Genetic regulation of the ompX porin of Salmonella Typhimurium in response to hydrogen peroxide stress.

BACKGROUND: Salmonella Typhimurium is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes a systemic disease in mice resembling typhoid fever. During its infective cycle, S. Typhimurium is phagocytized by macrophages and proliferates inside a Salmonella-containing vacuole where Salmonella is exposed and survives oxidative stress induced by H2O2 through modulation of gene expression. After exposure of Salmonella to H2O2, the expression of the porin-encoding gene ompX increases, as previously shown by microarray analysis. Expression of ompX mRNA is regulated at a post-transcriptional level by MicA and CyaR sRNAs in aerobiosis. In addition, sequence analysis predicts a site for OxyS sRNA in ompX mRNA. RESULTS: In this work we sought to evaluate the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of ompX under H2O2 stress. We demonstrate that ompX expression is induced at the transcriptional level in S. Typhimurium under such conditions. Unexpectedly, an increase in ompX gene transcript and promoter activity after challenges with H2O2 does not translate into increased protein levels in the wild-type strain, suggesting that ompX mRNA is also regulated at a post-transcriptional level, at least under oxidative stress. In silico gene sequence analysis predicted that sRNAs CyaR, MicA, and OxyS could regulate ompX mRNA levels. Using rifampicin to inhibit mRNA expression, we show that the sRNAs (MicA, CyaR and OxyS) and the sRNA:mRNA chaperone Hfq positively modulate ompX mRNA levels under H2O2-induced stress in Salmonella during the exponential growth phase in Lennox broth. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that ompX mRNA is regulated in response to H2O2 by the sRNAs CyaR, MicA and OxyS is Salmonella Typhimurium.

Genetic regulation of the ompX porin of Salmonella Typhimurium in response to hydrogen peroxide stress

BACKGROUND: Salmonella Typhimurium is a Gram negative pathogen that causes a systemic disease in mice resembling typhoid fever. During its infective cycle, S. Typhimurium is phagocytized by macrophages and proliferates inside a Salmonella containing vacuole where Salmonella is exposed and survives oxidative stress induced by H2O2 through modulation of gene expression. After exposure of Salmonella to H2O2, the expression of the porin encoding gene ompX increases, as previously shown by microarray analysis. Expression of ompX mRNA is regulated at a post transcriptional level by MicA and CyaR sRNAs in aerobiosis. In addition, sequence analysis predicts a site for OxyS sRNA in ompX mRNA. RESULTS: In this work we sought to evaluate the transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of ompX under H2O2 stress. We demonstrate that ompX expression is induced at the transcriptional level in S . Typhimurium under such conditions. Unexpectedly, an increase in ompX gene transcript and promoter activity after challenges with H2O2 does not translate into increased protein levels in the wild type strain, suggesting that ompX mRNA is also regulated at a post transcriptional level, at least under oxidative stress. In silico gene sequence analysis predicted that sRNAs CyaR, MicA, and OxyS could regulate ompX mRNA levels. Using rifampicin to inhibit mRNA expression, we show that the sRNAs (MicA, CyaR and OxyS) and the sRNA:mRNA chaperone Hfq positively modulate ompX mRNA levels under H2O2 induced stress in Salmonella during the exponential growth phase in Lennox broth. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that ompX mRNA is regulated in response to H2O2 by the sRNAs CyaR, MicA and OxyS is Salmonella Typhimurium.

Validity, reliability, and transcultural adaptations of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III-NL) for children in Suriname.

