Association of Energy and Macronutrients Intake with S-Klotho Plasma Levels in Middle-Aged Sedentary Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The ageing process can be influenced by energy intake and different macronutrients within the diet. The soluble form of the α-Klotho gene (called S-Klotho) is widely considered as a powerful anti-ageing biomarker. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of energy, dietary energy density and macronutrient intake with S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults. METHODS: A total of 72 (52.8% women) middle-aged sedentary adults (53.7 ± 5.2 years old) participated in the study. Energy and macronutrients intake (i.e. fat, carbohydrate and protein) were assessed using three non-consecutive 24-h recalls. S-Klotho plasma levels were measured in the Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma using a solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: No association was observed between energy, dietary energy density or macronutrient intake and S-Klotho plasma levels in men (all P≥ 0.1). We found an inverse association between energy, protein and carbohydrate intake with S-Klotho plasma levels in women (all P≤0.043), which disappeared after controlling for age, lean mass index and sedentary time. An inverse association was observed between dietary energy density and S-Klotho plasma levels in women after controlling for covariates (all P≤0.05). CONCLUSION: In summary, the present study showed an inverse association of dietary energy density with S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged women. In addition, our data suggest that the associations between energy and macronutrient intake could be highly dependent on lean mass and sedentary time.

Mediterranean diet, diet quality, and bone mineral content in adolescents: the HELENA study.

Dietary scores, rather than individual nutrients, allow exploring associations between overall diet and bone health. The aim of the present study was to assess the associations between the Mediterranean Diet Score for Adolescents (MDS-A) and the Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (DQI-A) and bone mineral content (BMC) among Spanish adolescents. Our results do not support an association between dietary scores or indices and BMC in adolescents. INTRODUCTION: To assess the associations between the MDS-A and a DQI-A with the BMC measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. METHODS: The MDS-A and the DQI-A were calculated in 179 Spanish adolescents, based on two 24-h dietary recalls from the HELENA cross-sectional study. The associations between the diet scores and the BMC outcomes [total body less head (TBLH), femoral neck (FN), lumbar spine (LS), and hip] were analyzed using logistic regression models adjusting for several confounders. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety-two models were included and only fruits and nuts and cereal and roots were found to provide significant ORs with regard to BMC. The risk of having low BMC reduced by 32% (OR 0.684; CI 0.473-0.988) for FN when following the ideal MDS-A, but this association lost significance when adjusting for lean mass and physical activity. For every 1-point increase in the cereal and root and the fruit and nut components, the risk of having low FN diminished by 56% (OR 0.442; CI 0.216-0.901) and by 67% (OR 0.332; CI 0.146-0.755), respectively. CONCLUSION: An overall dietary score or index is not associated with BMC in our adolescent Spanish sample.

Assessment of physical activity intensity and duration in the paediatric population: evidence to support an a priori hypothesis and sample size in the agreement between subjective and objective methods.

We aimed to provide evidence for an a priori hypothesis and sample size for subjectively assessing physical activity intensity and duration in paediatric population, adopting objective methods as the reference. We searched electronic databases, reference lists and author databases. Correlation coefficients were pooled as an indicator of agreement estimates. We found 183 agreement analyses (94.5% based on correlation coefficients) from 89 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We identified four physical activity parameters addressing intensity and two parameters addressing duration. The physical activity parameters focusing on intensity were measured only by questionnaires, and the best correlation was achieved by moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared with a heart rate monitor. In addition, total physical activity duration had a stronger correlation with an accelerometer when measured by diaries or logs than when measured by questionnaires. In both cases, the correlation was moderate. Studies with sample sizes between 50 and 99 subjects showed measurements that were stable in both magnitude and interpretation. Our findings suggest that the agreement between subjective and objective methods for assessing physical activity intensity and duration is weak to moderate. Furthermore, sample sizes ranging from 50 to 99 subjects provide stable agreement estimates between methods.

