Precise Definition of Porcine Hippocampal Cornu Ammonis 2: High Histoarchitectural Similarity to Humans but Unequal Sensitivity to Hypoxia.

Experimental animal studies of hypoxic-ischemic injury of the hippocampus of pigs are limited due to the unprecise definition of hippocampal subfields, cornu ammonis 1 to 4, compared to humans. Given that the pig model closely mirrors human physiology and serves as an important model for critical care research, a more precise description is necessary to draw valid conclusions applicable to human diseases. In our study, we were able to precisely define the CA2 and its adjacent regions in a domestic pig model by arginine vasopressin receptor 1B (AVPR1B) and calbindin-D28K like (CaBP-Li) expression patterns. Our findings demonstrate that the histoarchitecture of the porcine cornu ammonis subfields closely resembles that of the human hippocampus. Notably, we identified unusually strong neuronal damage in regions of the pig hippocampus following global ischemia, which are typically not susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic damage in humans.

Glycation Interferes with the Expression of Sialyltransferases and Leads to Increased Polysialylation in Glioblastoma Cells.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor that often utilizes aerobic glycolysis for energy production (Warburg effect), resulting in increased methylglyoxal (MGO) production. MGO, a reactive dicarbonyl compound, causes protein alterations and cellular dysfunction via glycation. In this study, we investigated the effect of glycation on sialylation, a common post-translational modification implicated in cancer. Our experiments using glioma cell lines, human astrocytes (hA), and primary glioma samples revealed different gene expressions of sialyltransferases among cells, highlighting the complexity of the system. Glycation has a differential effect on sialyltransferase expression, upregulating ST8SIA4 in the LN229 and U251 cell lines and decreasing the expression in normal hA. Subsequently, polysialylation increased in the LN229 and U251 cell lines and decreased in hA. This increase in polysialylation could lead to a more aggressive phenotype due to its involvement in cancer hallmark processes such as immune evasion, resistance to apoptosis, and enhancing invasion. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying GBM aggressiveness and suggest that targeting glycation and sialylation could be a potential therapeutic strategy.

Generation of two human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from a patient with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and pathogenic NF1 gene variant c.1466 A>G BCRTi011-A as well as a first-degree healthy relative (BCRTi010-A).

We describe the generation of two human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a non-integrative episomal reprogramming strategy. The first cell line was derived from a NF1 patient with the genetic variant c.1466A>G (BCRTi011-A) which leads to a cryptic splice site and aberrant splicing. The second one was created from a healthy relative of first-degree (BCRTi010-A). The generated iPSC lines were shown to have tri-lineage differentiation potential, a normal karyotype, and expression of pluripotent markers. Both iPSC lines provide a powerful tool for in vitro disease modeling and therapy development.

Do non-pathogenic variants of DNA mismatch repair genes modify neurofibroma load in neurofibromatosis type 1?

Non-pathogenic mismatch repair (MMR) gene variants can be associated with decreased MMR capacity in several settings. Due to an increased mutation rate, reduced MMR capacity leads to accumulation of somatic sequence changes in tumour suppressor genes such as in the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene. Patients with autosomal dominant NF1 typically develop neurofibromas ranging from single to thousands. Concerning the number of neurofibromas NF1 patients face a situation that is still not predictable. A few studies suggested that germline non-pathogenic MMR gene variants modify the number of neurofibromas in NF1 and by this mechanism may promote the extent of neurofibroma manifestation. This review represents first evidence that specific non-pathogenic single nucleotide variants of MMR genes act as a modifier of neurofibroma manifestation in NF1, highlighting MSH2 re4987188 as the best analysed non-pathogenic variant so far. In summary, besides MSH2 promotor methylation, specific non-pathogenic germline MSH2 variants are associated with the extent of neurofibroma manifestation. Those variants can serve as a biomarker to facilitate better mentoring of NF1 patients at risk.

Case report of a fulminant non-aneurysmal convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage after COVID-19.

We report on a case of a fulminant non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage after COVID-19 in a patient without previous medical history or known previous illness despite a COVID-19 infection one month prior. We saw rarefied vessels in the area of the left middle cerebral artery besides a massive left frontal hemorrhage on cranial imaging. We concluded that these rarefied vessels are the expression of an RCVS, which fits the history of progressive headaches for one month. The RCVS might be caused by the COVID-19 infection and is related to the hemorrhage. Unfortunately, due to preoperative entrapment, brain death occurred a few days later.

