales con las prácticas seguras de inyecciones durante la práctica clínica del enfermero / Relationship of distractions, sociodemographic and contextual characteristics with safe injection practices during nurses' clinical practice

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las distracciones, las características sociodemográficas y contextuales con la realización de las prácticas seguras de inyecciones realizadas por el enfermero durante la preparación y administración de los medicamentos en los servicios de hospitalización y terapia intensiva de adultos. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y correlacional que utilizó la observación estructurada guiada por listas de chequeo, con un muestreo no probabilístico a propósito de 446 prácticas de inyecciones. Se realizó un análisis univariado y bivariado según el nivel de medición de las variables (correlación de Spearman, punto biserial y coeficiente Eta) en el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 y un análisis de covarianza en el paquete estadístico Statgraphic XVII. Resultados: Se observaron 448 prácticas de inyecciones ejecutadas por 26 enfermeros con 5 años de experiencia, una mediana de 4 pacientes por turno y 3 medicamentos por ronda de medicación. Las distracciones fueron más frecuentes en la fase de preparación (67,9%), siendo las comunicaciones profesionales y sociales las más comunes con relevancias opuestas según la fase del proceso de medicación. La estrategia de manejo más usada fue "multitareas". Las prácticas de inyecciones conservaron la regla "un medicamento, una aguja, una jeringa, un solo diluyente por única vez" por paciente. El porcentaje total de ítems realizados de la lista de chequeo osciló entre el 47,3% y el 84,2%. Las variables de género (femenino p=0,028, IC 95%=0,051; 0,895), familia del medicamento (antiinfectivos: p=0,000, IC 95%=3,711; 5,568; preparaciones hormonales: p=0,000, IC 95%=1,197; 5,050 y sistema musculoesquelético: p=0,000, IC 95%=-2,046; 2,822), tipo de inyección (intravenosa: p=0,000, IC 95%=-0,749; 2,060), día de la semana (fin de semana: p=0,000, IC 95%=0,358; 1,404), servicio (hospitalización: p=0,001, IC 95%=6,613; 7,925) y turno (mañana: p=0,003, IC 95%=-0,227; 0,885) explicaron en un 81,67% la práctica segura de inyecciones. Conclusiones: Las distracciones (p=0,567, IC 95%=-0,742; 0,567) no fueron una variable que explicara la práctica segura de inyecciones a diferencia de las ocho características sociodemográficas y contextuales (turno, procedimiento e insumos) del enfermero.

Objective: Analyze the relationship between distractions, sociodemographic and contextual characteristics with the accomplishment of safe injection practices performed by the nurse during the preparation and administration of medications in hospitalization and adult intensive care services. Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational study that used structured observation guided by checklists, with a non-probabilistic sampling of 446 injection practices. A univariate and bivariate analysis was performed according to the level of measurement of the variables (spearman correlation, biserial point and eta coefficient) in the IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 statistical package and an analysis of covariance in the Statgraphic XVII statistical package. Results: 448 injection practices were observed, carried out by 26 nurses with 5 years of experience, a median of 4 patients per shift and 3 medications per round of medication. Distractions were more frequent in the preparation phase (67.9%), the professional and social communications are the most common with opposite relevance according to the phase of the medication process and the most used management strategy was "multitasking". The injection practices kept the rule "one medicine, one needle, one syringe, one diluent at a time" per patient. The total percentage of items made from the checklist ranged between 47.3% and 84.2%. Gender variables (female p=0.028, 95% CI=0.051; 0.895), drug family (anti-infectives: p=0.000, 95% CI=3.711; 5.568, hormonal preparations: p=0.000, 95% CI=1.197; 5.050 and system musculoskeletal: p=0.000, 95% CI =-2.046; 2.822), type of injection (intravenous: p=0.000, 95% CI=-0.749; 2.060), day of the week (weekend: p=0.000, 95% CI=0.358; 1.404), service (hospitalization: p=0.001, 95% CI =6.613; 7.925) and shift (morning: p=0.003, 95% CI =-0.227; 0.885) explained the safe practice of injections by 81.67%. Conclusions: Distractions (p=0.567, 95% CI =-0.742; 0.567) were not a variable that explained the safe practice of injection, unlike the eight sociodemographic and contextual characteristics (shift, procedure, and supplies) of the nurse.

[Mental Health Care of Health Workers During Covid-19: Recommendations Based on Evidence and Expert Consensus]. / Cuidado de la salud mental del personal de salud durante COVID-19: recomendaciones basadas en evidencia y consenso de expertos.