Correlates of ideal cardiovascular health in European adolescents: The HELENA study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The ideal cardiovascular health (iCVH) construct consists of 4 health behaviors (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity and diet) and 3 health factors (total cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting glucose). A greater number of iCVH components in adolescence are related to better cardiovascular health, but little is known about the correlates of iCVH in adolescents. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine correlates of iCVH in European adolescents. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study comprised 637 European adolescents with complete iCVH data. Participants were part of the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study, a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted in 9 different European countries. Correlates investigated were sex and age, family affluence scale, maternal education, geographic location, sleep time, television viewing, duration of pregnancy, birth weight and breastfeeding. Younger adolescents, those whose mothers had medium/high education or those who watched television less than 2 h per day had a greater number of iCVH components compared to those who were older, had a mother with low education or watched television 2 h or more daily (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSION: Since in our study older adolescents had worse iCVH than younger adolescents, early promotion of cardiovascular health may be important. Future studies may also investigate the usefulness of limiting television viewing to promote iCVH. Finally, since adolescents of mothers with low education had poorer iCVH, it may be of special interest to tailor public health promotion to adolescents from families with low socioeconomic status.

The association between childhood fractures and adolescence bone outcomes: a population-based study, the Tromsø Study, Fit Futures.

Childhood fracture may predict persistent skeletal fragility, but it may also reflect high physical activity which is beneficial to bone development. We observe a difference in the relationship between previous fracture and bone outcome across physical activity level and sex. Further elaboration on this variation is needed. PURPOSE: Childhood fracture may be an early marker of skeletal fragility, or increased levels of physical activity (PA), which are beneficial for bone mineral accrual. This study investigated the association between a previous history of childhood fracture and adolescent bone mineral outcomes by various PA levels. METHODS: We recruited 469 girls and 492 boys aged 15-18 years to this study. We assessed PA levels by questionnaire and measured areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at arm, femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and total body (TB) and calculated bone mineral apparent density (BMAD, g/cm3). Fractures from birth to time of DXA measurements were retrospectively recorded. We analyzed differences among participants with and without fractures using independent sample t test. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between fractures and aBMD and BMC measurements according to adolescent PA. RESULTS: Girls with and without a previous history of fracture had similar BMC, aBMD, and BMAD at all sites. In multiple regression analyses stratified by physical activity intensity (PAi), there was a significant negative association between fracture and aBMD-TH and BMC-FN yet only in girls reporting low PAi. There was a significant negative association between forearm fractures, BMAD-FN, and BMAD-arm among vigorously active boys. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate a negative association between childhood fractures and aBMD/BMC in adolescent girls reporting low PAi. In boys, such an association appears only in vigorously active participants with a history of forearm fractures.

Physical fitness reference standards in European children: the IDEFICS study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A low fitness status during childhood and adolescence is associated with important health-related outcomes, such as increased future risk for obesity and cardiovascular diseases, impaired skeletal health, reduced quality of life and poor mental health. Fitness reference values for adolescents from different countries have been published, but there is a scarcity of reference values for pre-pubertal children in Europe, using harmonised measures of fitness in the literature. The IDEFICS study offers a good opportunity to establish normative values of a large set of fitness components from eight European countries using common and well-standardised methods in a large sample of children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report sex- and age-specific fitness reference standards in European children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children (10,302) aged 6-10.9 years (50.7% girls) were examined. The test battery included: the flamingo balance test, back-saver sit-and-reach test (flexibility), handgrip strength test, standing long jump test (lower-limb explosive strength) and 40-m sprint test (speed). Moreover, cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by a 20-m shuttle run test. Percentile curves for the 1st, 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 97th and 99th percentiles were calculated using the General Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS). RESULTS: Our results show that boys performed better than girls in speed, lower- and upper-limb strength and cardiorespiratory fitness, and girls performed better in balance and flexibility. Older children performed better than younger children, except for cardiorespiratory fitness in boys and flexibility in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide for the first time sex- and age-specific physical fitness reference standards in European children aged 6-10.9 years.

An examination of injuries in Spanish Professional Soccer League.

