M2 Macrophage Polarization and Tissue Remodeling in Autologous Fat Grafting for Diabetic Skin Defects.

Autologous adipose tissue was recognized as a promising therapeutic option for soft tissue defects owing to its regenerative potential and ability to facilitate tissue reconstruction. However, the mechanisms by which autologous fat grafting (AFG) promotes healing remain unclear, hindering its potential applications. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and phenotypic transition of infiltrating macrophages in transplanted adipose tissue, as well as their correlation with diabetic skin defect remodeling. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with full-thickness dorsal skin defects were included in this study. The transplanted adipose tissue at the skin defects was collected and analyzed using flow cytometry to determine macrophage proportion and phenotype. The healing of skin defects was evaluated, and treatment was continued until day 14 as the designated endpoint of healing, followed by histopathologic examinations. Immunostaining with CD31 and lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor-1 was performed on wound tissues to analyze angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were used to assess the expression of the representative genes involved in the healing process. The results showed early polarization of M2 macrophages in the transplanted adipose tissue, concomitant with the upregulation of growth factors and downregulation of inflammatory factors. In vivo experiments revealed that AFG significantly promoted macrophage infiltration and M2 transformation in diabetic skin defects compared to the control groups, thereby promoting tissue extracellular matrix remodeling and lymphatic and vascular regeneration. However, the beneficial effects of AFG were inhibited by macrophage depletion. This study further demonstrated the potential of AFG for treating diabetic skin defects.

Double Chin Concerns after En Bloc Mandibular U-Shaped Osteotomy: Submental-Cervical Soft Tissue Changes and Anterior Belly of Digastric Muscle Assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess submental-cervical soft tissue changes after en bloc mandibular U-shaped osteotomy and examine alterations in the anterior belly of digastric muscle (ABDM). METHODS: A retrospective study analyzed 20 patients who underwent en bloc mandibular U-shaped osteotomy from 2018 to 2023. Preoperative (Tp) and long-term follow-up (Tf) CT data were collected for analysis, measuring mandibular volume, soft tissue thickness at menton (Mes) and cervicale (C), and ABDM parameters (length, cross-sectional area (CSA), volume, distance from centroid point to the mandibular margin). Correlation analyses were performed to investigate the connection between soft tissue thickness changes, ABDM changes, and mandibular osteotomy volume. RESULTS: Long-term follow-up revealed a significant increase in soft tissue thickness at the Mes and C points after U-shaped mandibular osteotomy, especially at the C point. The adaptive length of ABDM decreased, CSA increased, and volume decreased, but the ABDM centroid point shifted downward relative to the mandibular margin, indicating drooping protrusion. The increment of soft tissue thickness was moderately positively correlated with the amount of osteotomy, and the decrement of ABDM length and volume were slightly positively correlated with the amount of osteotomy. CONCLUSION: The degree of soft tissue relaxation after U-shaped osteotomy is related to the extent of osteotomy. Notably, the protrusion of ABDM relative to the mandibular margin affects submental-cervical contour aesthetics. Prior to U-shaped osteotomy, it is crucial to assess the soft tissue condition of the patient's lower face, and the individualized design of the osteotomy volume should be carried out cautiously and safely. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Would hyaluronic acid-induced mental bone resorption be a concern? A prospective controlled cohort study and an updated retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a widely used filler for face contouring and is generally believed to be safe and effective. However, there have been reports of HA-related bone erosion in the chin area without clear scientific data regarding its existence, incidence, and severity. This exploratory study was to evaluate HA-related mental bone resorption through a prospective, controlled, observer-blind, nonrandomized clinical trial and a retrospective cohort study. METHODS: On the one hand, a prospective, controlled, nonrandomized, single-shot HA-injection clinical trial was conducted. Computed tomographic scans were collected at baseline and at 6-12 months of follow-up for both HA-injection and control groups. On the other hand, an updated retrospective cohort study compared the HA-injection with a blank control group. The primary outcomes composed of three quantitative parameters [bone resorption index (BRI M and BRI N ), bone resorption thickness ratio] and one subjective evaluation index (severity ranking). Information about demographics, complications, and injection volume were also recorded. RESULTS: From June 2021 to March 2023, 78 patients were prospectively recruited for the study. There was a significant association between HA-injection and bone resorption [BRI M : pre (84.24±8.10%) vs post (79.21±8.70%), P <0.001; BRI N : pre 92.50% (73, 144%) vs 87.99% (63, 132%), P <0.001; bone thickness ratio: HA 24.08% (0, 48%) vs control 0 (0, 17%), P <0.001]. However, there was no difference in large-volume (>1 ml) and small-volume (≦1 ml) injection subgroups [bone resorption thickness ratio: (21.50±10.91%) vs (24.51±11.92%), P =0.350]. The imaging manifestation revealed discernible bone resorption in 35.90% of the patients, with an median bone resorption thickness ratio of 24.08%. Between October of 2019 and March 2023, 95 HA-injection patients (190 semimandibular cases), 95 normal controls were enrolled. The BRI M was significantly lower in the HA-injection group compared to the controls ( P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HA may induce bone resorption in the mentum. Large-scale randomized controlled clinical trial is warranted for further confirmation. Patients should be informed of this potential complication.

