Classification of autonomous vehicle crash severity: Solving the problems of imbalanced datasets and small sample size.

Only a few researchers have shown how environmental factors and road features relate to Autonomous Vehicle (AV) crash severity levels, and none have focused on the data limitation problems, such as small sample sizes, imbalanced datasets, and high dimensional features. To address these problems, we analyzed an AV crash dataset (2019 to 2021) from the California Department of Motor Vehicles (CA DMV), which included 266 collision reports (51 of those causing injuries). We included external environmental variables by collecting various points of interest (POIs) and roadway features from Open Street Map (OSM) and Data San Francisco (SF). Random Over-Sampling Examples (ROSE) and the Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE) methods were used to balance the dataset and increase the sample size. These two balancing methods were used to expand the dataset and solve the small sample size problem simultaneously. Mutual information, random forest, and XGboost were utilized to address the high dimensional feature and the selection problem caused by including a variety of types of POIs as predictive variables. Because existing studies do not use consistent procedures, we compared the effectiveness of using the feature-selection preprocessing method as the first process to employing the data-balance technique as the first process. Our results showed that AV crash severity levels are related to vehicle manufacturers, vehicle damage level, collision type, vehicle movement, the parties involved in the crash, speed limit, and some types of POIs (areas near transportation, entertainment venues, public places, schools, and medical facilities). Both resampling methods and three data preprocessing methods improved model performance, and the model that used SMOTE and data-balancing first was the best. The results suggest that over-sampling and the feature selection method can improve model prediction performance and define new factors related to AV crash severity levels.

Verification of the Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Novelty Need Satisfaction Scale in Physical Education.

Purpose: This study aims to validate the Chinese version of the Novelty Need Satisfaction Scale (NNSS) within physical education (PE) contexts, incorporating three distinct studies to examine its reliability, validity, and measurement invariance across gender and different samples. Methods: Study 1 involved translating the original NNSS into Chinese and evaluating it through confirmatory factor analysis, item analysis, and assessments of internal consistency reliability among 390 students (53.8% male, 46.2% female), averaging 14.5 years in age. Study 2 assessed the discriminant validity of the Chinese NNSS by exploring correlations between novelty need satisfaction and three conventional basic psychological needs (BPNs) - autonomy, competence, and relatedness, in a larger cohort of 845 students (51.7% male, 48.3% female), with an average age of 14.8 years. This study also investigated the relationships between novelty need satisfaction, autonomous motivation, and enjoyment in PE. Study 3 examined the measurement invariance of the Chinese NNSS across gender and different samples, using a sample of 1235 students (52.6% male, 47.4% female), with an average age of 14.6 years. Results: The one-factor, five-item structure of the Chinese NNSS was confirmed in Study 1. Study 2 demonstrated the distinct yet covariant nature of novelty need satisfaction among BPNs and its predictive capability for enjoyment in PE through autonomous motivation. Study 3 confirmed the measurement invariance of the Chinese NNSS across gender and samples, validating its reliability and applicability. Conclusion: The validation of the Chinese NNSS within PE settings not only adds the need for novelty to the motivational sequence proposed by self-determination theory (SDT) but also emphasizes its significant role in enhancing autonomous motivation and enjoyment. This study suggests the scale's utility for future research in exploring the dynamics among BPNs and provides deeper insights into the motivational processes in PE.

Direct observation of single-atom defects in monolayer two-dimensional materials by using electron ptychography at 200 kV acceleration voltage.

Electron ptychography has emerged as a popular technology for high-resolution imaging by combining the high coherence of electron sources with the ultra-fast scanning electron coil. However, the limitations of conventional pixelated detectors, including poor dynamic range and slow data readout speeds, have posed restrictions in the past on conducting electron ptychography experiments. We used the Gatan STELA pixelated detector to capture sequential diffraction data of monolayer two-dimensional (2D) materials for ptychographic reconstruction. By using the pixelated detector and electron ptychography, we demonstrate the observation of the radiation damage at atomic resolution in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs).

Ultralow Auger-Assisted Interlayer Exciton Annihilation in WS2/WSe2 Moiré Heterobilayers.

