The genomic and transcriptomic landscape of metastastic urothelial cancer.

Metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) is a lethal cancer, with limited therapeutic options. Large-scale studies in early settings provided critical insights into the genomic and transcriptomic characteristics of non-metastatic UC. The genomic landscape of mUC remains however unclear. Using Whole Exome (WES) and mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) performed on metastatic biopsies from 111 patients, we show that driver genomic alterations from mUC were comparable to primary UC (TCGA data). APOBEC, platin, and HRD mutational signatures are the most prevalent in mUC, identified in 56%, 14%, and 9% of mUC samples, respectively. Molecular subtyping using consensus transcriptomic classification in mUC shows enrichment in neuroendocrine subtype. Paired samples analysis reveals subtype heterogeneity and temporal evolution. We identify potential therapeutic targets in 73% of mUC patients, of which FGFR3 (26%), ERBB2 (7%), TSC1 (7%), and PIK3CA (13%) are the most common. NECTIN4 and TACSTD2 are highly expressed regardless of molecular subtypes, FGFR3 alterations and sites of metastases.

ONCOLINER: A new solution for monitoring, improving, and harmonizing somatic variant calling across genomic oncology centers.

The characterization of somatic genomic variation associated with the biology of tumors is fundamental for cancer research and personalized medicine, as it guides the reliability and impact of cancer studies and genomic-based decisions in clinical oncology. However, the quality and scope of tumor genome analysis across cancer research centers and hospitals are currently highly heterogeneous, limiting the consistency of tumor diagnoses across hospitals and the possibilities of data sharing and data integration across studies. With the aim of providing users with actionable and personalized recommendations for the overall enhancement and harmonization of somatic variant identification across research and clinical environments, we have developed ONCOLINER. Using specifically designed mosaic and tumorized genomes for the analysis of recall and precision across somatic SNVs, insertions or deletions (indels), and structural variants (SVs), we demonstrate that ONCOLINER is capable of improving and harmonizing genome analysis across three state-of-the-art variant discovery pipelines in genomic oncology.

Tumor mutational burden assessment and standardized bioinformatics approach using custom NGS panels in clinical routine.

BACKGROUND: High tumor mutational burden (TMB) was reported to predict the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1, received FDA-approval for the treatment of unresectable/metastatic tumors with high TMB as determined by the FoundationOne®CDx test. It remains to be determined how TMB can also be calculated using other tests. RESULTS: FFPE/frozen tumor samples from various origins were sequenced in the frame of the Institut Curie (IC) Molecular Tumor Board using an in-house next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. A TMB calculation method was developed at IC (IC algorithm) and compared to the FoundationOne® (FO) algorithm. Using IC algorithm, an optimal 10% variant allele frequency (VAF) cut-off was established for TMB evaluation on FFPE samples, compared to 5% on frozen samples. The median TMB score for MSS/POLE WT tumors was 8.8 mut/Mb versus 45 mut/Mb for MSI/POLE-mutated tumors. When focusing on MSS/POLE WT tumor samples, the highest median TMB scores were observed in lymphoma, lung, endometrial, and cervical cancers. After biological manual curation of these cases, 21% of them could be reclassified as MSI/POLE tumors and considered as "true TMB high." Higher TMB values were obtained using FO algorithm on FFPE samples compared to IC algorithm (40 mut/Mb [10-3927] versus 8.2 mut/Mb [2.5-897], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We herein propose a TMB calculation method and a bioinformatics tool that is customizable to different NGS panels and sample types. We were not able to retrieve TMB values from FO algorithm using our own algorithm and NGS panel.

First report of medulloblastoma in a patient with MUTYH-associated polyposis.

AIMS: The mutY DNA glycosylase encoded by the MUTYH gene prevents G:C → T:A transversions through the base excision repair DNA repair system. Germline biallelic pathogenic variants in MUTYH cause an adenomatous polyposis called MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), an autosomal recessive disease (OMIM: 608456), with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Digestive lesions in this context show an excess of G:C → T:A transversions, individualising a specific mutational signature associated with MUTYH deficiency called signature SBS36. Predisposition to other tumours in patients with germline biallelic pathogenic variants in MUTYH is suspected but remains unclear. We report the first case of medulloblastoma in a patient with MAP, carrying the homozygous pathogenic variant c.1227_1228dup, p.(Glu410Glyfs*43) in MUTYH. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing was performed on the medulloblastoma to enlighten single nucleotide variants of interest, microsatellite status and mutational signature. The objective was to determine the involvement of MUTYH deficiency in the oncogenesis of this medulloblastoma. RESULTS: The medulloblastoma has the mutational signature SBS36 and driver pathogenic variants in CTNNB1, PTCH1 and KDM6A corresponding to G:C → T:A transversions, suggesting a role of MUTYH deficiency in oncogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, medulloblastoma could be a rare manifestation associated with germline biallelic pathogenic variants in MUTYH.

The mutational landscape of skull base and spinal chordomas and the identification of potential prognostic and theranostic biomarkers.

OBJECTIVE: Chordomas are rare bone neoplasms characterized by a high recurrence rate and no benefit from any approved medical treatment to date. However, the investigation of molecular alterations in chordomas could be essential to prognosticate, guide clinical decision-making, and identify theranostic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed genomic landscape of a homogeneous series of 64 chordoma samples, revealing driver events, theranostic markers, and outcome-related genomic features. METHODS: The authors conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES), targeted next-generation sequencing, and RNA sequencing of 64 skull base and spinal chordoma samples collected between December 2006 and September 2020. Clinical, histological, and radiological data were retrospectively analyzed and correlated to genetic findings. RESULTS: The authors identified homozygous deletions of CDKN2A/2B, PIK3CA mutations, and alterations affecting genes of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes (PBRM1 and ARID1A) as potential theranostic biomarkers. Using matched germline WES, they observed a higher frequency of a common genetic variant (rs2305089; p.(Gly177Asp)) in TBXT (97.8%, p < 0.001) compared to its distribution in the general population. PIK3CA mutation was identified as an independent biomarker of short progression-free survival (HR 10.68, p = 0.0008). Loss of CDKN2A/2B was more frequently observed in spinal tumors and recurrent tumors. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, the authors identified driver events such as PBRM1 and PIK3CA mutations, TBXT alterations, or homozygous deletions of CDKN2A/2B, which could, for some, be considered potential theranostic markers and could allow for identifying novel therapeutic approaches. With the aim of a future biomolecular prognostication classification, alterations affecting PIK3CA and CDKN2A/2B could be considered as poor prognostic biomarkers.