PEI-cellulose nanocrystal hybrids as efficient siRNA delivery agents-Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation.

We describe the synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) complexed to siRNA. PEI (600Da) was first covalently attached to CNCs by reductive amination reaction, then CNCs-PEI were loaded with siRNA, resulting in the formation of CNCs-PEI-siRNA particles, strongly stabilized by ionic interactions. Efficient cellular uptake of these particles was monitored by ethidium bromide staining. Not only did CNCs-PEI show no cytotoxicity at the studied concentrations, but they also protected siRNA from degradation and favored its delivery into the cells. This siRNA (siRNA killer) is able to silence the expression of cell cycle genes and to induce cell death by apoptosis. Therefore, this study suggests that these CNCs-PEI are promising non-viral nanovehicles for siRNA delivery and for efficient anti-tumor strategy.

Heparan sulfates and the decrease of N-glycans promote early adipogenic differentiation rather than myogenesis of murine myogenic progenitor cells.

In vitro, extracted muscle satellite cells, called myogenic progenitor cells, can differentiate either in myotubes or preadipocytes, depending on environmental factors and the medium. Transcriptomic analyses on glycosylation genes during satellite cells differentiation into myotubes showed that 31 genes present a significant variation of expression at the early stages of murine myogenic progenitor cells (MPC) differentiation. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of 383 glycosylation related genes during murine MPC differentiation into preadipocytes and compared the data to those previously obtained during their differentiation into myotubes. Fifty-six glycosylation related genes are specifically modified in their expression during early adipogenesis. The variations correspond mainly to: a decrease of N-glycans, and of alpha (2,3) and (2,6) linked sialic acids, and to a high level of heparan sulfates. A high amount of TGF-ß1 in extracellular media during early adipogenesis was also observed. It seems that the increases of heparan sulfates and TGF-ß1 favor pre-adipogenic differentition of MPC and possibly prevent their myogenic differentiation.

Highlights of glycosylation and adhesion related genes involved in myogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Myogenesis is initiated by myoblast differentiation and fusion to form myotubes and muscle fibres. A population of myoblasts, known as satellite cells, is responsible for post-natal growth of muscle and for its regeneration. This differentiation requires many changes in cell behaviour and its surrounding environment. These modifications are tightly regulated over time and can be characterized through the study of changes in gene expression associated with this process. During the initial myogenesis steps, using the myoblast cell line C2C12 as a model, Janot et al. (2009) showed significant variations in expression for genes involved in pathways of glycolipid synthesis. In this study we used murine satellite cells (MSC) and their ability to differentiate into myotubes or early fat storage cells to select glycosylation related genes whose variation of expression is myogenesis specific. RESULTS: The comparison of variant genes in both MSC differentiation pathways identified 67 genes associated with myogenesis. Comparison with data obtained for C2C12 revealed that only 14 genes had similar expression profiles in both cell types and that 17 genes were specifically regulated in MSC. Results were validated statistically by without a priori clustering. Classification according to protein function encoded by these 31 genes showed that the main regulated cellular processes during this differentiation were (i) remodeling of the extracellular matrix, particularly, sulfated structures, (ii) down-regulation of O-mannosyl glycan biosynthesis, and (iii) an increase in adhesion protein expression. A functional study was performed on Itga11 and Chst5 encoding two highly up-regulated proteins. The inactivation of Chst5 by specific shRNA delayed the fusion of MSC. By contrast, the inactivation of Itga11 by specific shRNA dramatically decreased the fusion ability of MSC. This result was confirmed by neutralization of Itga11 product by specific antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Our screening method detected 31 genes specific for myogenic differentiation out of the 383 genes studied. According to their function, interaction networks of the products of these selected genes converged to cell fusion. Functional studies on Itga11 and Chst5 demonstrated the robustness of this screening.