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterobilayers have emerged as a promising platform for exploring solid-state quantum simulators and many-body quantum phenomena. Their type II band alignment, combined with the moiré superlattice, inevitably leads to nontrivial exciton interactions and dynamics. Here, we unveil the distinct Auger annihilation processes for delocalized interlayer excitons in WS2/WSe2 moiré heterobilayers. By fitting the characteristic efficiency droop and bimolecular recombination rate, we quantitatively determine an ultralow Auger coefficient of 1.3 × 10-5 cm2 s-1, which is >100-fold smaller than that of excitons in TMD monolayers. In addition, we reveal selective exciton upconversion into the WSe2 layer, which highlights the significance of intralayer electron Coulomb interactions in dictating the microscopic scattering pathways. The distinct Auger processes arising from spatial electron-hole separation have important implications for TMD heterobilayers while endowing interlayer excitons and their strongly correlated states with unique layer degrees of freedom.

Health Behavior Models and Regular Exercise Levels Among Workers in Taiwan.

Purpose: The present study aims to examine the disparate effects of health behavior models, namely exercise self-efficacy (ESE), health belief model (HBM), and planned behavior theory (PBT), applied to clarify the degree of regular exercise among workers in Taiwan. Methods: A cross-sectional research design was adopted. A questionnaire was distributed to obtain information pertaining to regular exercise level, demographic characteristics, and the scores of ESE, HBM, and PBT. In total, 400 full-time workers voluntarily participated in this study. Results: The results showed that only 20.5% of the participants exercised regularly, 37.3% exercised irregularly, and 42.3% did not exercise currently. "Perceived benefits" and "perceived barriers" pertaining to HBM; "attitude" and "perceived behavioral control" pertaining to PBT; and ESE were associated with regular exercise level in the multiple linear regression analyses of each health behavior model. When all three models were considered simultaneously, ESE provided the greatest explanation of the variances for regular exercise levels. PBT total made a smaller contribution in the prediction of regular exercise level, while the effect of HBM did not show statistical significance. In order to explore the practicality of moving beyond theoretical models and focusing on the components across health behavior models to enhance workers' exercise behavior, the components showing statistical significance in separate analysis were put into the multiple linear regression simultaneously. The results showed that ESE, perceived barriers of health behavior, attitude, and perceived behavioral control were significantly associated with regular exercise level. Conclusion: A low percentage of workers exercising regularly should be a notable issue for workplace health promotion. Neither utilizing cues to exercise nor advertising health threats of physical inactivity is sufficient to enable workers to exercise regularly. Enhancing workers' ESE and behavior control and removing the exercise barriers would constitute efficient strategies for maintaining the exercise habit of workers.

A comparison of the learning effects between TGfU-SE and TGfU on learning motivation, sport enjoyment, responsibility, and game performance in physical education.

Background: Both the Sport Education (SE) model and Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) have been connected to the theory of situated learning, which is a game-centered curricular model. TGfU emphasizes tactical awareness, decision making, and skill execution. The SE model provides a complete season during physical education (PE) lessons. Therefore, it is worth exploring the integration of TGfU with SE (TGfU-SE) model in PE courses, and whether the hybrid TGfU-SE model can achieve better learning effects for students than the TGfU model alone. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the difference in learning effects between the TGfU-SE model and the TGfU model on students' learning motivation, sport enjoyment, responsibility, and game performance. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design to compare different learning effects between the experimental group (TGfU-SE) and the control group (TGfU). The participants lived in Taiwan, including two junior high school PE teachers and four PE classes with a total of 90 students (TGfU-SE group, n = 46; TGfU group, n = 44). Each teacher taught two PE classes, one with an experimental group and one with a control group. This study used four research instruments, including the Responsibility Scale in Physical Education (RSPE), Learning Motivation Scale in Physical Education (LMSPE), Sport Enjoyment Scale in Physical Education (SESPE), and Game Performance assessment instrument (GPAI). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and the independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of this study showed that the TGfU-SE model had more positive learning effects on students' learning motivation, sport enjoyment, responsibility, and game performance than the TGfU model. Conclusion: we concluded that the TGfU-SE model had a more positive influence on students' learning performance than the TGfU model. It is suggested that the hybrid TGfU-SE model could be implemented effectively in the PE curriculum.