AIM: Objective of the study was to examine the injury incidence in the Spanish Professional Soccer League, and to analyse differences between competition and training. METHODS: Sport injuries data from 11 out of 22 Spanish second division soccer teams (301 players) were prospectively collected during the season 2008/2009. RESULTS: A total of 891 injuries (111 recurrence injuries) were identified during 161602.7 hours of exposure. Competition injury incidence was higher than training (38.8 vs. 3.8 injuries per 1000h; P<0.05). The higher injury incidence was located at lower extremities (4.82 per 1000 h), and mainly affected muscles and tendons (3.1 per 1000 h). Two out of three injuries were due to overuse (54% during competition and 72% during training), and mainly result in players were unable to full soccer participation for less than 7 days (64%). Training injury incidence was higher during the pre-season and tended to decrease throughout the season (P<0.05), while competition injury incidence increased progressively throughout the season (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In our best knowledge, this is the first examination of injuries in Spanish professional soccer players. The main findings of the study suggest that competition is much more injurious than training, revealing a progressive decrease of training injury incidence and a progressive increase of competition injury incidence throughout the season. These data might be considered by clubs, coaches, and medical staff in order to design new strategies that reduce injury risk in Spanish Professional Soccer League.

Cardiorespiratory fitness in males, and upper limbs muscular strength in females, are positively related with 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma concentrations in European adolescents: the HELENA study.

BACKGROUND: High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (<75 nmol/l) has been previously reported in European adolescents. Vitamin D deficiency has been related to physical fitness and adiposity but it is not clearly known whether this relationship applies to growing children and adolescents. AIM: To determine how body composition and physical fitness are related to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in European adolescents. DESIGN: The HEalthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence-CSS study was a multi-centre cross-sectional study. METHODS: Plasma 25(OH)D, body composition and physical fitness measures were obtained in 1006 European adolescents (470 males) aged 12.5-17.5 years. Stepwise regression and ANCOVA were performed by gender using 25(OH)D as dependent variable, with body composition, physical fitness as independent variables controlling for age, seasonality and latitude. RESULTS: For males, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) (B = 0.189) and body mass index (BMI) (B = -0.124) were independently associated with 25(OH)D concentrations (both P < 0.05). For females, handgrip strength (B = 0.168; P < 0.01) was independently associated with 25(OH)D concentrations. Those adolescents at lower BMI and high fitness score presented significant higher 25(OH)D concentrations than those at lower fitness score in the other BMI groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cardiorespiratory fitness and upper limbs muscular strength are positively associated with 25(OH)D concentrations in male and female adolescents, respectively. Adiposity in males and low fat free mass in females are related to hypovitaminosis D. The interaction between fitness and BMI has a positive effect on 25(OH)D concentrations. Therapeutic interventions to correct the high rates of vitamin D deficiency in adolescents should consider physical fitness.

Prevención de la obesidad desde la actividad física: del discurso teórico a la práctica / Obesity prevention from physycal activity: from theoretical discourse to practice

En la gran mayoría de países, la obesidad infantil ha aumentado de manera considerable en los últimos años. Los niños con obesidad presentan numerosas comorbilidades, ya desde la infancia, lo cual puede acarrear consecuencias graves en la vida adulta. Desde el punto de vista sanitario, lo más adecuado para afrontar este problema es la prevención primaria. Este artículo se dedica a sintetizar los distintos aspectos relevantes desde el punto de vista de la prevención de la obesidad infantil y, en concreto, los relacionados con la práctica de actividad física. Para ello, los profesionales de la salud y de la educación tienen un papel destacado. En todos los casos, es necesario realizar la evaluación de los programas, con el fin de saber si son realmente eficaces. Los nuevos programas que se deben desarrollar deberán estar basados en experiencias previas que hayan tenido resultados positivos. Como la mayoría de las intervenciones hasta el momento actual no han sido de gran eficacia, es necesaria mucha más investigación en este campo en el futuro(AU)