The Influence of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Dural Cells on Osteoblasts.

To explore the influence of extracellular vesicles secreted by dural cells (Dura-EVs) on osteoblasts. Our methodology involves assessing the effects of these EVs at concentrations of 50ug/ml, 100ug/ml, and 200ug/ml on osteoblasts proliferation, differentiation, migration, osteogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis. We also treated a cranial defect model with injections of these Dura-EVs and monitored the healing rate of cranial defects. Tissue sections were analyzed using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E), Masson's trichrome, and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Our results suggest that Dura-EVs can enhance osteoblasts proliferation, migration, differentiation, and osteogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In vivo, Dura-EVs may promote the repair of skull defects. Dura-EVs have an important influence on osteoblasts, our findings shed light on a novel aspect of the dura mater's contribution to cranial osteogenesis.

Multimodality in language education: implications of a multimodal affective perspective in foreign language teaching.

Foreign language learners often encounter various emotional challenges within academic environments, which can hinder their progress in developing literacy skills. Effective language instruction should encompass teaching approaches that acknowledge the emotional requirements of students. To address this need, we propose a multimodal affective methodology designed to evaluate emotions in foreign language education scenarios. This methodology also holds the potential to elucidate the pedagogic contributions of various emotional variables to academic outcomes. Our study focuses on German as a foreign language (GFL) learning and utilizes it as an example to investigate ways to improve writing proficiency. The study explores the effects of integrating multimodal corrective feedback (MCF) into academic writing exercises. We delve into suitable modalities for analyzing emotions in academic writing practices. Furthermore, we investigate how the choice of corrective feedback mode intricately influences the nature of feedback itself and subsequently influences students' emotional responses. Through a comprehensive exploration of the interplay between distinct modes of delivering feedback and their impacts on learners' engagement, this investigation strives to decode the intricate dynamics of emotions that underlie language acquisition. With these insights, the study discusses how teachers can enhance their teaching strategies by combining changes in learners' emotional states and providing emotional support.

A novel chin-reductive drawer-genioplasty using subapical and mandibular contouring ostectomy.

SUMMARY: As the most prominent feature of the lower face, the chin is crucial to human facial morphology and it plays a large role in contributing to facial attractiveness and harmony. Although an increasing number of genioplasty procedures are being introduced for chin augmentation, chin reduction procedures are rarely performed. Due to the inevitable cervicomental angle (CA) widening and relaxation of the floor-of-mouth muscles caused by chin shortening and the elevation of the lower edge of the mandible, chin reduction remains a challenging procedure. Our novel drawer-genioplasty approach involves a flexible chin-reducing procedure using subapical and mandibular contouring ostectomy. This technique can effectively shorten various long chins for improved facial proportions and maximize the floor-of-mouth muscle protection during surgery, thereby avoiding postoperative submental sagging. Several parameters, including the ratio between the lower (the subnasale to menton distance) and middle facial heights (the glabella to subnasale distance) (R1), the ratio between the anterior midline bone heights of the mandible (the stomion-to-menton distance) and maxilla (the subnasale-to-stomion distance) (R2), and the CA, were used to evaluate the outcome of the procedure. Comparing the preoperative and postoperative parameters revealed that there was a significant decrease in both R1 (1.25±0.15 versus 1.09±0.12) and R2 (1.94±0.24 versus 1.58±0.11). Although CA increased from 107.3±8.2° preoperatively to 112.4±7.0° postoperatively, this value was still within the normal range. In addition to providing effective and significant aesthetic improvements, the drawer-genioplasty is safe and involves no complications.

