Efficacy and Safety of Biologics in Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) complicated by rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Patients with PMR which could be classified as RA and who were treated with bDMARDs were included in the analysis. The primary endpoint was the clinical Polymyalgia Rheumatica Activity Score (Clin-PMR-AS) after 26 weeks of treatment, and the secondary endpoint was adverse events during the observation period. RESULTS: A total of 203 patients with PMR which was resistant or intolerant to glucocorticoids and could be classified as RA were receiving bDMARDs and were enrolled in the study. There were 83, 82, and 38 patients in the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor (IL-6Ri), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig) groups, respectively. Twenty-six weeks after bDMARD initiation, Clin-PMR-AS levels were significantly lower in the IL-6Ri group as compared to other groups. Multiple regression analysis was performed with Clin-PMR-AS as the objective variable. Body mass index (BMI), history of bDMARDs, and IL-6Ri use were identified as factors involved in Clin-PMR-AS. After adjustment for group characteristics using inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity scores, the Clin-PMR-AS score at 26 weeks was significantly lower in the IL-6Ri group (9.0) than in both the TNFi (12.4, p = 0.004) and CTLA4-Ig (15.9, p = 0.003) group. CONCLUSION: IL-6Ri may potentially improve the disease activity of PMR compared to other bDMARDs.

Comparison of anti-IL-6 receptor and JAK inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from the real-world practice FIRST study.

OBJECTIVES: A molecular-targeted drug that is suitable as the second choice for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who show an inadequate response to the first biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) is unknown. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6Ri) and Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis), often selected as molecular-targeted drugs for second or subsequent treatments. METHODS: The efficacy and safety of JAKis and IL-6Ri were compared using propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting (PS-IPTW) using propensity scores after 26 weeks of therapy in patients with RA. RESULTS: The remission rate at week 26, determined by the clinical disease activity index (CDAI), and the incidence of infection were higher in the JAKis than in the IL-6Ri group. The CDAI trajectories were divided into four according to the growth mixture modeling. IL-6Ri demonstrated greater efficacy in RA patients with ineffective to single bDMARD therapy compared with those with multiple ineffective bDMARDs. In patients who failed to respond to one bDMARD, there was no significant difference in the CDAI remission rate at week 26 between the JAKis (29.1%) and IL-6Ri (21.8%) groups (p= 0.21). However, for patients who did not respond to at least two bDMARDs, the CDAI remission rate at week 26 was higher in the JAKis than in the IL-6Ri group. CONCLUSIONS: IL-6Ri offers a superior balance of efficacy and safety compared with JAKis for RA patients unresponsive to one bDMARD. However, JAKis may suit patients who do not respond to multiple bDMARDs.

Biological/targeted synthetic DMARDs do not arrest bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the differential effects of biological/target synthesized DMARDs (b/tsDMARDs) on bone metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a real-world cohort. METHODS: This was a multicentre prospective observational study of RA patients enrolled at the time of 1st b/tsDMARDs administration. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTMs) were measured during the 52-week observation. The study was designed to enrol all eligible RA patients. The end-points were differences in changes in BMD according to b/tsDMARD type, and the correlation between BMD and BTMs. RESULTS: A total of 1,164 patients were enrolled in this study. b/tsDMARDs improved RA disease activity from mean CDAI 25.5 at baseline to 4.5 at week 26. Patients not receiving anti-osteoporotic agents (anti-OP) at baseline with no history of fracture experienced a significant decrease in both femoral neck (F: mean 0.666-0.655 g/cm3) and radial (R: 0.518-0.514) BMD at week 26. Despite maintaining low CDAI levels during weeks 26-52 (5.3-4.4), there was a continued decline in BMD (F: 0.653, R: 0.509. Weeks 52). None of b/tsDMARDs type preserved BMD. Conversely, patients receiving anti-OP at baseline maintained stable BMD throughout the study (Weeks 0/26/52. F: 0.551/0.551/0.555, R: 0.415/0.416/0.415). Although BTMs were changed by b/tsDMARDs, the changes were unrelated to those in BMD. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested the progression of osteoporosis in RA patients during b/tsDMARDs treatment without anti-OP. BTMs may not reflect BMD change. Regular monitoring of BMD in RA should be considered for early management of osteoporosis.