Childhood obesity has increased considerably in most countries in recent years. Obese children already have many co-morbidities since infancy, which can have serious consequences in adulthood. From a health standpoint, the most appropriate to address this problem is primary prevention. This article aims to summarize the relevant aspects from the point of view of prevention of childhood obesity, and in particular to those related to physical activity. To this end, health and education professionals have a role. In all cases, it is necessary to perform the evaluation of programs to see if they are really effective. Developing new programs should be based on previous experiences that had positive results. As most interventions to date have not been very effective, much more research is needed in this area in the future(AU)

[Obesity prevention from physical activity: from theoretical discourse to practice]. / Prevención de la obesidad desde la actividad física: del discurso teórico a la práctica.

Childhood obesity has increased considerably in most countries in recent years. Obese children already have many co-morbidities since infancy, which can have serious consequences in adulthood. From a health standpoint, the most appropriate to address this problem is primary prevention. This article aims to summarize the relevant aspects from the point of view of prevention of childhood obesity, and in particular to those related to physical activity. To this end, health and education professionals have a role. In all cases, it is necessary to perform the evaluation of programs to see if they are really effective. Developing new programs should be based on previous experiences that had positive results. As most interventions to date have not been very effective, much more research is needed in this area in the future.

Physical activity does not attenuate the obesity risk of TV viewing in youth.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the association of television (TV) time, the frequency of meals while watching TV and the presence of TV set in the bedroom with total and abdominal obesity and to assess whether physical activity (PA) attenuates the obesity risk of TV viewing. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from 2200 adolescents (46% boys) from 10 European cities, The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study, between 2006 and 2007. TV viewing, PA (by accelerometry) and body composition were measured. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Even adjusting by vigorous PA, TV in the bedroom (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.74) and >4 h d(-1) TV during week days (OR: 1.30, 95% CI, 1.02-1.67) (in boys) and eating every day with TV (OR: 1.18, 95% CI, 1.07-1.30) and >2 h d(-1) TV during weekend days (OR: 1.68, 95% CI, 1.25-2.26) (in girls) were significantly associated with total obesity. Likewise, in both sexes, having a TV set at bedroom was significantly associated with abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents spending excessive TV time are prone to obesity independently of their PA levels. Families should put TV sets out of adolescents' bedroom and keep TV sets off during meal times.

Vitamin D status and physical activity interact to improve bone mass in adolescents. The HELENA Study.

UNLABELLED: The effects of vitamin D concentrations on bone mineral content in adolescents are still unclear. Vitamin D and physical activity (PA) may interact to determine bone mineral content (BMC) in two possible directions; 25(OH)D sufficiency levels improve BMC only in active adolescents, or PA increases BMC in individuals with replete vitamin D levels. INTRODUCTION: The effects of suboptimal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) concentrations on BMC in adolescents are still unclear. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of 25(OH)D on BMC in adolescents, considering the effect of body composition, sex, age, Tanner stage, season, calcium and vitamin D intakes, physical fitness and PA. METHODS: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, anthropometric measurements, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements, calcium and vitamin D intakes, PA and physical fitness were obtained in 100 Spanish adolescents (47 males), aged 12.5-17.5 years, within the framework of the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study. Relations were examined using ANCOVA and regression analyses including BMC as dependent variable. RESULTS: Linear regression of BMC suggested that 25(OH)D concentrations independently influenced total and leg BMC after controlling for age, sex, lean mass, seasonality and calcium intake (B = 0.328, p < 0.05, and B = 0.221, p < 0.05, respectively) in the physically active group. No significant influence of 25(OH)D concentrations on BMC was observed in the inactive group. Significant effect was shown between the interaction of 25(OH)D and PA on BMC for the total body and legs (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D and PA may interact to determine BMC. 25(OH)D sufficiency levels improve bone mass only in active adolescents, or PA has a positive influence on BMC in individuals with replete vitamin D levels.

Adiposity and bone health in Spanish adolescents. The HELENA study.