MEK inhibitors - novel targeted therapies of neurofibromatosis associated benign and malignant lesions.

MAP/ERK kinase 1 and 2 (MEK 1/2) inhibitors (MEKi) are investigated in several trials to treat lesions that arise from pathogenic variants of the Neurofibromatosis type 1 and type 2 genes (NF1, NF2). These trials showed that MEKi are capable to shrink volume of low grade gliomas and plexiform neurofibromas in NF1. Targeting other lesions being associated with a high morbidity in NF1 seems to be promising. Due to involvement of multiple pathways in NF2 associated lesions as well as in malignant tumors, MEKi are also used in combination therapies. This review outlines the current state of MEKi application in neurofibromatosis and associated benign and malignant lesions.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Gene Alterations Define Specific Features of a Subset of Glioblastomas.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene mutations or alterations occur within neurofibromatosis type 1 as well as in many different malignant tumours on the somatic level. In glioblastoma, NF1 loss of function plays a major role in inducing the mesenchymal (MES) subtype and, therefore defining the most aggressive glioblastoma. This is associated with an immune signature and mediated via the NF1-MAPK-FOSL1 axis. Specifically, increased invasion seems to be regulated via mutations in the leucine-rich domain (LRD) of the NF1 gene product neurofibromin. Novel targets for therapy may arise from neurofibromin deficiency-associated cellular mechanisms that are summarised in this review.

Anti-cancer agent 3-bromopyruvate reduces growth of MPNST and inhibits metabolic pathways in a representative in-vitro model.

BACKGROUND: Anticancer compound 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) suppresses cancer cell growth via targeting glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism. The malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), a very aggressive, therapy resistant, and Neurofibromatosis type 1 associated neoplasia, shows a high metabolic activity and affected patients may therefore benefit from 3-BrPA treatment. To elucidate the specific mode of action, we used a controlled cell model overexpressing proteasome activator (PA) 28, subsequently leading to p53 inactivation and oncogenic transformation and therefore reproducing an important pathway in MPNST and overall tumor pathogenesis. METHODS: Viability of MPNST cell lines S462, NSF1, and T265 in response to increasing doses (0-120 µM) of 3-BrPA was analyzed by CellTiter-Blue® assay. Additionally, we investigated viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (dihydroethidium assay), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity (NADH-TR assay) and lactate production (lactate assay) in mouse B8 fibroblasts overexpressing PA28 in response to 3-BrPA application. For all experiments normal and nutrient deficient conditions were tested. MPNST cell lines were furthermore characterized immunohistochemically for Ki67, p53, bcl2, bcl6, cyclin D1, and p21. RESULTS: MPNST significantly responded dose dependent to 3-BrPA application, whereby S462 cells were most responsive. Human control cells showed a reduced sensitivity. In PA28 overexpressing cancer cell model 3-BrPA application harmed mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity mildly and significantly failed to inhibit lactate production. PA28 overexpression was associated with a functional glycolysis as well as a partial resistance to stress provoked by nutrient deprivation. 3-BrPA treatment was not associated with an increase of ROS. Starvation sensitized MPNST to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive MPNST cells are sensitive to 3-BrPA therapy in-vitro with and without starvation. In a PA28 overexpression cancer cell model leading to p53 inactivation, thereby reflecting a key molecular feature in human NF1 associated MPNST, known functions of 3-BrPA to block mitochondrial activity and glycolysis were reproduced, however oncogenic cells displayed a partial resistance. To conclude, 3-BrPA was sufficient to reduce NF1 associated MPNST viability potentially due inhibition of glycolysis which should lead to the initiation of further studies and promises a potential benefit for NF1 patients.

An acoustic myography functional assessment of cerebral palsy subjects compared to healthy controls during physical exercise.

Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) participate in reduced levels of physical activity and spend an increased amount of time in a sedentary state compared with healthy control subjects. Whether this in part can be explained by impaired muscle function is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate differences in muscle fibre recruitment during treadmill exercise between CP subjects and healthy age-, sex- and BMI-matched controls. This is a case-control study. Acoustic myography (AMG), a method recording fibre use and efficiency from contracting muscles, was applied during a period of treadmill exercise. The recorded AMG parameters revealed that the CP subjects had a significantly lower initial S-score (spatial summation) than the controls (P < 0.01). However, the T-score (temporal summation) and the E-score (efficiency) showed no significant differences between individuals with CP and the healthy control subjects. The present findings indicate that CP subjects use a higher degree of spatial summation (more fibres recruited) to keep up the same speed during treadmill exercise when compared to healthy matched control subjects. Our results suggest that individuals with CP have a tendency to recruit far more muscle fibres during bouts of exercise than healthy individuals. This may partly explain why CP subjects experience premature fatigue.