BACKGROUND: A valid and reliable measure of infant neurodevelopment is needed in Suriname, South America. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (BSID-III), was created for evaluation of United States infants and toddlers and subsequently validated for use in Dutch speaking infants of the Netherlands (BSID-III-NL). Given that Suriname was a previous Dutch colony and Dutch remains the national language of Suriname, this study sought to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BSID-III-NL in Suriname. AIMS: Given that the cultural context differs between Suriname, the United States, and the Netherlands, the aims of this study were to determine if any cultural adaptations of the BSID-III-NL were needed for Surinamese infants and to evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: Two hundred and ninety-nine infants between the ages of 10 to 26 months were assessed in three geographic regions of Suriname between May 2018 and July 2019. Minor adaptations to the BSID-III-NL imagery were made based on the input of Surinamese pediatricians and neuropsychologists who were also involved in the administration of the BSID-III-NL in Suriname. Raw scores were collected for the cognitive, communicative, and motor subscales of the BSID-III-NL. Factor structure was evaluated with exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis, and reliability of internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each subscale. RESULTS: Content validity was endorsed by pediatricians and neuropsychologists in Suriname who participated in the administration of the BSID-III-NL. Construct validity was demonstrated through agreement of items from cluster analysis where at least 81.56% of all variability was explained by clustering with correct or incorrect responses and mean raw scores in subscales increased with age group. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was above 0.77 for all subscales. CONCLUSIONS: This internationally validated developmental measure was found to be valid and reliable in assessing neurodevelopment of infants in Suriname.

Analysis of the denitrification pathway and greenhouse gases emissions in Bradyrhizobium sp. strains used as biofertilizers in South America.

AIMS: Greenhouse gases are considered as potential atmospheric pollutants, with agriculture being one of the main emission sources. The practice of inoculating soybean seeds with Bradyrhizobium sp. might contribute to nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions. We analysed this capacity in five of the most used strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. in South America. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed the denitrification pathway and N2 O production by Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109 and CPAC15, Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens CPAC7 and B. elkanii SEMIA 587 and SEMIA 5019, both in free-living conditions and in symbiosis with soybean. The in silico analysis indicated the absence of nosZ genes in B. japonicum and the presence of all denitrification genes in B. diazoefficiens strains, as well as the absence of nirK, norC and nosZ genes in B. elkanii. The in planta analysis confirmed N2 O production under saprophytic conditions or symbiosis with soybean root nodules. In the case of symbiosis, up to 26.1 and 18.4 times higher in plants inoculated with SEMIA5019 and E109, respectively, than in those inoculated with USDA110. CONCLUSIONS: The strains E109, SEMIA 5019, CPAC15 and SEMIA 587 showed the highest N2 O production both as free-living cells and in symbiotic conditions in comparison with USDA110 and CPAC7, which do have the nosZ gene. Although norC and nosZ could not be identified in silico or in vitro in SEMIA 587 and SEMIA 5019, these strains showed the capacity to produce N2 O in our experimental conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report to analyse and confirm the incomplete denitrification capacity and N2 O production in four of the five most used strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. for soybean inoculation in South America.

Fatty and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors: The missing link of immune response and metabolism in cattle.

Fatty and hydroxycarboxylic acids are one of the main intermediates of energy metabolism in ruminants and critical in the milk production of cattle. High production demands on a dairy farm can induce nutritional imbalances and metabolism disorders, which have been widely associated with the onset of sterile inflammatory processes and increased susceptibility to infections. The literature suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and hydroxycarboxylic acids are relevant modulators of the host innate inflammatory response. For instance, increased SCFA and lactate levels are associated with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and the activation of pro-inflammatory processes mediated by diverse leukocyte and vascular endothelial cells. As such, free LCFA and the ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate are significantly increased in the plasma 1-2 weeks postpartum, coinciding with the time period in which cows are more susceptible to acquiring infectious diseases that the host innate immune system should actively oppose. Today, many of these pro-inflammatory responses can be related to the activation of specific G protein-coupled receptors, including GPR41/FFA3 and GPR43/FFA2 for SCFA; GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4 for LCFA, GPR109A/HCA2 for ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate, and GPR81/HCA1 for lactate, all expressed in different bovine tissues. The activation of these receptors modulates the release of intracellular granules [e.g., metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and lactoferrin], radical oxygen species (ROS) production, chemotaxis, and the production of relevant pro-inflammatory mediators. The article aimed to review the role of natural ligands and receptors and the resulting impact on the host innate immune reaction of cattle and, further, to address the most recent evidence supporting a potential connection to metabolic disorders.

