Studies of toxicity of dermally-absorbed nurelle D 550 EC preparations.

The aim of the study was the evaluation of the toxic effect of a two-component, preparation Nurelle D 550 EC (500 g of chlorpyrifos and 50 g cypermethrin per 1 l), administrated dermally. Toxicity was evaluated from histological and ultrastructural studies of the internal organs and immunotoxic effects (evaluation of phagocytical and bactericidal activity of neutrophils). The preparation for dermal application was applied in 2 concentrations (200 mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos plus 20 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin or 1000 mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos, plus 100 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin). The preparation was administrated on the tail skin of female Wistar rats for 4 hours daily for a period of 4 weeks. After 28 days of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetised and blood was taken from the heart to evaluate the granulocyte system. The following organs were taken for histological studies: liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. Ultrastructural studies were carried out on the lung, liver, kidney and heart. The results of the study showed that dermal application of the pesticide Nurelle D 550 EC resulted in slight morphological and ultrastructural changes in the liver, kidney, lung and heart. The preparation examined slightly elevated the bactericidal activity of neutrophils. The differences, however, were not statistically significant. The phagocytic reaction in animals of both experimental groups did not differ from that observed in control group

Toxicity of dermally absorbed dichlorvos in rats.

Toxicity of dermally absorbed dichlorvos was studied in rats, based on its effects on internal organs, and on phagocytic and bactericidal activity of the neutrophile system. The studies were conducted on 30 female rats of Wistar strain. The animals were divided into three groups, two of which were experimentally exposed to dermal absorption of dichlorvos (37.5 mg/kg - 1/2 LD50; or 7.5 mg/kg - 1/10 LD50;), and one control group which was exposed to dermal absorption of the solvent. The animals were exposed to dermal absorption for 4 hours daily for a period of 4 weeks. After 28 days, the rats were anaesthetized, blood was drawn from the heart to evaluate the activity of the neutrophilic system, and the internal organs excised for histological and ultrastructural studies. Dermally absorbed dichlorvos caused histopathological changes in lungs, lymphatic glands and thymus, as well as histopathological and ultrastructural changes in liver, kidneys and heart muscle. Dichlorvos stimulated the bactericidal and phagocytic activity of neutrophils.

Toxicity of dermally applied alpha-cypermethrin in rats.

The aim of the study was to assess the immunotoxic effect of dermally applied alpha-cypermethrin in rats based on phagocytic and bactericidal activity of neutrophils of peripheral blood, and the general toxic effect based on histological and ultrastructural examination of internal organs. The preparation was dermally applied in doses of 50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg. It was administered to the tail skin of female Wistar rats, 4 hours daily for 28 days. After the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized and heart blood was taken in order to evaluate the activity of granulocyte system. The following organs were taken for histological examinations: brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, thymus and lymphatic nodes. Lung, liver, kidney and heart were used for ultrastructural studies. The results of the study showed that bactericidal and phagocytic activity of neutrophils was stimulated after administration of 50 mg/kg alpha-cypermethrin. Dermal application of the preparation resulted in slight histological changes in liver, kidney, lung and brain. Pathological changes in heart were observed only on the level of ultrastructure.

Does moxonidine increase cytotoxic activity of ethanol in rats? Preliminary report on the base of the ultrastructural study.

Combined effects of moxonidine and ethanol on ultrastructure of selected Wistar-Kyoto rat organs (kidney, liver, heart) were investigated. In cells of the animals, which received moxonidine alone, no morphological changes were found. In the group of rats which received alcohol, several typical submicroscopical changes were found, especially related to the mitochondria. After the combined administration of ethanol and moxonidine the pathological changes were bigger than those found in animals which received alcohol alone. Those changes were particularly significant in kidney and liver. The results might indicate that moxonidine increased cytotoxic activity of ethanol on several organs in rats.

Ultrastructural aspects of leukaemic cells in acute myeloblastic leukaemia.