INTRODUCTION: The crisis situation generated by COVID-19 and the measures adopted have generated social changes in the normal dynamics of the general population and especially for health workers, who find themselves caring for patients with suspected or confirmed infection. Recent studies have detected in them depression and anxiety symptoms and burnout syndrome, with personal and social conditions impacting their response capacity during the health emergency. Our aim was to generate recommendations for the promotion and protection of the mental health of health workers and teams in the first line of care in the health emergency due to COVID-19. METHODS: A rapid literature search was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar, and an iterative expert consensus and through electronic consultation, with 13 participants from the areas of psychology, psychiatry and medicine; the grading of its strength and directionality was carried out according to the international standards of the Joanna Briggs Institute. RESULTS: Thirty-one recommendations were generated on self-care of health workers, community care among health teams, screening for alarm signs in mental health and for health institutions. CONCLUSIONS: The promotion and protection activities in mental health to face the health emergency generated by COVID-19 worldwide can include coordinated actions between workers, health teams and health institutions as part of a comprehensive, community care, co-responsible and sustained over time.

Cuidado de la salud mental del personal de salud durante COVID-19: recomendaciones basadas en evidencia y consenso de expertos / Mental Health Care of Health Workers During Covid-19: Recommendations Based on Evidence and Expert Consensus

RESUMEN Introducción: La situación de crisis generada por la COVID-19 y las medidas adoptadas han generado cambios sociales en las dinámicas normales de la población general y en especial para los trabajadores de la salud, que se encuentran en atención del paciente con infección sospechada o confirmada. Estudios recientes han detectado en ellos síntomas depresivos y ansiosos y síndrome de burnout, afecciones personales y sociales que alteran su capacidad de respuesta durante la emergencia sanitaria. El objetivo es generar recomendaciones de promoción y protección de la salud mental de los trabajadores y equipos de salud dispuestos como primera línea de atención en la emergencia sanitaria por COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda rápida de literatura en PubMed y Google Scholar, y un consenso de expertos iterativo y mediante consulta electrónica, con 13 participantes de las áreas de psicología, psiquiatría y medicina; la gradación de su fuerza y direccionalidad se realizó según las normas internacionales del Joanna Briggs Institute. Resultados: Se generaron 31 recomendaciones sobre el autocuidado del trabajador de la salud, el cuidado comunitario entre los equipos de salud, el cribado de signos de alarma en salud mental y para las instituciones sanitarias. Conclusiones: Las actividades de promoción y protección en salud mental para el afrontamiento de la emergencia sanitaria generada por la COVID-19 en todo el mundo pueden abarcar acciones articuladas entre el trabajador, los equipos de salud y las instituciones sanitarias como parte de un cuidado integral, comunitario, corresponsable y sostenidas en el tiempo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The crisis situation generated by COVID-19 and the measures adopted have generated social changes in the normal dynamics of the general population and especially for health workers, who find themselves caring for patients with suspected or confirmed infection. Recent studies have detected in them depression and anxiety symptoms and burnout syndrome, with personal and social conditions impacting their response capacity during the health emergency. Our aim was to generate recommendations for the promotion and protection of the mental health of health workers and teams in the first line of care in the health emergency due to COVID-19. Methods: A rapid literature search was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar, and an iterative expert consensus and through electronic consultation, with 13 participants from the areas of psychology, psychiatry and medicine; the grading of its strength and directionality was carried out according to the international standards of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Results:Thirty-one recommendations were generated on self-care of health workers, community care among health teams, screening for alarm signs in mental health and for health institutions. Conclusions: The promotion and protection activities in mental health to face the health emergency generated by COVID-19 worldwide can include coordinated actions between workers, health teams and health institutions as part of a comprehensive, community care, co-responsible and sustained over time.

Uso de resúmenes de evidencia para informar el tratamiento farmacológico de personas con sospecha o diagnóstico de infección respiratoria por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 / Use of evidence summaries to inform pharmacological treatment of people with suspected or diagnosedSARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 respiratory infection

Resumen Introducción: debido a la emergencia del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 desde diciembre del 2019, se ha generado un gran volumen de producción científica, en algún caso incierta o controvertida especialmente en el manejo farmacológico de los pacientes con esta infección; por lo tanto, se considera relevante buscar alternativas metodológicas para realizar su síntesis rigurosa, sistemática y de calidad, pero con menor tiempo de ejecución y menor costo. Objetivo: presentar la evidencia disponible respecto al manejo farmacológico de personas con sospecha o diagnóstico de infección respiratoria por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) utilizando el método de revisiones sistemáticas rápidas (RS-R) en medicamentos poten- cialmente eficaces para su manejo. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática y estructurada en Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Clinical trials y Google Scholar en inglés. Los estudios incluidos fueron guías de práctica clínica, consensos, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos y otros estudios primarios. La búsqueda y extracción de datos se realizó por múltiples revisores, pero ninguna fue pareada. Resultados: dieciseis preguntas de interés clínico fueron resueltas, relacionadas con el uso en COVID-19 de lopinavir/ ritonavir, nelfinavir, oseltamivir, remdesivir, ribavirina, teicoplanina, umifenovir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, ivermectina y plasma convaleciente; también se evaluó el uso de medicamentos de soporte e incluidos en el manejo como la dexametasona, así como el uso concomitante de medicamentos que generaron dudas como son los AINES, los IECA y los ARA II. Conclusiones: los resúmenes de evidencia se muestran dentro del escenario de la pandemia como una buena alternativa metodológica para ofrecer información de calidad a corto plazo para los tomadores de decisiones.