UNLABELLED: While the association of lean mass (LM) with bone mass is well understood, the association of fat mass (FM) with bone mass is controversial. Our results support that adolescents with higher levels of adiposity have greater bone mass, but this association is fully explained by their higher levels of LM. INTRODUCTION: We aimed (1) to study the independent association of FM and LM with bone mass and (2) to study the differences in bone mass by weight status in adolescents, after controlling for relevant confounders, such as physical activity (PA), calcium intake, and LM. METHODS: Participants were 330 adolescents (167 boys, 12.5-17.5 years) from the HELENA study. The relationships of FM (DXA, n = 330; BodPod, n = 282) and LM (DXA, n = 330) with different bone variables (whole body, total hip, lumbar spine, and femoral neck) were analyzed by linear regression, and differences between weight status were analyzed by ANCOVA. RESULTS: Fat mass (DXA) was positively associated with bone variables in both sexes, after adjustment for height, calcium intake, and sexual maturation. Additional adjustment by PA slightly increases the associations. However, adjustment for LM inverted these associations. Similar results were obtained using BodPod instead of DXA for assessing FM. Overweight/obese adolescents had higher BMC than their non-overweight peers in most of regions studied. Additional adjustment for PA slightly increased the differences between weight status groups, while adjusting for LM inverted the associations. LM was strong and positively associated with all bone variables in both sexes. Additional adjustment for PA or FM did not change the results. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with higher levels of adiposity have greater bone mass, but this association is explained by their higher levels of LM.

Effect of fitness and physical activity on bone mass in adolescents: the HELENA Study.

Our aim is to analyse the effect on bone mass of: (1) physical fitness performance on a specific group of physical activity (PA) and, (2) PA on a specific physical fitness performance group. Bone mineral content (BMC) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and PA by accelerometers was assessed in 373 Spanish adolescents (182 males). Adolescents were classified as: active and non-active (≥60 or <60 min day(-1) of moderate-vigorous PA). Fitness was assessed through speed/agility, strength and cardiorespiratory tests. Adolescents were classified by tertiles (T1, T2 and T3). ANCOVA was used for the analysis with sex, height, lean mass, calcium intake and pubertal status as covariates. Adolescents with lower strength, speed/agility and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) showed lower BMC in the whole body and extremities compared with adolescents with better results in these tests, mainly those non-active adolescents. Non-active adolescents with high fitness levels showed higher BMC (whole body and upper limbs) than active ones. The conclusions included: (1) within the non-active group, lower levels of fitness were associated with lower BMC; this might be through PA or trough an effect of PA on muscle mass. (2) Non-active adolescents with high level of fitness in most fitness tests showed higher BMC than their active peers, in spite of their lower PA levels. These unexpected results could be influenced by several factors such as genetics, nutrition, type of exercise or sport, hormones and skeletal age.

Contribution of social marketing strategies to community-based obesity prevention programmes in children.

OBJECTIVES: To review child and adolescent obesity prevention programmes to determine whether they have included the Social Marketing Benchmark Criteria (BC). In addition, we analysed whether there was a relationship between the presence of the criteria and the effectiveness of the programme. METHODS: Interventions had to be aimed at preventing obesity through behaviour changes relating to diet, physical activity, lifestyle and social support, separately or in combination. A total of 41 interventions were identified in PubMed and Embase that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The more recent the studies, the greater the number of the BC that seem to have been used. However, regarding behaviour changes, we found the most effective period to be 1997-2002, with 100% of the interventions resulting in behaviour changes (9/9). In addition, almost all interventions resulted in improvements in body composition variables: 5 of 6 for body mass index or overweight/obesity prevalence and 6 of 6 for skin-folds. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a higher number of BC does not assure higher effectiveness. Further research is required in this field. At the moment, studies aimed at preventing obesity in children and adolescents have not included social marketing aspects in their interventions in a comprehensive manner.

Role of cardiorespiratory fitness on the association between physical activity and abdominal fat content in adolescents: the HELENA study.