Neuroprotective effect of a new variant of Epo nonhematopoietic against oxidative stress.

Human erythropoietin is mainly recognized for its hematopoietic function; however, by binding to its receptor (EpoR), it can activate different signaling pathways as STAT, PI3K, MAPK and RAS to increase cellular differentiation or provide neuroprotective effects, among others. A recombinant human erythropoietin variant with low glycosylation and without hematopoietic effect (EpoL) was purified from skimmed goat milk. Recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) was obtained from CHO cell line and used as control to compare EpoL effects. Neuroprotection studies were performed in PC12 cells and rat hippocampal slices. Cells were pretreated during 1h with EpoL or Epo and exposed to oxidative agents (H2O2 or FCCP); cell viability was assayed at the end of the experiment by the MTT method. Hippocampal slices were exposed to 15min of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and the neuroprotective drugs EpoL or Epo were incubated for 2h post-OGD in re-oxygenated medium. Cell cultures stressed with oxidative agents, and pretreated with EpoL, showed neuroprotective effects of 30% at a concentration 10 times lower than that of Epo. Moreover, similar differences were observed in OGD ex vivo assays. Neuroprotection elicited by EpoL was lost when an antibody against EpoR was present, indicating that its effect is EpoR-dependent. In conclusion, our results suggest that EpoL has a more potent neuroprotective profile than Epo against oxidative stress, mediated by activation of EpoR, thus EpoL represents an important target to develop a potential biopharmaceutical to treat different central nervous system pathologies related to oxidative stress such as stroke or neurodegenerative diseases.

A single mutation in cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Paenibacillus barengoltzii changes cyclodextrin and maltooligosaccharides production.

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTases) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze starch conversion into cyclodextrins, which have several biotechnological applications including solubilization of hydrophobic compounds, masking of unpleasant odors and flavors in pharmaceutical preparations, and removal of cholesterol from food. Additionally, CGTases produce maltooligosaccharides, which are linear molecules with potential benefits for human health. Current research efforts are concentrated in the development of engineered enzymes with improved yield and/or particular product specificity. In this work, we analyzed the role of four residues of the CGTase from Paenibacillus barengoltzii as determinants of product specificity. Single mutations were introduced in the CGTase-encoding gene to obtain mutants A137V, A144V, L280A and M329I and the activity of recombinant proteins was evaluated. The residue at position 137 proved to be relevant for CGTase activity. Molecular dynamics studies demonstrated additionally that mutation A137V produces a perturbation in the catalytic site of the CGTase, which correlates with a 10-fold reduction in its catalytic efficiency. Moreover, this mutant showed increased production of maltooligosaccharides with a high degree of polymerization, mostly maltopentaose to maltoheptaose. Our results highlight the role of residue 137 as a determinant of product specificity in this CGTase and may be applied to the rational design of saccharide-producing enzymes.

Butyric acid stimulates bovine neutrophil functions and potentiates the effect of platelet activating factor.

Increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production is associated with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and activation of inflammatory processes. In humans and rodents, SCFAs modulate inflammatory responses in the gut via free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2). In bovines, butyric acid is one of the most potent FFA2 agonists. Its expression in bovine neutrophils has recently been demonstrated, suggesting a role in innate immune response in cattle. This study aimed to evaluate if butyric acid modulates oxidative and non-oxidative functions or if it can potentiate other inflammatory mediators in bovine neutrophils. Our results showed that butyric acid can activate bovine neutrophils, inducing calcium (Ca(2+)) influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, two second messengers involved in FFA2 activation. Ca(2+) influx induced by butyric acid was dependent on the extracellular and intracellular Ca(2+) source and phospholipase C (PLC) activation. Butyric acid alone had no significant effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chemotaxis; however, a priming effect on platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory mediator, was observed. Butyric acid increased CD63 expression and induced the release of neutrophil granule markers matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and lactoferrin. Finally, we observed that butyric acid induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation without affecting cellular viability. These findings suggest that butyric acid, a component of the ruminal fermentative process, can modulate the innate immune response of ruminants.