Abstract Introduction: Due to the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus since December 2019, a large volume of scientific production has been generated, in some cases uncertain or controversial, especially in the pharmacological management of patients with this infection; therefore, it is considered a relevant search for methodological alternatives to carry out its rigorous, systematic and quality synthesis, but with less execution time and lower cost. Objective: To present the available evidence regarding the pharmacological management of people with suspected or diagnosed respiratory SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) using the method of rapid systematic reviews (RS-R) in potentially effective drugs for their management. Methodology: A systematic and structured search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Clinical trials and Google Scholar in English. Studies included clinical practice guidelines, consensus, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical trials, and other primary studies. Data search and extraction were performed by multiple reviewers, but none were paired. Results: Sixteen questions of clinical interest were resolved, related to the use in COVID-19 of lopinavir/ritonavir, nelfinavir, oseltamivir, remdesivir, ribavirin, teicoplanin, umifenovir, favipiravir, tocilizumab, ivermectin, convalescent plasma; the use of support management drugs such as dexamethasone were also evaluated, as well as the concomitant use of drugs that generated doubts, such as NSAIDs, ACEis, and ARA IIs. Conclusions: Summaries of evidence are within the pandemic scenario as a good methodological alternative to offer quality information in the short term for decision-makers.

Recomendaciones para el uso de la hormona de crecimiento humana recombinante en pacientes pediátricos de talla baja en Colombia / Recommendations for treatment with recombinant human growth hormone in pediatric patients in Colombia

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract In Colombia there are no guidelines for diagnosis and management of patients with short stature and for the use of recombinant human growth hormone, mainly caused by the diversity of training centers in pediatric endocrinology. In response to this situation, the Asociación Colegio Colombiana de Endocrinología Pediátrica leds the first colombian short stature expert committee in order to standardize the use of human recombinant growth hormone. This work had the participation and endorsement of a consortium of clinical experts representing the Sociedad Colombiana de Pediatría, Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá- Subred Integrada de Servicios de Salud Suroccidente, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Universidad de los Andes and some public and private health institutions in the country, in addition to the participation of methodological experts from the Instituto Global de Excelencia Clínica Keralty. By reviewing the literature and with the best available evidence, we proposed to unify definitions, a diagnostic algorithm, biochemical and dynamic tests with their reference parameters, a description of the considerations about growth hormone use among the indications approved by regulatory agency for medications and food in Colombia and finally a proposal for an informed consent and a medication fact sheet available for parents and patients.

Práctica de inyecciones seguras por parte del personal de la salud: revisión integrativa / Safe injection practice by health personnel: an integrative review / Prática de injeções seguras por parte do pessoal da saúde: revisão integrativa

Introducción: Las prácticas de inyecciones seguras han recobrado importancia en las últimas dos décadas, como consecuencia de las infecciones asociadas con su aplicación incorrecta. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia disponible sobre las prácticas de inyecciones seguras ejecutadas por el personal de la salud en su práctica clínica. Método: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada en 12 bases de datos entre 1999 y 2018. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 29 artículos y se identificaron prácticas riesgosas como el reúso de los dispositivos de inyección en el mismo paciente o en otros, fallas en la técnica aséptica, ausencia o no seguimiento del protocolo posexposición, reencapuchado de la aguja y ausencia de inmunización contra el virus de hepatitis B. Conclusiones: Los esfuerzos orientados a la seguridad del paciente deben enfocarse también en acciones concretas dirigidas a la administración de los medicamentos.

Introduction: Safe injection practices have gained importance in the last two decades as a consequence of infections associated with their incorrect application. Objective: To analyze the available evidence on safe injection practices carried out by health personnel in their clinical practice. Method: Integrative review of the literature available in 12 databases for the period between 1999 and 2018. Results: Unsafe practices were identified across a selection of 29 articles, including such as reuse of injection devices in the same patient or in others, failures in the aseptic technique, absence of or failure to follow the post-exposure protocol, recapping needles, and a lack of immunization against the hepatitis B virus. Conclusions: Efforts aimed at ensuring patient safety should also focus on concrete actions for better medication administration.

Introdução: As práticas de injeções seguras se tornaram importantes nas últimas duas décadas, como consequência das infeções associadas à aplicação errada. Objetivo: Analisar as evidências disponíveis sobre as práticas de injeções seguras executadas pelo pessoal da saúde na prática clínica. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada em doze bancos de dados entre 1999 e 2018. Resultados: Foram selecionados 29 artigos e identificadas práticas de risco como reutilização dos dispositivos de injeção no mesmo paciente ou em outros, falhas na técnica asséptica, ausência ou não seguimento do protocolo pós-exposição, recapsulamento da agulha e ausência de imunização contra o vírus de hepatite B. Conclusões: Os esforços voltados à segurança do paciente devem se focar também em ações concretas voltadas à administração dos medicamentos.