Ultrastructural aspects of leukaemic cells in a case of myeloblastic leukaemia are described. Changes concerning of mitochondrial ultrastructure, but primarily the presence of vast numbers of fibrillar structures in the cytoplasm of the examined cells were observed. These structures were spreading through their gradual widening to cover almost the whole cell cytoplasm, damaging its organellae and internal architecture. The nature of the observed changes remains unknown.

[Morphological studies of bone marrow neutrophilic and acidophilic granulocytes of white rate during stimulated leukopoiesis]. / Badania morfologiczne granulocytów obojetnochlonnych i kwasochlonnych szpiku szczura bialego w warunkach stymulowanej leukopoezy.

The neutrophils and eosinophils of rat bone marrow were studied after stimulating bone marrow with leucogen administered in therapeutic doses. The morphological examinations of these cells were carried out under electron microscope analysing the activity of myeloperoxidase. Disturbances were observed in the formation of primary and secondary granules in the neutrophils. This suggest a decrease of their functional efficiency. The formation of granules in the neutrophils was similar to normal. After 7 days of leucogen administration the stability between the number of granules with core and without it was disturbed in favour of the latter ones. After 14 days the proportions in the number of both types of granules reverted to the normal values.

[Ultrastructural studies and neutrophil myeloperoxidase determination in rats with acute 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid poisoning]. / Badania ultrastrukturalne oraz badania mieloperoksydazy granulocytów obojetnochlonnych szczura w ostrym zatruciu kwasem 2,4-dwuchlorofenoksyoctowym.

The aim of the work was to study changes in the ultrastructure and activity of different developing forms of cells in the neutrophil series in rat bone marrow during acute poisoning with 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid. The results of the study enabled determination of the influence of this herbicide on the process of granulogenesis in the neutrophils to be achieved. Disturbances of granulogenesis appeared in some cells of the experimental group II (160 mg of 2,4-D-acid/kg of body weight) and in most cells in the experimental group III (400 mg of 2,4-D-acid/kg). The disturbances manifested themselves mainly as a decrease in the number of primary and secondary granules in different developing forms of the neutrophil series. This decrease was associated with appearance of numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles. The results show that primary granules participate in phagocytosis.

[Cytochemical studies of primary granules in rat neutrophils: an electron microscope study]. / Cytochemiczne badania ziarnistosci pierwszorzedowych granulocytów obojetnochlonnych szczura w mikroskopie elektronowym

Cytochemical investigations were carried out on primary granules in neutrophils in rats. For this purpose reaction for acid phosphatase and then using the same preparations of bone marrow peroxidase activity was determined. Peroxidase activity was demonstrated in all granules of first order (primary), but only in a part of them the activity of acid phosphatase was present. These granules are, most probably, lysosomes containing peroxidases apart from hydrolases.

RNA synthesis in nuclei of rat liver and of human lymphocytes.

Physico-chemical properties and RNA synthesis in the rat liver and human lymphocytes have been compared in a nuclear system in vitro. Human lymphocytes were isolated from blood of healthy donors and of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients. The isolated nuclei served as the source of polymerase and template DNA. 3H-CTP was incorporated into the acid insoluble fraction linearly for 60 min. The nuclei of lymphocytes contained small amounts of RNA and protein, and the isolation procedure was complicated. Rat liver nuclei seem to be less prone to clumping at high pH values and may incorporate much more 3H-CTP. The nuclear synthesis was compared with incorporation of 3H-rU and 32P-orthophosphate into nuclear RNA of intact lymphocytes. Normal cells easily incorporated 32-P, and in contrast leukaemic cells incorporated 3H-rU to a greater extent.

[Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of neutrophil granulocyte series in the bone marrow of white rats]. / Ultrastruktura i cytochemia szeregu rozwojowego granulocytów obojetnochlonnych w szpiku szczura bialego

Ultrastructure of the neutrophil granulocyte series of rat was studied. Besides morphological investigations of maturating cells activity changes of two selected enzymes were determined: acid phosphatase and peroxidase. It was observed that the activity of acid phosphatase is connected with appearance of primary granules and peroxidase activity is connected with these granules as well but shows different location at different developmental levels of these cells.