Accounting for genetic architecture in single- and multipopulation genomic prediction using weights from genomewide association studies in pigs.

We studied the effect of including GWAS results on the accuracy of single- and multipopulation genomic predictions. Phenotypes (backfat thickness) and genotypes of animals from two sire lines (SL1, n = 1146 and SL3, n = 1264) were used in the analyses. First, GWAS were conducted for each line and for a combined data set (both lines together) to estimate the genetic variance explained by each SNP. These estimates were used to build matrices of weights (D), which was incorporated into a GBLUP method. Single population evaluated with traditional GBLUP had accuracies of 0.30 for SL1 and 0.31 for SL3. When weights were employed in GBLUP, the accuracies for both lines increased (0.32 for SL1 and 0.34 for SL3). When a multipopulation reference set was used in GBLUP, the accuracies were higher (0.36 for SL1 and 0.32 for SL3) than in single-population prediction. In addition, putting together the multipopulation reference set and the weights from the combined GWAS provided even higher accuracies (0.37 for SL1, and 0.34 for SL3). The use of multipopulation predictions and weights estimated from a combined GWAS increased the accuracy of genomic predictions.

Traumatismo Dental con Complicación Radicular: Reporte de caso / Root complicationOwith dental trauma: A case report

Las fracturas de la raíz también llamadas intra alveolares radiculares, son aquellas que afectan a la dentina, al cemento y la pulpa, se caracterizan por presentar patrones complejos de curación, debido al deterioro de la pulpa, el ligamento periodontal, la dentina y el cemento. La mayoría de estas fracturas se producen por un golpe directo contra el suelo, un cuerpo extraño que incida sobre el diente o accidentes automovilísticos y deportivos. En el presente artículo se describe el tratamiento y seguimiento a 2 años 4 meses del caso de una niña de 10 años de edad que después de un traumatismo fue sometida a un tratamiento no adecuado, que le causaba mucho dolor, radiográficamente se observó la ausencia del tercio apical en el diente 21 y una movilidad grado III del mismo. Se modificó el tratamiento prolongando la vida del diente en boca. (AU)

Root fractures also known as intraalveolar root fractures, are those which involves and damage the dentin, cement and pulp, they are often characterized by the presence of weird and unusual healing patterns, mainly because of the pulp, periodontal ligament, dentin and cement injuries. Most of this fractures are caused because of a direct traumatism against the ground, also by any other object that directly hits the thoot, or any type of sports or car accidents, In this article its described the treatment and a follow up for 2 years 4 months of a 10 year old traumatized girl, which after the accident was treated in the wrong way causing her a lot of pain and periodontal problems, radiographically it's shown the abscense of the apical third of tooth 21 and an advanced movility degree. The treatment was drastically modified achieving the main purpose wich was to preserve the tooth in function. (AU)

Pseudogenization of sopA and sopE2 is functionally linked and contributes to virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.

The difference in host range between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) can be partially attributed to pseudogenes. Pseudogenes are genomic segments homologous to functional genes that do not encode functional products due to the presence of genetic defects. S. Typhi lacks several protein effectors implicated in invasion or other important processes necessary for full virulence of S. Typhimurium. SopA and SopE2, effectors that have been lost by pseudogenization in S. Typhi, correspond to an ubiquitin ligase involved in cytokine production by infected cells, and to a guanine exchange factor necessary for invasion of epithelial cells, respectively. We hypothesized that sopA and/or sopE pseudogenization contributed to the virulence of S. Typhi. In this work, we found that S. Typhi expressing S. Typhimurium sopE2 exhibited a decreased invasion in different epithelial cell lines compared with S. Typhi WT. S. Typhimurium sopA completely abolished the hypo-invasive phenotype observed in S. Typhi expressing S. Typhimurium sopE2, suggesting that functional SopA and SopE2 participate concertedly in the invasion process. Finally, the expression of S. Typhimurium sopA and/or sopE2 in S. Typhi, determined changes in the secretion of IL-8 and IL-18 in infected epithelial cells.