Distracciones durante la práctica clínica de enfermería: revisión integrativa / Distractions during the nursing clinical practice: integrative review / Distrações durante a prática de enfermagem: uma revisão integrativa

Introducción: Las distracciones son cualquier acción externa que interrumpe la atención del enfermero durante el desempeño de una actividad que puede resultar o no en la alteración, prolongación, cambio o suspensión de la tarea primaria por una tarea secundaria no planificada. Las distracciones también conocidas como interrupciones pueden resultar de múltiples fuentes externas o internas al individuo que tienen el potencial de impactar favorable o desfavorablemente en su desempeño profesional. Es por ello, que el presente estudio busca analizar la evidencia disponible sobre las "distracciones" experimentadas por los enfermeros durante su práctica clínica. Metodologia: revisión integrativa de la literatura realizada en 12 bases de datos, con sintaxis de palabras claves entre 1998 - 2018. Se seleccionaron 25 artículos. Resultados: se identificaron 12 atributos que dan forma a la anatomía del concepto y 7 estrategias de manejo que los enfermeros han desarrollado como fruto de la experiencia, el ejemplo y el ensayo y, el error. Conclusiones: las distracciones tienen un efecto mental (ejemplo: divide la atención) y psicológico (ejemplo: sensación de no poder terminar una tarea, sensación que algo se olvida o que algo falta, frustración) en el individuo que lo lleva a desarrollar estrategias para disminuir su efecto deletéreo.

Introduction: Distractions are any type of external action that interrupts the attention of the nurse while doing an activity that can result or not in the alteration, prolongation, change or suspension of the primary task by a second unplanned task. Distractions are also known as interruptions for the individual, that can result from multiple external or internal sources and has the potential of impacting favorably or unfavorably on their professional performance. Therefore, the present study seeks to analyze the available evidence about distractions experienced by nurses during their clinical practice. Methodology: Integrative review of the literature found from 12 databases, with syntax of keywords, from 1998 ­ 2018. 25 articles were selected. Results: The study identified 12 attributes that shape the anatomy of the concept and 7 strategies of management that nurses have developed from experience, example, trial and error. Conclusions: Distractions have a mental effect (e.g.: divides attention) and a psychological effect (e.g.: sensation of not being able to finish a task, sensation of forgetting something of missing something, frustration) on the individual, pushing the individual to develop strategies to decrease its deleterious effects.

Introdução: As distrações são ações externas que interrompem a atenção do enfermeiro durante o desenvolvimento de uma atividade que pode gerar ou não alterações, prolongamento, mudança ou suspensão da tarefa primaria por uma tarefa acessória não planejada. As distrações também conhecidas como interrupções, provêm de múltiplas fontes externas ou próprias da pessoa, tendo o potencial de impactar favorável ou desfavoravelmente no seu papel profissional. Por isto, o presente trabalho procura analisar a evidência disponível sobre as distrações experimentadas pelos enfermeiros durante a sua prática clínica. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura disponível em 12 buscadores de comunicações científicas, usando palavras-chave e publicados entre 1998-2018. Selecionaram-se 25 artigos. Resultados: Identificaram-se 12 atributos que formalizam a anatomia do conceito e 7 estratégias de manejo que os enfermeiros desenvolveram a partir da experiência, como o ensaio-erro. Conclusões: As distrações tem efeito mental (exemplo: dividindo a atenção) e psicológico (exemplo: sensação de incapacidade de concluir a tarefa, sensação de esquecimento, falta ou frustração) no profissional, fazendo-o desenvolver estratégias para reduzir o seu efeito.

Recomendaciones para el uso racional de la prueba 25-hidroxivitamina D Resumen de política