Monitoring the Relationship between Social Network Status and Influenza Based on Social Media Data.

BACKGROUND: This article aims to analyze the relationship between user characteristics on social networks and influenza. METHODS: Three specific research questions are investigated: (1) we classify Weibo updates to recognize influenza-related information based on machine learning algorithms and propose a quantitative model for influenza susceptibility in social networks; (2) we adopt in-degree indicator from complex networks theory as social media status to verify its coefficient correlation with influenza susceptibility; (3) we also apply the LDA topic model to explore users' physical condition from Weibo to further calculate its coefficient correlation with influenza susceptibility. From the perspective of social networking status, we analyze and extract influenza-related information from social media, with many advantages including efficiency, low cost, and real time. RESULTS: We find a moderate negative correlation between the susceptibility of users to influenza and social network status, while there is a significant positive correlation between physical condition and susceptibility to influenza. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal the laws behind the phenomenon of online disease transmission, and providing important evidence for analyzing, predicting, and preventing disease transmission. Also, this study provides theoretical and methodological underpinnings for further exploration and measurement of more factors associated with infection control and public health from social networks.

Successful Treatment and Long-term Follow-up of Parry-Romberg Syndrome with Anterolateral Thigh Adipofascial Flap.

BACKGROUND: Anterolateral thigh (ALT) adipofascial free flap transfer is a frequently used method to reconstruct the facial symmetry and restore facial soft-tissue contour in PRS patients. While its long-term prognosis and patient outcomes assessment are still lack of understanding. METHOD: The authors report their treatment experience in 42 patients between 2001 and 2017 using microsurgical free anterolateral thigh adipofascial flap transfer. The long-term follow-up results and final reconstructive outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients were included. The follow-up ranged from 5 to 21 years. All patients were satisfied with the surgery. Photographic evaluation revealed significant enhancement of postoperative appearance. Numbness or hypesthesia of the local area was the most common symptom in the long-term follow up. CONCLUSION: This study has evaluated the long-term treatment results of Parry-Romberg disease with microsurgery using ALT free flap in our department. Over 20 years' experience and the significant enhancement of the overall appearance indicate a long-lasting, excellent outcome.

Visible Light-Driven α-Diazoketones as Denitrogenated Synthons: Synthesis of Fluorinated N-Heterocycles via Multicomponent Cyclization Reactions.

We disclose herein an efficient photochemical formal [3+2+1] annulation strategy for the transformation of diazocarbonyl compounds into various fluorinated nitrogen-containing heterocycles. This transformation is characterized by reacting fluoroalkyl radicals with α-diazoketones, which are used as infrequent denitrogenated synthons under visible light. Moreover, a wide range of N-heterocycles containing precious CF3 and perfluoroalkylated groups are constructed in moderate to good yields. Notably, this photochemical strategy may provide a fruitful path for the synthesis of complex organofluorides via diazo/fluorine/radical chemistry.

Astaxanthin Promotes the Survival of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by Alleviating Oxidative Stress via Activating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway.

The survival of free fat grafts is dependent primarily on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs); however, ADSCs are susceptible to oxidative stress in the recipient area. Astaxanthin (Axt) is a natural xanthophyll carotenoid with potent antioxidant properties and numerous clinical applications. To date, the therapeutic potential of Axt in fat grafting has not been explored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Axt on oxidatively stressed ADSCs. An oxidative model of ADSCs was developed to simulate the host's microenvironment. Oxidative insult decreased the protein levels of Cyclin D1, type I collagen alpha 1 (COL1A1), and type II collagen alpha 1 (COL2A1), while increasing the expression of cleaved Caspase 3 and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in ADSCs. Axt pre-treatment significantly reduced oxidative stress, increased the synthesis of an adipose extracellular matrix, alleviated inflammation, and restored the impaired adipogenic potential in the present model. Furthermore, Axt immensely activated the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, and ML385, an inhibitor of Nrf2, could negate Axt's protective effects. Additionally, Axt alleviated apoptosis by inhibiting bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)/Caspase 3 signaling and improving the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which could also be abolished by ML385. Our results suggest that Axt may exert its cytoprotective effect on ADSCs through the Nrf2 signaling pathway and could be therapeutic in fat grafting.