Testing ATRA and MEK inhibitor PD0325901 effectiveness in a nude mouse model for human MPNST xenografts.

OBJECTIVE: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive sarcomas characterized by high recurrence rates and early metastases. These tumors arise more frequently within neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and present with resistance during standard chemotherapy leading to increased mortality and morbidity in those patients. In vitro all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and MEK inhibitors (MEKi) were shown to inhibit tumor proliferation, especially when applied in combination. Therefore, we established a nude mouse model to investigate if treatment of xenografts derived from NF1 associated S462 and T265 MPNST cells respond to ATRA and the MEKi PD0325901. RESULTS: We demonstrated that human NF1 associated MPNST derived from S462 but not T265 cells form solid subcutaneous tumors in Foxn1 nude mice but not in Balb/c, SHO or Shorn mice. We verified a characteristic staining pattern of human MPNST xenografts by immunohistochemistry. Therapeutic effects of ATRA and/or MEKi PD0325901 on growth of S462 MPNST xenografts in Foxn1 nude mice were not demonstrated in vitro, as we did not observe significant suppression of MPNST growth compared with placebo treatment.

Microvascularization is not a limiting factor for exercise in adults with cerebral palsy.

Muscle contractures are a common complication in patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions which limit range of movement and cause joint deformities. Furthermore, it has previously been shown that muscles with contractures have a reduced number of capillaries, indicating decreased tissue vascularization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microvascular volume (MV) at rest and after acute exercise in the muscle tissue of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and healthy control individuals. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was used before and after 30 min of walking or running on a treadmill in 10 healthy control participants and 10 individuals with CP to detect MV of their skeletal muscle tissue. A significant increase in the MV was observed after exercise both in the adult CP group (21-53 yr) and in the control group (21-52 yr) (1.8 ± 0.8 ΔdB to 3.1 ± 0.9 ΔdB or 42.9% and 1.5 ± 0.6 ΔdB to 2.5 ± 0.9 ΔdB or 39.0%, respectively). Furthermore, a difference in the resting MV was observed between the most severe cases of CP [gross motor function classification scale (GMFCS) 3 and 4] (2.3 ± 0.5 ΔdB) and the less severe cases (GMFCS 1 and 2) (1.5 ± 0.2 ΔdB). When the CP group was walking (3.4 km/h), the lactate levels, Borg score, and heart rate matched the level of controls when they were running (9.8 km/h). In conclusion, individuals with CP become exhausted at much lower exercise intensities than healthy individuals. This is not explained by impaired microvascularization, since the MV of the individuals with CP respond normally to increased O2 demand during acute exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cerebral palsy (CP) patients were less physically active compared with typically developed individuals. This may affect the microvascularization. We observed that the CP group became exhausted at much lower exercise intensities compared with healthy individuals. However, impaired microvascularization was not the reason for the decreased physical activity as the CP group responded normally to increased O2 demand during acute exercise. These results indicate that walking may be recommended as an intervention to train and maintain skeletal muscle tissue in individuals with CP.

Tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs during pregnancy and risk of neuroblastoma: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether prenatal and perinatal maternal consumption of alcohol, tobacco and/or illicit drugs is associated with risk of neuroblastoma. DATA SOURCES: Medline and Embase (both from inception to February 2017), and reference lists of included studies. STUDY SELECTION: To be eligible, a study had to be an original report including data on intake of alcohol, tobacco smoking and/or consumption of illicit drugs during pregnancy and risk of neuroblastoma in the child. DATA EXTRACTION: From eligible studies, data study characteristics as well as effect measures and confounders were extracted. We assessed unadjusted and confounder-adjusted estimates, performed risk of bias analysis, constructed random-effects models and assessed heterogeneity. RESULTS: We identified 14 case-control studies (1987-2016) involving a total of 3114 children with neuroblastoma. Meta-analysis of unadjusted estimates showed an association between alcohol (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.49), tobacco (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.44) and illicit drug consumption during pregnancy and risk of neuroblastoma during childhood, with illicit drug consumption showing the strongest association (OR 3.26; 95% CI 1.36 to 7.86). However, adjusted estimates were highly heterogeneous. LIMITATIONS: All studies were at high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking, alcohol or illicit drugs during pregnancy might play a role in the development of neuroblastoma. However, well-designed studies are needed to assess whether these exposures are causal and whether time period during pregnancy, dose or co-consumption of substances is critical. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Registration number CRD42016036165.