We examined the role of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on the association between physical activity (PA) and abdominal fat content in adolescents. Abdominal fat content was measured by waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 3 regions (R1, R2, and R3). PA and CRF were assessed by accelerometry and the 20 m-shuttle run test, respectively. Vigorous PA was inversely associated with waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio (ß from -0.149 to -0.197; p<0.05). In both CRF groups (i. e., low and high), vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous PA (also average PA in the low CRF group) were inversely associated with abdominal fat (i. e., R1, R2 and R3; ß from -0.146 to -0.244; p<0.05). This association did not differ according to CRF group (P for interaction >0.05), yet the percentage of variance in abdominal fat content, when assessed by DXA, explained by PA was slightly higher in adolescents with low CRF (3-8%) compared to those with high CRF (2-4%). The findings indicate that there is not a clear interaction effect of CRF in the association between PA and abdominal fat in adolescents, yet slightly stronger association was observed in the low fit group.

Bone mass and bone metabolism markers during adolescence: The HELENA Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The assessment of bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) status in children and adolescents is important for health and the prevention of diseases. Bone metabolic activity could provide early information on bone mass development. Our aim was to describe bone mass and metabolism markers according to age and Tanner stage in adolescents. METHODS: Spanish adolescents (n = 345; 168 males and 177 females) aged 12.5-17.5 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Body composition variables were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum osteocalcin (n = 101), aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (n = 92) and ß-isomerized C-telopeptides (ß-CTX, n = 65) and urine samples (ß-CTX; n = 237) were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS: Analysis of covariance showed that females had higher values for BMC and BMD in most of the regions. Both males and females had a significant decrease in bone markers while sexual maturation increases (all p < 0.05). Males had an increased bone turnover compared to females (all p < 0.05, except for urine ß-CTX in Tanner ≤IV). CONCLUSION: Our results support the evidence of dimorphic site-specific bone accretion between sexes and show an increased bone turnover in males, suggesting higher metabolic activity.

Marcadores del metabolismo óseo en adolescentes españoles. Estudio HELENA / Bone metabolism markers in Spanish adolescents. The HELENA Study

Objetivo del trabajo: Describir el metabolismo óseo a lo largo de la adolescencia, según la edad y el desarrollo puberal en adolescentes. Material (pacientes) y método: El análisis de los marcadores de metabolismo óseo se realizó a partir de muestras de suero con osteocalcina (OC; n=95), propeptido aminoterminal del procolágeno de tipo 1 (P1NP; n=87) y C-telopépidos Beta-isomerizados (Beta-CTX; n=65)] y de orina [Beta-CTX (n=209)] que se analizaron mediante inmunoensayo de electroquimioluminiscencia. Resultados: La concentración de los marcadores de formación y resorción ósea eran más altos en los chicos y las chicas menos desarrollados comparado con los grupos de mayor desarrollo puberal (p < 0.05), excepto ‚-CTX (en orina) en chicos (p = 0,105). Sin embargo, la osteocalcina no mostró una tendencia significativa en chicos (p = 0.264) al agrupar por edades. Los chicos adolescentes presentaron un remodelado óseo superior al de las chicas. Conclusiones: Los chicos adolescentes presentaron un remodelado óseo superior al de las chicas, lo que sugiere una mayor actividad metabólica de éstos durante la adolescencia (AU)

Objetives: To describe bone metabolism throughout adolescence, according to age and pubertal development. Material and methods: Bone metabolism markers were analysed on serum [Osteocalcin (n=95), aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP, n=87) and ‚-isomerised C-telopeptides (Beta-CTX, n=65)] and urine samples [Beta-CTX (n=209)] by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: bone formation and resorption biomarkers concentration were higher in males and females with lower pubertal development compared with those groups with higher development (p < 0.05), except urine ‚- CTX in males (p = 0,105). Osteocalcin did not show a significant trend in males (p = 0.264) when grouping by age. Males had an increased bone turnover compared to females. Conclusions: Males showed an increased bone turnover compared to females, suggesting higher metabolic activity during adolescence (AU)