Does low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerate phasic calcium phosphate ceramic-induced bone formation?

PURPOSE: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been used to stimulate the healing of the fresh fracture, delayed union, and non-union in both animal and clinical studies. Besides, biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic (BCP) is a promising biomaterial for bone repair as it shows favorable biocompatibility, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. However, scarcity is known about the combined effect of LIPUS and BCP on bone formation. METHODS: The combined effect of LIPUS and BCP was studied in a beagle model. Twelve dogs were used. BCP granules without any additions were implanted into bilateral erector spinae muscles. One side is the BCP group, while the counterlateral side is LIPUS + BCP group. Histological and histomorphometric analyses, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with BCP alone, the LIPUS + BCP showed no advantages in early bone formation. Furthermore, the Notch signaling pathway-related mRNA has no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results showed that the BCP, which has intrinsic osteoinduction nature, was an effective and promising material. However, LIPUS has no enhanced effect in BCP induced ectopic bone formation. Furthermore, LIPUS has no effect on the Notch signaling pathway. Whether costly LIPUS could be used in combination with BCP should be a rethink.

Redefining Mandibular Sub-units: The "ABC" Classification and Surgical Strategies for Lower Face Contouring.

BACKGROUND: In east Asia, lower face contouring surgeries including reduction mandibuloplasty and genioplasty are the most popular aesthetic craniofacial surgeries. Conventional selection of surgical strategies mainly relied on the visual judgment of the mandibular angle, without overall assessment of the mandibular sub-units. Furthermore, only a few studies offered quantitative assessment of the mandibular shape. METHODS: From 2010 to 2021, 1241 patients diagnosed with square faces and received customized lower face contouring surgeries by the senior author were reviewed and analyzed to propose an "ABC" classification system for facilitating surgical planning. RESULTS: Among them, 998 (80.42%) received bilateral mandible reshaping, 155 (12.49%) underwent bilateral mandible reshaping combined with genioplasty, and 88 (7.09%) received asymmetric mandible reshaping. A modified classification system composed of three critical parameters (height, morphology/thickness, divergence) in three aesthetic zones (mandibular angle, mandibular body, chin) was proposed based on quantitative summarization of the CT database and the senior author's 12-year experience. The way to facilitate surgical planning with this classification was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: This modified classification system ushered a decision-making process that prioritized several critical measurements and proposed an operative planning form. Meanwhile, it can also be cooperated into the three-dimensional virtual surgical plan. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .

Does low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerate phasic calcium phosphate ceramic-induced bone formation?

Purpose: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been used to stimulate the healing of the fresh fracture, delayed union, and non-union in both animal and clinical studies. Besides, biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic (BCP) is a promising biomaterial for bone repair as it shows favorable biocompatibility, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. However, scarcity is known about the combined effect of LIPUS and BCP on bone formation. Methods: The combined effect of LIPUS and BCP was studied in a beagle model. Twelve dogs were used. BCP granules without any additions were implanted into bilateral erector spinae muscles. One side is the BCP group, while the counterlateral side is LIPUS + BCP group. Histological and histomorphometric analyses, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were evaluated. Results: Compared with BCP alone, the LIPUS + BCP showed no advantages in early bone formation. Furthermore, the Notch signaling pathway-related mRNA has no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: The preliminary results showed that the BCP, which has intrinsic osteoinduction nature, was an effective and promising material. However, LIPUS has no enhanced effect in BCP induced ectopic bone formation. Furthermore, LIPUS has no effect on the Notch signaling pathway. Whether costly LIPUS could be used in combination with BCP should be a rethink.