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The exponential increase in the request for laboratory tests of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D or [25 (OH) D has ignited the alarms and generated a strong call for attention, since it may reflect deficiencies in the standardization of clinical practice and in the use non-systematic scientific evidence for decision-making in real life, which allows to analyze the indications of the test, its frequency, interpretation and even to assess the impact for health systems, especially when contrasted with the minimum or almost. No effects of the strategy of screening or supplying indiscriminately to the general population, without considering a comprehensive clinical assessment of risks and needs of people. From a purely public health impact point of view, the consequence of massive and unspecified requests is affecting most of the health systems and institutions at the global level. The primary studies that determined average population intake values have been widely used in the formulation of recommendations in Clinical Practice Guidelines, but unfortunately misinterpreted as cut points to diagnose disease and allow the exaggerated prescription of nutritional substitution. The coefficient of variation in routine tests to measure blood levels of 25 (OH) D is high (28%), decreasing the overall accuracy of the test and simultaneously, increasing both the falsely high and falsely low values. The most recent scientific evidence analyzes and seriously questions the usefulness and the real effect of the massive and indiscriminate practice of prescribing vitamin D without an exhaustive risk analysis. The available evidence is insufficient to recommend a general substitution of vitamin D to prevent fractures, falls, changes in bone mineral density, incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, neoplasms and also to modify the growth curve of mothers' children. They received vitamin D as a substitute during pregnancy. The recommendations presented in the document are based on the critical analysis of current evidence and the principles of good clinical practice and invite to consider a rational use of 25 (OH) D tests in the context of a clinical practice focused on people and a comprehensive assessment of needs and risks. The principles of good practice suggest that clinicians may be able to justify that the results of the 25 (OH) D test strongly influence and define clinical practice and modify the outcomes that interest people and impact their health and wellness. Currently there is no clarity on how to interpret the results, and the relationship between symptoms and 25 (OH) D levels, which may not be consistent with the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency reported. For this reason, it is suggested to review the rationale of the request for tests for systematic monitoring of levels of 25 (OH) D or in all cases where substitution is performed. Consider the use of 25 (OH) D tests within the comprehensive evaluation of people with suspicion or confirmation of the following conditions: rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyper or hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndromes, sarcopenia, metabolic bone disease.

Presence of Streptococcus dentisani in the dental plaque of children from different Colombian cities.

Streptococcus dentisani has been identified as an oral cavity probiotic due to its beneficial characteristics. One of its beneficial features is the production of bacteriocins, which inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, and another is its buffering capacity through the production of ammonium from arginine. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of S. dentisani in the dental plaque of Colombian children and whether the presence of this bacterium is related to oral health and other conditions. Dental plaque and information on diet and oral hygiene habits were collected from children between 6 and 12 years of age from four Colombian cities, divided into caries-free children (International Caries Detection and Assessment System [ICDAS] 0, Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index [DMFT] 0), children with ICDAS 1 and 2, and children with ICDAS >3. Plaque DNA was extracted and quantified, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using specific primers. This bacterium was identified in all samples, with a median of 0.46 cells/ng DNA (interquartile range [IQR] 0.13-1.02), without finding significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). In caries-free children, a median of 0.45 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.14-1.23) was found. In children with ICDAS 1 and 2, the median was 0.49 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.11-0.97), and in children with ICDAS >3, the median was 0.35 cells/ng DNA (IQR 0.12-1.07). However, statistically significant differences were found in the origin of children (P < 0.01), the use of fluoride-containing products (P < 0.01), and the frequency of food intake (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the presence of S. dentisani was quantified in children from four Colombian cities, without finding significant differences in oral health status. Nevertheless, three conditions showed a possible relationship with S. dentisani.

Development of student competencies for palliative care.

AIM: Identify the palliative care learning needs of healthcare students and determine the acceptability of an innovative learning strategy for palliative care named competencia para cuidar en el hogar-paliar (CUIDAR-PALIAR) aimed to increase students' competencies. METHODS: A single-group mixed methods design was used. A questionnaire was designed and semi-structured interviews were used to determine the palliative care competencies of undergraduate students; 90 students participated in the strategy. FINDINGS: The learning needs of students are: approaches to death and loss, how to intervene with the patient's family, understanding of the palliative care context, management of the patient's pain and symptoms and the development of therapeutic communication skills. CONCLUSION: The strategy is highly accepted by students, and statistically significant increases in palliative care were observed before and after the intervention. These preliminary results justify future interventions due to the potential effect of the strategy CUIDAR-PALIAR in the development of competencies for palliative care in undergraduate students.

Educational intervention (CUIDAR) in cancer patients treated with surgery: A quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of an educational intervention (CUIDAR) in cancer patients during the post-operatory, aimed to strength the competence to care patients at home in the dimensions knowledge, instrumental unicity, enjoy, anticipation and social relationships and interactions. METHODS: Quantitative quasi-experimental design with control and intervention groups, 192 patients who received surgery in the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá, Colombia. The intervention was conducted since the admission to the sixth week after release. Measurements of the home care competence and number of readmissions were made before and after the treatment. RESULTS: In the intervention group a positive and statistically significant effect was observed in six dimensions, as well as the reduction of hospital readmissions. CONCLUSION: The educational intervention CUIDAR is a feasible strategy that increases the capacity to care at home and significantly reduces the readmissions to emergency services in cancer patients treated with surgery. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Educational intervention (CUIDAR) may be used as a tool in cancer patients treated with surgery.

Looking for Control at the End of Life Through the Bond: A Grounded Theory on the Hospital Discharge Process in Palliative Care.