Remarkably Deep Moiré Potential for Intralayer Excitons in MoSe2/MoS2 Twisted Heterobilayers.

A moiré superlattice formed in twisted van der Waals bilayers has emerged as a new tuning knob for creating new electronic states in two-dimensional materials. Excitonic properties can also be altered drastically due to the presence of moiré potential. However, quantifying the moiré potential for excitons is nontrivial. By creating a large ensemble of MoSe2/MoS2 heterobilayers with a systematic variation of twist angles, we map out the minibands of interlayer and intralayer excitons as a function of twist angles, from which we determine the moiré potential for excitons. Surprisingly, the moiré potential depth for intralayer excitons is up to ∼130 meV, comparable to that for interlayer excitons. This result is markedly different from theoretical calculations based on density functional theory, which show an order of magnitude smaller moiré potential for intralayer excitons. The remarkably deep intralayer moiré potential is understood within the framework of structural reconstruction within the moiré unit cell.

The Role of Novelty Satisfaction in Distance Physical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective.

PURPOSE: To better understand the role of novelty satisfaction in distance physical education (PE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to determine the relationships among students' novelty satisfaction, basic psychological needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, effort, and enjoyment and to examine the mediating effects of autonomous motivation in the relationships between novelty satisfaction and effort and enjoyment. METHODS: The participants were 332 undergraduate students from 10 PE classes. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Satisfaction of students' need for novelty and the three basic needs positively predicted autonomous motivation, which in turn positively predicted effort and enjoyment. The relationships between students' novelty satisfaction and their effort and enjoyment were mediated by autonomous motivation. CONCLUSION: This study provides important insights into needs satisfaction and motivational underpinnings of outcomes in distance PE during the COVID-19 pandemic. We suggest that future studies develop novelty support strategies based on our findings.

Model development and validation of personal exposure to PM2.5 among urban elders.

Indirect measurements through a combination of microenvironment concentrations and personal activity diaries provide a potentially useful alternative for PM2.5 exposure estimates. This study was to optimize a personal exposure model based on spatiotemporal model predictions for PM2.5 exposure in a sub-cohort study. Personal, home indoor, home outdoor, and ambient monitoring data of PM2.5 were conducted for an elderly population in the Taipei city of Taiwan. The proposed microenvironment exposure (ME) models incorporate PM2.5 measurements and individual time-activity information with a generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis. We evaluated model performance with daily personal PM2.5 exposure based on the coefficient of determination, accuracy, and mean bias error. Ambient and home outdoor measures as exposure surrogates are likely to under- and overestimate personal exposure to PM2.5 in our study population, respectively. Measured and predicted indoor exposures were highly correlated with personal PM2.5 exposure. The awareness of peculiar smells is an important factor that significantly increases personal PM2.5 exposure by 46-70%. The model incorporating home indoor PM2.5 can achieve the highest agreement (R2 = 0.790) with personal exposure and the lowest measurement error. The ME model with the GEE analysis combining home outdoor PM2.5 determined by LUR model with a machine learning technique can improve the prediction (R2 = 0.592) of personal PM2.5 exposure, compared with the prediction of the traditional LUR model (R2 = 0.385).

Implication of Adipogenesis-Coupled CRMP2 Functional Profile in Metabolic Homeostasis and Imbalance.