[Hemobilia secondary to a broken pseudoaneurysm: case report]. / Hemobilia secundaria a pseudoaneurisma roto: reporte de caso.

A patient presents with abdominal pain associated with jaundice and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (hematochezia, melena) caused by hemobilia secondary to rupture of pseudoaneurysm of a branch of the right hepatic artery. The diagnosis was made by upper endoscopy, performing arteriography with selective embolization ceased bleeding.

Hemobilia secundaria a pseudoaneurisma roto: reporte de caso / Hemobilia secondary to a broken pseudoaneurysm: case report

Se presenta un caso de paciente con dolor abdominal asociado a ictericia y hemorragia digestiva alta (hematoquezia, melena) causado por hemobilia secundaria a ruptura de pseudoaneurisma de una rama de la arteria hepática derecha. El diagnóstico se realizó por medio de endoscopía digestiva alta, realizando arteriografía con embolización selectiva cesando el sangrado.

A patient presents with abdominal pain associated with jaundice and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (hematochezia, melena) caused by hemobilia secondary to rupture of pseudoaneurysm of a branch of the right hepatic artery. The diagnosis was made by upper endoscopy, performing arteriography with selective embolization ceased bleeding.

¿Por qué son necesarias unidades geriátricas de agudos en el sistema de salud chileno? / Why the Chilean health system needs an acute geriatric units?

For centuries, man has been concerned about health, particularly to achieve successful aging. In this process of health and illness, often the elderly were dying in the attempt to improve, and those requiring more care, it was not possible to do at home, so they sought the help of others, most of whom were Monasteries, which later gave way to hospices, Nurse Homes and Hospitals. Given the growing senior population that required hospital care and elderly care was developing Geriatrics, along with a comprehensive model of confrontation and interdisciplinary intervention, soon found in geriatric acute care setting, the core specialty. Over the past 50 years, it has become clear that in conjunction with the Integral Geriatric Evaluation, these units have shown a change in the prognosis of the elderly. Since Chile is experiencing a rapidly aging population, it is necessary to develop these units in our health care system.

Plants of the Araceae family for malaria and related diseases: a review / Plantas da família Araceae para a malária e doenças relacionadas: uma revisão

ABSTRACTIn the current work we performed a review of the Araceae family species traditionally used to treat malaria and its symptoms. The aim is to reveal the large number of antimalarial Araceae species used worldwide and their great unexplored potential as sources of antimalarial natural products. The SciFinder Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google books search engines were consulted. Forty-three records of 36 species and 23 genera of Araceae used for malaria and symptoms treatment were found. The neotropical genera Philodendron Schott and Anthurium Schott were the best represented for the use in the treatment of malaria, fevers, liver problems and headaches. Leaves and tubers were the most used parts and decoction was the most common preparation method. The extracts of Araceae species inhibit the in vitro growth of the human malaria parasite, the Plasmodium falciparum Welch, and significant median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for extracts of guaimbê-sulcado (Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott), aninga (Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott), Culcasia lancifolia N.E. Br. and forest anchomanes (Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.) have been reported demonstrating the antimalarial and cytotoxicity potential of the extracts and sub-fractions. In the only report about the antimalarial components of this family, the neolignan polysyphorin and the benzoperoxide rhaphidecurperoxin presented strong in vitro inhibition of the D6 and W2 strains of Plasmodiumfalciparum (IC50 = 368-540 ng/mL). No live study about antimalarial activity in animal models has been conducted on a species of Araceae. More bioguided chemical composition studies about the in vitro and also thein vivo antimalarial activity of the Araceae are needed in order to enhance the knowledge about the antimalarial potential of this family.