The hospital-to-home transition in palliative care is a vital process that requires continuity of care through the discharge process. However, little is known about the perceptions of patients with cancer and their family caregivers during this important palliative care transition in the Colombian health care context. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of the patient-family caregiver dyad in palliative care during the transition process between hospital and home in a health care institution in Bogota, Colombia. Using a grounded constructivist theory design, 30 patients with cancer receiving palliative care and 30 family caregivers participated in this study. The data were collected through 36 dyad interviews conducted in either the hospital or home of the participants. For the analysis, the constructivist analytical method was used. Findings revealed that "Looking for control at the end of life through the bond" was the main category of the study. This category could be further elaborated into 4 categories: (1) yearning for home; (2) recognizing burden; (3) experiencing uncertainty, a lack of control; and (4) achieving control. By understanding the patient and family caregiver perspective of care during the hospital-to-home transition, health care systems have the possibility to implement care programs in palliative care with an innovative educational component for health care professionals.

Metodologia de implementación del "plan de egreso hospitalario" para personas con enfermedad crónica en colombia / Methodology for the implementation of the "hospital discharge plan" for people with chronic disease in colombia / Metodologia para a aplicação do "plano de descarga hospitalar" para pessoas com doença crônica na colômbia

RESUMEN Objetivo: Diseñar y validar una metodología para implementar el "Plan de egreso hospitalario" como mecanismo de apoyo en el cuidado de la salud de personas con enfermedad crónica (EC) y sus cuidadores familiares (CF) en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de tipo descriptivo cuyo desarrollo contó con los siguientes pasos:1) Consolidación de una guía. 2) Validación del proceso propuesto para la implementación del "Plan de egreso hospitalario". 3) Prueba piloto de implementación. Resultados: Con base en el estado del arte y la definición de pasos del cuidado que se requieren para el alta hospitalaria se propone una guía de acción basada en la revisión de las condiciones de la institución hospitalaria y en el nivel de competencia para el cuidado en el hogar de los usuarios, buscando garantizar un cuidado continuo y seguro al salir de la institución. Conclusiones: La Metodología utilizada para desarrollar el "Plan de egreso hospitalario" para personas con enfermedad crónica en Colombia que se elaboró y validó en el presente estudio aporta elementos conceptuales y de procedimiento para implementar y sistematizar un programa de alta hospitalaria con base en el fortaleciendo de las condiciones institucionales y de la competencia de cuidado por parte de las personas con EC y sus CF. Dicha metodología constituye una herramienta para ayudar a disminuir la carga del cuidado de la EC en Colombia.

ABSTRACT Objective: Design and validate a methodology for the implementation of the "hospital Discharge Plan" as a support mechanism in the health care for patients with chronic disease (CD) and their family caregivers (CF) in Colombia. Methodology: Descriptive study that is part of the Program for the Reduction of the disease burden in Colombia. For its development, it included the following steps: 1) Consolidation of a guideline. 2) Validation of the "Hospital Discharge Plan" implementation process. 3) Test pilot implementation the "Hospital Discharge Plan" Results: Based on the state of the art a careful definition of steps required to develop a "Hospital Discharge Plan" are addressed. The core issue is the caring competence of the patient and his /her family caregiver in order to assure continuous and safe care when leaving the institution. Conclusions: The methodology used to develop the "Hospital Discharge Plan" for people with chronic disease in Colombia that was developed and validated in this study provides conceptual and procedural elements to implement and systematize a discharge program based on the strengthening of the caring competence of the people with CD and their family caregivers. This methodology is a tool to help reduce the burden of care of people with CD in Colombia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Projetar e validar uma metodologia para a implementação do "Plano de descarga hospitalar" como mecanismo de suporte nos cuidados de saúde para pacientes com doença crônica (CD) e seus cuidadores familiares (CF) na Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo que faz parte do Programa de Redução da carga de doença na Colômbia. Para o seu desenvolvimento, incluiu as seguintes etapas: 1) Consolidação de uma diretriz. 2) Validação do processo de implementação do "Plano de descarga hospitalar". 3) Implementação do piloto de teste o "Plano de descarga hospitalar". Resultados: Com base no estado da arte, uma definição cuidadosa das etapas necessárias para desenvolver um "Plano de descarga hospitalar" são abordadas. A questão central é a competência de atendimento do paciente e seu cuidador familiar, a fim de garantir cuidados contínuos e seguros ao deixar a instituição. Conclusões: A metodologia utilizada para desenvolver o "Plano de descarga hospitalar" para pessoas com doença crônica na Colômbia que foi desenvolvida e validada neste estudo fornece elementos conceituais e processuais para implementar e sistematizar um programa de alta com base no fortalecimento da competência de cuidar da pessoas com CD e seus cuidadores familiares. Esta metodologia é uma ferramenta para ajudar a reduzir a carga de atendimento de pessoas com CD na Colômbia.