Our previous studies demonstrated that collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) is associated with obesity and, in addition, that hyperglycemia-suppressed CRMP2 augments malignant traits of colorectal cancer and is associated with advanced tumor stage. Regulation of CRMP2 profile was further explored in this study using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte adipogenesis as a study model for illustrating the roles of CRMP2 in metabolic homeostasis. Hyperglycemia inhibited expression of CRMP2, adipogenic machinery and adipocyte markers. CRMP2 displayed f-CRMP2 (62~66 kDa) and s-CMRP2 (58 kDa) isoforms at the growth arrest phase. Expression of s-CRMP2 was coupled with the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) phase to direct cell proliferation and rapidly down-regulated in post-mitotic cells. In the late differentiation phase, f-CRMP2 was co-localized with tubulin in the cortical area. Insulin-enhanced CRMP2-glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) co-localization and CRMP2 puncta on lipid droplets (LDs) suggested participation of CRMP2 in GLUT4 translocation and LD fusion. Collectively, the CRMP2 functional profile must be finely controlled to adjust cytoskeletal stability for meeting dynamic cellular needs. Manipulating the s-CRMP2/f-CRMP2 ratio and thus the cytoskeleton dynamics is anticipated to improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. In summary, our data provide molecular evidence explaining the functions of CRMP2 in physiological, pathological and disease progression in metabolic homeostasis and disorders related to metabolic abnormalities, including cancer.

Screening for Cryptococcal Antigenemia and Burden of Cryptococcosis at the Time of HIV Diagnosis: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: Screening for cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) is recommended for people living with HIV (PLWH) who present with low CD4 lymphocyte counts. Real-world experience is important to identify gaps between the guidelines and clinical practice. We investigated the trends of CrAg testing and prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia among PLWH at the time of HIV diagnosis and the related mortality in Taiwan from 2009 to 2018. METHODS: Medical records of newly diagnosed PLWH seeking care at six medical centers around Taiwan between 2009 and 2018 were reviewed. The annual trends of PLWH who had CrAg testing and cryptococcal antigenemia were examined by Cochran-Armitage test. Among PLWH with CD4 < 200 cells/µl, timing of CrAg testing was analyzed for association with 12-month all-cause mortality in Kaplan-Meier plots and in a Cox proportional hazards model after adjustments. RESULTS: Among 5372 included PLWH, 1150 (21.4%) presented with baseline CD4 < 100 cells/µl, and this proportion had decreased during the study period [from 108 (29.3%) in 2009 to 93 (22.3%) in 2018 (P = 0.039)]. The overall prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia was 7.8% among PLWH with CD4 < 100 cells/µl, which remained stable during the 10-year study period (P = 0.356) and was 2.6% among PLWH with CD4 100-199 cells/µl. The uptake of CrAg testing had increased from 65.7% in 2009 to 78.0% in 2018 (P = 0.002) among PLWH with CD4 < 100 cells/µl. Late CrAg testing, defined by 14 days or later after HIV diagnosis, was associated with increased risk of 12-month mortality compared to early CrAg testing (adjusted hazard ratio 2.028, 95% CI 1.109-3.708). CONCLUSIONS: Burden of cryptococcosis remained high among PLWH with low CD4 lymphocyte counts in Taiwan. Uptake of CrAg screening among late HIV presenters was still suboptimal and delayed. Late CrAg testing was associated with a higher mortality.

Phonon renormalization in reconstructed MoS2 moiré superlattices.

In moiré crystals formed by stacking van der Waals materials, surprisingly diverse correlated electronic phases and optical properties can be realized by a subtle change in the twist angle. Here, we discover that phonon spectra are also renormalized in MoS2 twisted bilayers, adding an insight to moiré physics. Over a range of small twist angles, the phonon spectra evolve rapidly owing to ultra-strong coupling between different phonon modes and atomic reconstructions of the moiré pattern. We develop a low-energy continuum model for phonons that overcomes the outstanding challenge of calculating the properties of large moiré supercells and successfully captures the essential experimental observations. Remarkably, simple optical spectroscopy experiments can provide information on strain and lattice distortions in moiré crystals with nanometre-size supercells. The model promotes a comprehensive and unified understanding of the structural, optical and electronic properties of moiré superlattices.