Optimal timing of postmastectomy radiotherapy in two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction: An updated meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the timing of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in relation to the exchange procedure in breast cancer patients undergoing the immediate two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction. This meta-analysis investigated the reconstruction failure, complications, and cosmesis between PMRT to the tissue expander (TE) and PMRT to the permanent implant (PI). METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase databases until February 2022. Studies presenting at least one aspect relating to reconstruction failure, complications, and cosmesis between two cohorts were included. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the risk of bias in included studies. RESULTS: Eleven studies presenting 1447 patients were enrolled. Three studies were prospective controlled research. The risk for implant loss was higher in PMRT to TE cohort (RR 1.75; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.98; p = 0.04); meanwhile, the PMRT to TE cohort had a significantly lower risk of capsular contracture (RR 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.78; p = 0.003). However, the synthesized result should be interpreted sensibly due to heterogeneity in statistical methods and definitions. CONCLUSION: Delivering PMRT to PI may reduce the risk of implant loss, while delivering PMRT to TE can reduce the risk of severe capsular contracture. More high-quality studies are warranted for the refinement of clinical practice.

Study on the difference of osteogenesis and Notch signaling pathway expression in biphasic calcium-phosphorus ceramic granule materials with different microstructure.

Different microstructures including micropore diameter, micropore volume, and micropore area of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP, hydroxyapatite: ß-tricalcium phosphate = 8:2) ceramics granules were obtained by varying their sintering temperatures. Sprague-Dawley rat bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) were co-cultured with BCPs in vitro study and the BMSCs showed different degrees of proliferative activity under the influence of three materials. Cell proliferation and vitality were assessed. Three kinds of BCPs were implanted in the dorsal muscle of beagle dogs. At 1, 2, and 3 months, histological analyses were conducted to estimate the rate of osteogenesis. Expression of Notch pathway genes and osteogenic-related genes were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-rtPCR). The proportion of osteogenesis area increased to:48.75 ± 4.20%, 29.48 ± 1.55%, and 26.58 ± 3.86% at 3 months after the implantation (1050, 1150, 1250). Significant differences were observed in the upregulation of Notch pathway genes among different BCPs. BCPs with different micropore diameters have different ectopic osteogenesis effects and led to up-regulation of the Notch signaling pathway genes to different extents.

Direct Construction of Catechol Lignin for Engineering Long-Acting Conductive, Adhesive, and UV-Blocking Hydrogel Bioelectronics.

Long-active conductivity, adhesiveness, and environmental stability are essential in the applications of hydrogel electronics. Integrating different functional materials into one system suffers from compatibility and cost problems. Inspired by the unique o-methoxyl structure in polyphenol lignin and its binding role in plants, catechol lignin (DAL) is constructed by one-step demethylation, which endows the lignin with a mussel-like bioadhesion, good reducibility, as well as a high ultraviolet absorption. The DAL is then applied to reduced graphene oxide, and the products-the oxidized DAL and the reduced graphene oxide mixture (DAL/rGO) is added into a sodium alginate/polyacrylamide (SA/PAM) double network hydrogel. Based on the Schiff base reaction between the quinone of the oxidized DAL and the amino of the skin, the DAL/rGO incorporated hydrogels could stably adhere to the skin, and sensitively respond to physiological signals. In addition, the DAL could provide the hydrogels with long-active sunscreen property when applied to real skin. These DAL based hydrogels have potential for on-skin sensing and outdoor sport equipment.

Sub-acute hypersensitive reaction to botulinum toxin type A following Covid-19 vaccination: Case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) is one of the most widely used injectable agents in cosmetic surgery. Corona virus disease 2019 (Covid-19) infection and vaccination, which can induce specific and nonspecific activation of the immune system, has been reported to induce delayed inflammatory reactions to previously injected hyaluronic acid fillers. However, there are no reports about the interaction between BTA and Covid-19. We aimed to report 2 sub-acute cases of allergic reactions to BTA in facial cosmesis following the Covid-19 vaccination. PATIENT CONCERN: A 35-year-old and a 34-year-old female who has several previous BTA injections without any adverse effects experienced facial swelling, flu-like symptoms after BTA treatment following the Covid-19 vaccination. DIAGNOSE: According to the typical clinical manifestation, a hypersensitive reaction to BTA was considered. INTERVENTION: Corticosteroids and antihistamine were administered empirically. OUTCOMES: The flu-like symptoms recovered over the next day, but the facial swelling gradually faded within 1 to 2 weeks. LESSONS: A literature review was also conducted to summarize the hypersensitive actions to cosmesis related to Covid-19. We recommend BTA injection be administered at least 2 to 3 months after Covid-19 vaccination.