Estrategias para el Aprendizaje Significativo del Cuidado Humano en Enfermería / Strategies for meaningful learning in nursing care

Con el propósito de describir y analizar las pedagógías usadas para el aprendizaje significativo en la enseñanza de la epistemología del Cuidado de Enfermería, se presenta el desarrollo de la aplicación de la estrategia de Smith y Liehr que sustenta el uso de abordajes metodológicos innovadores para la enseñanza de aspectos humanísticos y filosóficos del cuidado humano en la disciplina de enfermería. La estrategia que permite la enseñanza de la epistemología de enfermería con un enfoque reflexivo y de aprendizaje significativo fue estructurada para su aplicación con estudiantes de posgrado en asignaturas del componente de fundamentación disciplinar. Esta herramienta se considera de utilidad para la enseñanza de la enfermería, porque facilita la construcción del conocimiento en los participantes con el uso de experiencias significativas, la indagación constante y el análisis reflexivo de la fundamentación en enfermería y su reflejo en la práctica con el compañamiento de un docente experto,que direcciona el proceso..(AU)

In order to describe and analyze the pedagogical strategies used for meaningful learning in Nursing Care epistemology teaching, the development of the application of the Smith and Liehr strategy that supports the use of innovative methodological approaches to nursing teaching humanistic and philosophical aspects of human care in the discipline of nursing. The strategy that allows the teaching of nursing epistemology with a reflexive and meaningful learning approach was structured for its application with postgraduate students in subjects of the disciplinary foundation component. This tool is considered useful for teaching nursing, because it facilitates the construction of knowledge in the participants with the use of meaningful experiences, constant inquiry and reflective analysis of the foundation in nursing and its reflection in practice with the accompaniment of an expert teacher, who directs the process..(AU)

Experiences of patient-family caregiver dyads in palliative care during hospital-to-home transition process.

BACKGROUND: there are many people with advanced cancer who are cared for in the community, though little is known about patients' and family members' lived experiences during discharge from hospital to home. OBJECTIVES: to describe the experiences of the patient-family caregiver dyad during the transition from hospital to home at a National Cancer Institute in Colombia. METHODS: a descriptive phenomenological approach was taken for this study. RESULTS: Forty-one nominal codes emerged, comprising seven themes that describe the experience of the individual in palliative care and their family caregiver during the transition from hospital to home care. CONCLUSIONS: the patient-family caregiver dyad have to deal with symptoms while being confronted with the prognosis and progression of the disease at home. The economic costs in acquiring supplies needed for proper care provision are considerable. In addition there are administrative fees from consultations and accessing the health services. Emotional and spiritual support for the dyad is required.

Aborto inducido y embarazo no planeado en las localidades de Santa Fe, Usme y Ciudad Bolívar, de Bogotá

El aborto inducido y el embarazo no planeado están fuertemente relacionados. La mayoría de los abortos inducidos son consecuencia de embarazos no planeados; aunque, severa! Se han reconocido factores correlacionados con ambas situaciones. OBJETIVOS Determinar la prevalencia del aborto provocado y del embarazo no planeado; e identificar factores asociados al aborto inducido y embarazo no planificado, en mujeres de 10 a 44 años de edad de los barrios Usme, Ciudad Bolívar y Santa Fe, en Bogotá, Colombia. MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio transversal; 2. Se seleccionaron 101 mujeres para participar en el estudio a través de una muestra probabilística multietapica agrupada y estratificada. Se calculó la prevalencia de aborto inducido y embarazo no planeado, y luego se realizó un análisis múltiple por regresión logística en Stata 6.0. En el componente cualitativo participaron 13 mujeres mediante entrevista semiestructurada sobre su experiencia de aborto inducido y embarazo no planificado. Se identificaron categorías preliminares y emergentes; relaciones y explicaciones de los temas en estudio. RESULTADOS La prevalencia de aborto inducido fue de 4,15%; la prevalencia de embarazo no planeado fue de 65,96%. El aborto inducido se asoció con la edad, la renta, el estado civil, la edad de la primera relación sexual, el uso de la primera relación sexual y el conocimiento de métodos anticonceptivos efectivos. El embarazo no planificado se asoció con la edad, estado civil, conocimiento de dispositivo intrauterino, conocimiento de métodos anticonceptivos de eficacia media, recibir información sobre métodos anticonceptivos, edad de la primera relación sexual y uso de métodos anticonceptivos en esta primera relación sexual.