RESUMONo presente trabalho realizamos uma revisão das espécies da família Araceae usadas para tratar malária e seus sintomas. O objetivo foi revelar o grande número de espécies da família usadas no mundo, assim como seu potencial como fontes de produtos naturais antimaláricos. Foram consultadas as plataformas de busca SciFinder Scholar, Scielo, PubMed, ScienceDirect e Google books. Encontramos quarenta e três registros de 36 espécies e 23 generos de Aráceas usadas para tratar malária e seus sintomas. Os generos neotropicais Philodendron Schott e Anthurium Schott foram os melhor representados, úteis para o tratamento da malária, febres, problemas hepáticos e dores de cabeça. Folhas e tubérculos foram as partes mais utilizadas, enquanto a decocção foi o método de preparo mais comum. Os extratos de espécies de Araceae inibem o crescimento in vitro do parasito da malária humana, Plasmodium falciparum Welch, e concentrações inibitórias medianas (CI50) significativas foram relatadas para extratos de guaimbê-sulcado (Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott), aninga (Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott), Culcasia lancifoliaN.E. Br. e anchomanes do mato (Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.), demonstrando o potencial antimalárico e citotóxico de extratos e subfrações. No único relato sobre os componentes antimaláricos dessa família, a neolignana polisiforina e o benzoperóxido rafidecurperoxina apresentaram forte inibição das cepas D6 e W2 de Plasmodiumfalciparum in vitro (CI50 = 368-540 ng/mL). Nenhum estudo sobre a atividade antimalárica in vivo em modelo animal foi realizado com espécies da família Araceae. Mais trabalhos biomonitorados pela composição química sobre a atividade antimalárica in vitro, assim como estudos in vivo, são necessários para aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre potencial antimalárico da familia.

Propagação vegetativa de estacas de Piper hispidumSw. em diferentes substratos / Vegetative propagation of cuttings of Piper hispidum Sw. in different substrates

RESUMO Piper hispidum é uma espécie pioneira pertencente à família Piperaceae, com importância na medicina popular e na obtenção de óleo essencial. Assim como outras espécies da família, possui poucas informações sobre técnicas de cultivo. O objetivo foi avaliar a propagação via estaquia de Piper hispidum em função do tipo de substrato e estaca em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 (estacas) x 5 (substratos), com três repetições de 12 estacas, sendo as estacas (apical, mediana e basal) e os substratos (areia lavada, substrato comercial, solo + esterco de aves, solo + casca de guaraná e fibra de coco). Foram avaliadas: enraizamento (%), número de brotações, comprimento da maior brotação (cm), número de folhas, comprimento da maior raiz (cm), massa seca da raiz (g) e massa seca das brotações (g). Foi realizada análise de variância pelo teste F a 5% de probabilidade e para as médias foi realizado o teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Recomenda-se utilizar estacas apicais e basais, nesta ordem. Ocorreu interação entre os fatores substrato e tipos de estaca somente para variável número de brotações. Os substratos areia lavada e substrato comercial são indicados para maiores porcentagens de enraizamento com 81,56% e 81,33%, respectivamente. O enraizamento foi superior nas estacas apicais (85,67%) e basais (74,47%). Porém, para esta espécie os substratos solo + esterco de aves e/ou solo + casca de guaraná foram mais indicados quando o objetivo é obter estacas de qualidade.