MEK inhibitors enhance therapeutic response towards ATRA in NF1 associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) in-vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a hereditary tumor syndrome characterized by an increased risk of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). Chemotherapy of MPNST is still insufficient. In this study, we investigated whether human tumor Schwann cells derived from NF1 associated MPNST respond to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). We analyzed effects of ATRA and MEK inhibitor (MEKi) combination therapy. METHODS: MPNST cell lines S462, T265, NSF1 were treated with ATRA and MEKi U0126 and PD0325901. We assessed cell viability, proliferation, migration, apoptosis and differentiation as well as mRNA expression of RAR and RXR subtypes and ATRA target genes such as CRABP2, CYP26A1, RARB and PDK1. We also analyzed CRABP2 methylation in cell lines and performed immunohistochemistry of human MPNST specimens. RESULTS: ATRA therapy reduced viability and proliferation in S462 and T265 cells, accompanied by differentiation, apoptosis and reduced migration. NSF1 cells which lacked RXRG expression did not respond to ATRA. We furthermore demonstrated that ATRA signaling was functional for common targets, and that mRNA expression of CRABP2 and its targets was raised by ATRA therapy, whereas alternative pathways via FABP5 were not induced. Finally, combination of ATRA and MEKi demonstrated additively reduced viability of T265 and S462 cells. CONCLUSIONS: We observed therapeutic effects in two of three MPNST cell lines pronounced by combination therapy. These data point to a potentially successful treatment of MPNST by combined application of ATRA and MEK inhibitors such as U0126 or PD0325901.

The Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein 2 Promotes Survival of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive neoplasms that commonly occur in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Effective chemotherapy is not available. To characterize a therapeutic target for treatment, we investigated the role of cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2) in MPNST in vitro. CRABP2 is a transcriptional co-activator of retinoic acid signaling. Although overexpression of CRABP2 is described in several cancers, it has not yet been studied in MPNSTs. We investigated CRABP2 expression in cultured Schwann cells and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of human peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A transient knockdown of CRABP2 was established in human NF1-associated MPNST cell lines (S462, T265, NSF1), and functional effects on viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity were monitored. Finally, a 45-pathway reporter assay was performed in knockdown cells. Expression of CRABP2 was found in epithelium, fibroblasts, and tumor Schwann cells of skin, neurofibromas, and MPNSTs. In contrast, normal skin Schwann cells (NF1+/-, NF1-/-) did not express CRABP2. In the absence of retinoic acid, MPNST cells depleted of CRABP2 had reduced viability and proliferation, induction of apoptosis and cytotoxicity, and up-regulation of the type 1 interferon pathway. These data suggest a retinoic acid-independent, non-tumor suppressor role of CRABP2 for the survival of MPNST cells in vitro. Targeting CRABP2 overexpression may represent a unique approach for the treatment of human MPNSTs.

Molecular Analysis of Hybrid Neurofibroma/Schwannoma Identifies Common Monosomy 22 and α-T-Catenin/CTNNA3 as a Novel Candidate Tumor Suppressor.

Neurofibromas and schwannomas are benign Schwann cell-derived peripheral nerve sheath tumors arising sporadically and within neurofibromatoses. Multiple tumors are a hallmark of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2) and schwannomatosis. Neurofibromas in NF1 and schwannomas in NF2 or schwannomatosis are defined by distinctive molecular hits. Among these, multiple hybrid neurofibromas/schwannomas may also appear, not yet being defined by a molecular background. We therefore performed molecular analysis of 22 hybrid neurofibromas/schwannomas using array comparative genomic hybridization, immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, and functional analyses of cultured Schwann cells. Furthermore, we analyzed SMARCB1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and multiplex ligation-dependent probe. Monosomy 22 was identified in 44% of tumors of tested patients with hybrid neurofibromas/schwannomas. In addition, in a single case, we detected focal deletion of the α-T-catenin/CTNNA3 gene (10q21.3). To further characterize this candidate, transient knockdown of α-T-catenin in Schwann cells was performed. CTNNA3 depleted cells showed cytoskeletal abnormalities and reduced E-cadherin expression, indicating epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like abnormalities. To conclude, we uncovered loss of chromosome 22 in almost half of all cases with hybrid neurofibromas/schwannomas of patients with multiple peripheral nerve sheath tumors. We tagged α-T-catenin/CTNNA3 as a novel candidate gene. Our functional investigations might indicate involvement of α-T-catenin/CTNNA3 in the biology of peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

Retroperitoneal paravertebral ganglioneuroma: a multidisciplinary approach facilitates less radical surgery.