Concepto carga en los modelos teóricos sobre enfermedad crónica: revisión sistemática / Charging concept theoretical models diseasechronic: a systematic review

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir el abordaje de carga que tienen los modelos teóricos sobre enfermedad crónica no trasmisible (ECNT) Metodología La búsqueda de los estudios se realizó definiendo la ventana de observación bajo criterios establecidos para los descriptores modelos teóricos, enfermedad crónica y costo de la enfermedad, en 14 bases de datos como Scielo, Medline, Science direct, Infotrac Health Reference Center Academic, teniendo en cuenta publicaciones arbitradas e incluyendo publicaciones cuantitativas, cualitativas y de revisión, tiempo e idioma de las publicaciones y tipo de estdio tal como se presentan a contiuación. Resultados Las 20 publicaciones registradas van desde el 2005 al 2012. Dentro de ellas aparecen tres grupos para el abordaje de la carga que incluyen el que se basa en un paradigma de cuidado, el que la entiende como un paradigma económico conjunto de la enfermedad y su impacto financiero y los paradigmas eclécticos que admiten la suma de miradas de algunos matices económicos junto con otros propios de la experiencia de vivir o cuidar en situaciones de ECNT. Conclusiones Los modelos teóricos sobre enfermedad crónica evidenciados indican que el concepto se agrupa en tres: la carga vista desde el abordaje del cuidado; el abordaje económico centrado en la enfermedad y su impacto financiero y el abordaje mixto que retoma parcialmente aspectos de los dos anteriores. La comparación de estos hallazgos con la literatura ratifica los grupos encontrados y sugiere la necesidad de hacer explícito el concepto de carga de la ECNT desde el paradigma empleado.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the approach of cost of illness within the theoretical models of chronic non communicable disease (NCD) Methodology A systematic literature review was carried by defining observational parameters guided by the key words "theoretical, models" , "chronic disease" and "cost of illness" in 14 databases as Scielo, Medline, Science direct, Infotrac Health Reference Center Academic, including indexed publications of quantitative, qualitative, analysis and review articles, their publication language with an open time definition. Results 20 registered publications were found ranging from 2005 to 2012. Within these publications three groups emerged in the way they approach the burden or illness cost. They include: a group based on a caring paradigm, a group based on an economic paradigm understood as a set of the disease appear and their financial impact and a third group that with an eclectic approach that combined some of the economic aspects as well as some of the experiences of living and caring in situations of NCDs. Conclusions The theoretical models of chronic disease evidenced by this systematic search indicates that the concept of cost of illness is grouped into three: the view from the approach of burden of care; the economic approach focused on the disease and its financial impact and the mixed approach that takes aspects of the previous two. Comparing these findings with the literature confirms the groups founded and suggested the need to make explicit the utilized paradigm within in the conceptualization of the cost of illness while approaching NCDs.(AU)

Carga de la enfermedad crónica para los sujetos implicados en el cuidado / The burden of chronic disease for the subjects involved in the care / Carga da enfermidade crônica para os sujeitos implicados no cuidado

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar el significado que se ha dado al concepto de carga de la enfermedad crónica no transmisible en pacientes, cuidadores familiares, profesionales del área de la salud e instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud. Metodología: revisión realizada mediante las bases de datos LILACS, Sage, Willey online Library, Scopus, Bireme, Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cuiden y Proquest. Resultados: Se encontraron 538 artículos relacionados de los cuales se seleccionaron 58 para el análisis agrupados en tres categorías: esfuerzo físico, esfuerzo psicosocial y esfuerzo económico adicional. Conclusiones: el significado de carga de la enfermedad crónica es construida entre pacientes y cuidadores desde la vivencia y los impactos en su ámbito privado, es decir en lo personal y familiar. Los profesionales de salud y las instituciones, reconocen la importancia de la vivencia de la enfermedad en el paciente y la familia, sin embargo dan prioridad al impacto económico que la carga tiene sobre las mismas instituciones y los sistemas de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the meaning given to the concept of burden of chronic non-communicable disease among patients, family caregivers, health care professionals and health service institutions. Methodology: a systematic review conducted using the following databases: LILACS, Sage, Willey Online Library, Scopus, Bireme, Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Proquest and Cuiden. Results: a total of 538 papers were found, 58 of which were selected for analysis. These papers formed three categories: physical burden, psychosocial burden and additional financial effort. Conclusions: the meaning of the burden of chronic disease is built by patients and their caregivers on the basis of their experience and the effects of the illness on their private life, i.e. the impact at the personal or family levels. Health professionals and institutions acknowledge the importance of the experience of the disease for the patient and family, but they both give priority to its economic impact at an institutional and health system level.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o significado que se tem dado ao conceito: a carga da enfermidade crónica não transmissível em pacientes, cuidadores familiares, profissionais da área da saúde e instituições prestadoras de serviços de saúde. Materiais e métodos: Revisão realizada mediante as bases de dados LILACS, Sage, Willey online Library, Scopus, Bireme, Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cuidem y Proquest. Resultados: Se encontraram 538 artigos relacionados dos quais se selecionaram 58 para o análise agrupados em três categorias: esforço físico, esforço psicossocial e esforço económico adicional. Conclusões: O significado de carga da enfermidade crônica é construída entre pacientes e cuidadores desde a vivencia os impactos no seu âmbito privado, é dizer no pessoal e familiar. Os profissionais de saúde e as instituições reconhecem a importância da vivencia da enfermidade no paciente e a família, mas dando prioridade ao impacto econômico que a carga tem sobre as mesmas instituições e os sistemas de saúde.