ABSTRACT Piper hispidum is a pioneer species belonging to the family Piperaceae, with relevance in popular medicine and in obtaining essential oil. As other species of this family, there is little information about cultivation techniques. The aim of this work was to evaluate the propagation through cutting from the Piper hispidum according to the type of substrate and cutting technique in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The trial experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Western Amazon. The design was completely randomized factorial 3 x 5, with three replications of 12 cuttings with types of cuttings (apical, median and basal) and substrates (washed sand, commercial substrate, soil + poultry manure, soil + guarana shell and coconut fiber). After 60 days, the following characteristics were evaluated: rooting (%), number of shoots, length of the largest sprouting (cm), number of leaves, length of the longest root (cm), root dry weight (g) and dry weight of shoots (g). An analysis of variance was performed by the F test at 5% probability and for the averages` comparison the Tukey test was done at 5% level of probability. It is recommended to employ apical and basal cuttings, respectively. There was interaction between the factors and substrate types of cuttings only for the variable number of sprouts. These two substrates, washed sand and commercial substrate, are suggested for higher percentages of rooting with 81,56% and 81,33 %, respectively. The rooting was higher in the apical cuttings (85,67 %) and basal ones (74,47 % ). However, for this species, the substrates soil + poultry manure and/or soil + guaraná shell were most indicated when the goal was to obtain high-quality cuttings.

Necesidades protésicas de la población de Rio Chico Edo. Miranda: agosto-noviembre 2010 / Prosthetic needs in population of Río Chico Edo. Miranda agust-november 2010

La pérdida parcial o total de la dentición natural es el resultado más frecuente de caries dental o enfermedad periodontal. Estos, ocasionan la extracción temprana de las piezas dentarias permanentes trayendo como consecuencia la necesidad de rehabilitación al individuo afectado. Determinar las necesidades protésicas de los pacientes de la población de Río Chico-Edo. Miranda. Estudio descriptivo y transversal. El instrumento de recolección de datos fue la Historia Clínica empleada por ambos centros, se estudiaron 701 pacientes entre masculinos y femeninos que acudieron a solicitar tratamiento odontológico al ambulatorio urbano tipo III Centro de Especiales Médico Odontológicas (C.E.M.O.) y el ambulatorio urbano tipo II Asociación Damas Salesianas (ADS) durante el período agosto-noviembre 2010. Se elaboró una matriz de datos en el programa Excel para la organización de los datos. 72% de la muestra eran mujeres y 28% eran hombres. La edad más afectada fue entre 21 y 30 años (28%). De acuerdo a las necesidades protésicas el 71% requiere una o más prótesis fija, 26% requerían prótesis parciales removibles tanto dento-soportadas como dento-muco-soportadas y 3% requería de prótesis totales. Se ratifica la importancia de este estudio para proveer información a las entidades del Estado encargados de brindar los recursos para rehabilitar a nivel bucal a esta población.

The partial or complete loss of the natural dentition is the most frequent result of dental caries or periodontal disease. There from the early extraction of teeth permanent bringing as a result the need for rehabilitation tothose affected individual. To determine the population of Río Chico- Miranda State, Venezuela, patients prosthetic needs. descriptive and transversal study. The data collection instrument was the clinical history, used by bothenters, 701 patients of both sexes who came to seek dental treatment to urban ambulatory type III special medical dental (C.E.M.O.) Centre and urban ambulatory type II partnership Damas Salesianas (ADS) during the period August-November 2010. Developed an array of data inthe Excel program for the Organization of the data 72% 28% to the masculine and feminine gender. The most affected age was between 21 and 30 years (28%). Needs prosthetic : 71% requires one or more fixed prosthesis, 26% require removable dento-supported both dento-muco-supported partial dentures and dentures requires 3%. Confirms the importance of this study to provide information to State entities responsible for providing resources to rehabilitate oral level to this population.

Random regression models in the evaluation of the growth curve of Simbrasil beef cattle.

Random regression models were used to estimate the types and orders of random effects of (co)variance functions in the description of the growth trajectory of the Simbrasil cattle breed. Records for 7049 animals totaling 18,677 individual weighings were submitted to 15 models from the third to the fifth order including as fixed effects sex, contemporary group, feeding regimen, and type of reproduction and as random effects additive direct genetic effect, animal permanent environment, maternal additive genetic effect, and maternal permanent environment. The best-fit model presented order five to additive direct genetic effect, animal permanent environment, and maternal additive effect, with 6 classes of residual variances, and the maternal permanent environment effect was not significant, likely owing to the low average number of calves per cow. However, the model chosen for the growth curve presents three classes of residual variances, because even not showing the best fit it is more parsimonious, in addition to promoting a more realistic estimate of heritability.