PEDV Infection Generates Conformation-Specific Antibodies That Can Be Effectively Detected by a Cell-Based ELISA.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that causes serious and highly contagious enteric disease in swine worldwide. In this study, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus (S-Bac) expressing full-length spike protein of the virulent epidemic genotype 2b (G2b) PEDV strain for serological studies of infected pigs. We found that most spike-specific antibodies produced upon PEDV infection in pigs are conformation-specific and they could be detected on S-Bac-infected insect cells by immunofluorescent assay, but they were insensitive to Western blot analysis, the typical method for antiserum analysis. These results indicated that spike conformation is crucial for serum recognition. Since it is difficult to purify trimeric spike membrane protein for conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we used S-Bac to generate a novel cell-based ELISA for convenient PEDV detection. We analyzed 100 pig serum samples, and our cell-based ELISA exhibited a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 97%, and almost perfect agreement [Cohen's kappa coefficient value (κ) = 0.98] with immunocytochemical staining results. Our cell-based ELISA rapidly presented antigen for proper detection of conformation-specific antibodies, making PEDV detection more convenient, and it will be useful for detecting many viral diseases in the future.

An Integrated Platform for Serological Detection and Vaccination of COVID-19.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic. Detection and vaccination are essential for disease control, but they are distinct and complex operations that require significant improvements. Here, we developed an integrated detection and vaccination system to greatly simplify these efforts. We constructed recombinant baculoviruses to separately display the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Insect cells infected by the recombinant baculoviruses were used to generate a cell-based system to accurately detect patient serum. Notably, although well-recognized by our newly developed detection system in which S-displaying insect cells acted as antigen, anti-S antibodies from many patients were barely detectable by Western blot, evidencing that COVID-19 patients primarily produce conformation-dependent anti-S antibodies. Furthermore, the same baculovirus constructs can display N (N-Bac) or S (S-Bac) on the baculovirus envelope and serve as vector vaccines. Animal experiments show that S-Bac or N-Bac immunization in mice elicited a strong and specific antibody response, and S-Bac in particular stimulated effective neutralizing antibodies without the need for adjuvant. Our integrated system maintains antigen conformation and membrane structure to facilitate serum detection and antibody stimulation. Thus, compared with currently available technologies, our system represents a simplified and efficient platform for better SARS-CoV-2 detection and vaccination.

Ledge-directed epitaxy of continuously self-aligned single-crystalline nanoribbons of transition metal dichalcogenides.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide nanoribbons are touted as the future extreme device downscaling for advanced logic and memory devices but remain a formidable synthetic challenge. Here, we demonstrate a ledge-directed epitaxy (LDE) of dense arrays of continuous, self-aligned, monolayer and single-crystalline MoS2 nanoribbons on ß-gallium (III) oxide (ß-Ga2O3) (100) substrates. LDE MoS2 nanoribbons have spatial uniformity over a long range and transport characteristics on par with those seen in exfoliated benchmarks. Prototype MoS2-nanoribbon-based field-effect transistors exhibit high on/off ratios of 108 and an averaged room temperature electron mobility of 65 cm2 V-1 s-1. The MoS2 nanoribbons can be readily transferred to arbitrary substrates while the underlying ß-Ga2O3 can be reused after mechanical exfoliation. We further demonstrate LDE as a versatile epitaxy platform for the growth of p-type WSe2 nanoribbons and lateral heterostructures made of p-WSe2 and n-MoS2 nanoribbons for futuristic electronics applications.

Moiré potential impedes interlayer exciton diffusion in van der Waals heterostructures.

The properties of van der Waals heterostructures are drastically altered by a tunable moiré superlattice arising from periodically varying atomic alignment between the layers. Exciton diffusion represents an important channel of energy transport in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). While early studies performed on TMD heterobilayers suggested that carriers and excitons exhibit long diffusion, a rich variety of scenarios can exist. In a moiré crystal with a large supercell and deep potential, interlayer excitons may be completely localized. As the moiré period reduces at a larger twist angle, excitons can tunnel between supercells and diffuse over a longer lifetime. The diffusion should be the longest in commensurate heterostructures where the moiré superlattice is completely absent. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the rich phenomena of interlayer exciton diffusion in WSe2/MoSe2 heterostructures by comparing several samples prepared with chemical vapor deposition and mechanical stacking with accurately controlled twist angles.

Designing and Implementing an Implantable Wireless Micromanometer System for Real-Time Bladder Pressure Monitoring: A Preliminary Study.