BACKGROUND: Ganglioneuroma (GN) of the adult is a rare benign tumour originating from neural crest-derived cells. In most cases, GN is found in the mediastinum or retroperitoneum incidentally and may present with unspecific symptoms caused by space-occupying effects. The correct diagnosis of a retroperitoneal mass is still a challenge. Nevertheless, a preoperatively confirmed diagnosis of GN may support the concept of a less radical approach and may help to prevent unnecessary morbidity or loss of function. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a symptomatic retroperitoneal paravertebral GN in a 33-year-old woman. She has been referred with abdominal discomfort, lancinating pain in the right leg, headache and nausea. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a solid paravertebral tumour adjacent to the psoas muscle. Computed tomography-guided core needle biopsy yielded the diagnosis of GN. The tumour was resected completely via a laparotomy. Immunohistopathological examinations confirmed a benign GN. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic studies and therapeutic interventions of retroperitoneal GN are discussed. In our case, a core needle biopsy preceding complete resection was helpful to prevent too extensive surgical approach.

Double NF1 inactivation affects adrenocortical function in NF1Prx1 mice and a human patient.

BACKGROUND: Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1, MIM#162200) is a relatively frequent genetic condition, which predisposes to tumor formation. Apart from tumors, individuals with NF1 often exhibit endocrine abnormalities such as precocious puberty (2,5-5% of NF1 patients) and some cases of hypertension (16% of NF1 patients). Several cases of adrenal cortex adenomas have been described in NF1 individuals supporting the notion that neurofibromin might play a role in adrenal cortex homeostasis. However, no experimental data were available to prove this hypothesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed Nf1Prx1 mice and one case of adrenal cortical hyperplasia in a NF1patient. RESULTS: In Nf1Prx1 mice Nf1 is inactivated in the developing limbs, head mesenchyme as well as in the adrenal gland cortex, but not the adrenal medulla or brain. We show that adrenal gland size is increased in NF1Prx1 mice. Nf1Prx1 female mice showed corticosterone and aldosterone overproduction. Molecular analysis of Nf1 deficient adrenals revealed deregulation of multiple proteins, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a vital mitochondrial factor promoting transfer of cholesterol into steroid making mitochondria. This was associated with a marked upregulation of MAPK pathway and a female specific increase of cAMP concentration in murine adrenal lysates. Complementarily, we characterized a patient with neurofibromatosis type I with macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with ACTH-independent cortisol overproduction. Comparison of normal control tissue- and adrenal hyperplasia- derived genomic DNA revealed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the wild type NF1 allele, showing that biallelic NF1 gene inactivation occurred in the hyperplastic adrenal gland. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that biallelic loss of Nf1 induces autonomous adrenal hyper-activity. We conclude that Nf1 is involved in the regulation of adrenal cortex function in mice and humans.

Bilateral ganglioglioma of the trigeminal nerve in an 83-year-old man.

Gangliogliomas are well-differentiated, mixed glio-neuronal tumors of the CNS that are most frequently localized within the temporal lobe. In a minority of cases, gangliogliomas have been described in the brain stem where they may critically impinge anatomical structures. Rarely, ganglioglioma develop in cranial nerves, almost exclusively in the optic pathway, where they usually present as singular space-occupying masses. Here, we report on an 83-year-old patient who presented with unusual symmetrical, bilateral gangliogliomas of the trigeminal nerves. These tumors showed an exophytic growth within the subarachnoid space toward the Gasserian ganglion and surprisingly appeared as isointense masses on T1- and T2-weighted MRI. Due to their bilateral appearance, we performed array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on the gangliogliomas to address the possibility of an underlying tumor syndrome in this patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case of bilateral ganglioglioma of the trigeminal nerve described so far.

A 68-year old man with a cerebellopontine angle tumor.

We report on a 68-year-old male with a cerebellopontine angle tumor manifesting at the 8th cranial nerve and presenting histopathological features of a rhabdomyoma. A literature review revealed four reports of intracranial nerve rhabdomyoma, all of adult type and including one manifestation at the vestibular nerve. We present the first case of a fetal type extracardiac rhabdomyoma manifesting at a cranial nerve. Although rare, rhabdomyomas must be considered in the differential diagnosis of vestibular schwannomas.