Detecção de locos de características quantitativas nos cromossomos 1, 2, 3, 12, 14, 15 e X de suínos: características de desempenho / Detection of quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 12, 14, 15, X in pigs: performance characteristics

Mapeou-se quantitative trait loci (QTL) associados a características de desempenho nos cromossomos 1, 2, 3, 12, 14, 15 e X de suínos pertencentes a uma população F2, formada a partir do cruzamento entre dois machos da raça naturalizada brasileira Piau e 18 fêmeas comerciais (Landrace x Large White x Pietrain). O mapa genético de ligação da população foi construído após a genotipagem dos animais para 35 marcadores microssatélites. As estimativas do conteúdo de informação polimórfica indicaram que os marcadores microssatélites foram adequados para as análises de QTL. Os dados foram analisados pelo mapeamento por intervalo usando-se o programa GridQTL. Encontraram-se seis QTL, sendo que o QTL genômico para idade ao abate atingiu a significância de 5% de probabilidade. As informações dos QTL detectados neste estudo são úteis para identificar genes que podem ser usados em conjunto com os métodos convencionais de seleção, aumentar a acurácia deles e prover uma compreensão dos fenótipos produtivos de suínos.

The accomplishment of the present study had the objective of mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) related to performance traits in a F2 pig population developed by mating two Brazilian Piau breed sires with 18 dams from a commercial line (Landrace × Large White × Pietrain). The linkage map for this population was constructed after genotyping the animals for 35 microsatellite markers. Estimates of polymorphic information content indicated that the microsatellite markers were appropriate for QTL analyses. The genotypes were analyzed by interval mapping using the GridQTL program. A total of six QTL were found, of which the QTL for slaughter age (days) was significant at the 5% genome-wise level. The information of the significant QTL detected in this study is useful for future fine-mapping studies for the identification of genes. Such information can be used together with traditional methods in breeding programs or even for a better understanding of the phenotypes of swine production.

Detecção de locos de características quantitativas nos cromossomos 1, 2, 3, 12, 14, 15 e X de suínos: características de desempenho / Detection of quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 12, 14, 15, X in pigs: performance characteristics

Mapeou-se quantitative trait loci (QTL) associados a características de desempenho nos cromossomos 1, 2, 3, 12, 14, 15 e X de suínos pertencentes a uma população F2, formada a partir do cruzamento entre dois machos da raça naturalizada brasileira Piau e 18 fêmeas comerciais (Landrace x Large White x Pietrain). O mapa genético de ligação da população foi construído após a genotipagem dos animais para 35 marcadores microssatélites. As estimativas do conteúdo de informação polimórfica indicaram que os marcadores microssatélites foram adequados para as análises de QTL. Os dados foram analisados pelo mapeamento por intervalo usando-se o programa GridQTL. Encontraram-se seis QTL, sendo que o QTL genômico para idade ao abate atingiu a significância de 5% de probabilidade. As informações dos QTL detectados neste estudo são úteis para identificar genes que podem ser usados em conjunto com os métodos convencionais de seleção, aumentar a acurácia deles e prover uma compreensão dos fenótipos produtivos de suínos.(AU)

The accomplishment of the present study had the objective of mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) related to performance traits in a F2 pig population developed by mating two Brazilian Piau breed sires with 18 dams from a commercial line (Landrace × Large White × Pietrain). The linkage map for this population was constructed after genotyping the animals for 35 microsatellite markers. Estimates of polymorphic information content indicated that the microsatellite markers were appropriate for QTL analyses. The genotypes were analyzed by interval mapping using the GridQTL program. A total of six QTL were found, of which the QTL for slaughter age (days) was significant at the 5% genome-wise level. The information of the significant QTL detected in this study is useful for future fine-mapping studies for the identification of genes. Such information can be used together with traditional methods in breeding programs or even for a better understanding of the phenotypes of swine production.(AU)