Many mini-implantable devices have been developed and fabricated for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Wireless implantable biomicrosystems provide a desirable approach for long-term physiological signal monitoring. In this study, we implemented a wireless implantable biomicrosystem for bladder-cavity pressure measurements in a freely moving rabbit. To manage the power more effectively, a magnetic reed switch was applied to turn on/off the implantable module using a neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnet. The measured bladder pressure signal was wirelessly transmitted from the implantable module to a host unit. Our results indicated that the implantable biomicrosystem exhibited satisfactory performance and safety, as evidenced by an error percentage of less than ±1% for pressure measurements and less than 2 °C of a temperature rise under normal operation. The wireless biomicrosystem was implanted into the bladder cavity of a rabbit. Bladder pressure was simultaneously measured by both the biomicrosystem and conventional cystometry in the animal. The two signals were similar during the voiding phase, with a correlation coefficient of 0.885. Additionally, the biomicrosystem coated with polydimethylsiloxane in this study showed no cytotoxicity, which confirmed its biocompatibility. In conclusion, we demonstrated a good biocompatible wireless biomicrosystem which showed good reproducibility with respect to pressure monitoring by conventional cystometry. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this preliminary feasibility study for actual clinical applications.

Ongoing transmission of Entamoeba histolytica among newly diagnosed people living with HIV in Taiwan, 2009-2018.

Recent outbreaks of enterically transmitted infections, including acute hepatitis A and shigellosis, have raised the concerns of increasing Entamoeba histolytica infection (EHI) among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Taiwan. This study investigated the prevalence of EHI, its temporal trends, and associated factors among newly diagnosed PLWH in Taiwan. Medical records of newly diagnosed PLWH at six medical centers in Taiwan between 2009 and 2018 were reviewed. The annual prevalence of invasive amoebiasis and seroprevalence of E. histolytica were determined and examined by the Cochran-Armitage test. The clinical characteristics associated with invasive amoebiasis and seropositivity for E. histolytica were analyzed in multivariable regression models. Among 5362 patients seeking HIV care at six medical centers in Taiwan during the 10-year study period, 119 (2.2%) had invasive amoebiasis at the time or within six months of their HIV diagnosis. Among 3499 who had indirect hemagglutination antibody (IHA) determined, 284 (8.1%) had positive IHA (≥1:32) and 205 (5.9%) had high-titre IHA (≥1:128). The prevalence of invasive amoebiasis increased from 1.3% in 2012 to 3.3% in 2018 (p = 0.024). Invasive amoebiasis was independently associated with a greater age, men who have sex with men, rapid plasma reagin titre ≥1:4, and concurrent shigellosis and giardiasis. Increasing prevalence of invasive amoebiasis among newly diagnosed PLWH in Taiwan calls for strategies to prevent ongoing transmission in this population. Routine screening of EHI for early diagnosis and treatment is recommended, especially among men who have sex with men and those who present with other sexually or enterically transmitted infections.

PM2.5 exposure of various microenvironments in a community: Characteristics and applications.

While the measurement of particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) has been conducted for personal exposure assessment, it remains unclear how models that integrate microenvironmental levels with resolved activity and location information predict personal exposure to PM. We comprehensively investigated PM2.5 concentrations in various microenvironments and estimated personal exposure stratified by the microenvironment. A variety of microenvironments (>200 places and locations, divided into 23 components according to indoor, outdoor, and transit modes) in a community were selected to characterize PM2.5 concentrations. Infiltration factors calculated from microenvironmental/central-site station (M/S) monitoring campaigns with time-activity patterns were used to estimate time-weighted exposure to PM2.5 for university students. We evaluated exposures using a four-stage modeling approach and quantified the performance of each component. It was found that the SidePak monitor overestimated the concentration by 3.5 times as compared with the filter-based measurements. Higher mean concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in the Taoist temple and night market microenvironments; in contrast, lower concentrations were observed in air-conditioned offices and car microenvironments. While the exposure model incorporating detailed time-location information and infiltration factors achieved the highest prediction (R2 = 0.49) of personal exposure to PM2.5, the use of indoor, outdoor, and transit components for modeling also generated a consistent result (R2 = 0.44).