An elderly man with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) without neuropsychiatric sequelae.

Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) is less common in the elderly, and most have some sequelae. However, even in the elderly, MERS may have a good prognosis, and a specific treatment is not always required.

Sustained remission following the discontinuation of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (XANADU study): an open-label randomised study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate sustained remission following the discontinuation of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Patients who had an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX) with or without biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs were randomly divided into two groups at baseline, and tofacitinib treatment in combination with MTX was administered to both groups. Either MTX or tofacitinib was then withdrawn if patients achieved Clinical Disease Activity Index remission at week 52. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who sustained clinical remission at week 104. RESULTS: A total of 113 patients participated in this study. Among them, a total of 48 patients achieved remission at week 52. After discontinuation of tofacitinib, only 29.2% (7/24) of patients remained remission, while 50.0% (10/20) of patients, which was numerically higher but not statistically significant, sustained remission after MTX discontinuation. A greater proportion of bio-naïve patients achieved remission at week 52 and sustained low disease activity with tofacitinib discontinuation at week 104. Additionally, the patients who were able to discontinue tofacitinib without flares had lower rheumatoid factor (p=0.04) and lower anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (p=0.051) before discontinuation of tofacitinib. No severe adverse events were recorded after discontinuation of tofacitinib or MTX. In patients who relapsed after tofacitinib discontinuation, 71.4% achieved remission with resumption of tofacitinib. CONCLUSIONS: This study implies that a blanket cessation of tofacitinib may not be suitable for all patients, given that 58% of the participants experienced relapse. However, the withdrawal of tofacitinib is unlikely to result in the acquisition of treatment-resistance.

Systematic review and meta-analysis for 2023 clinical practice guidelines of the Japan Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare for Intractable Vasculitis for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to provide evidence for the revision of clinical practice guidelines for the management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis by the Japan Research Committee for Intractable Vasculitis. METHODS: PubMed, CENTRAL, and the Japan Medical Abstracts Society databases were searched for articles published between 2015 and 2020 to update the systematic review for existing clinical questions, while PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and the Japan Medical Abstracts Society were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2020 to conduct a systematic review for newly developed clinical questions. The certainty of evidence was assessed with the GRADE approach. RESULTS: For remission induction, when used in conjunction with cyclophosphamide or rituximab, reduced-dose glucocorticoid lowered the risk of serious adverse events compared to standard-dose glucocorticoid. Avacopan improved sustained remission at 12 months compared to high-dose glucocorticoid. Addition of plasma exchange to remission induction therapy did not reduce the risk of death, end-stage kidney disease, or relapse. For remission maintenance, rituximab reduced the risk of relapse compared to azathioprine. Long-term rituximab or azathioprine reduced the risk of relapse compared to short-term rituximab or azathioprine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review provided evidence required to develop the 2023 clinical practice guideline for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Precision medicine based on the phenotypic differences in peripheral T helper cells in patients with psoriatic arthritis: One year follow-up outcomes.

Purpose: We validated the one-year effectiveness of strategic treatment with biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) based on peripheral T-lymphocytic phenotyping and explored the impact of treatment on T helper lymphocytic phenotypes. Methods: Ninety-seven patients were registered in this study. One-year treatment response was compared between the two groups: the strategic bDMARDs treatment group (n = 41), in which bDMARDs were selected based on peripheral blood lymphocyte analysis, and the standard bDMARDs treatment group (n = 56), in which the patients underwent no strategic selection of bDMARDs and phenotyping. Changes in helper T lymphocytic phenotypes were evaluated after 1-year post-treatment. Results: In the standard bDMARDs treatment group, 23 patients (42.6%) achieved disease activity in psoriatic arthritis (DAPSA)-remission (REM), and 23 of 46 (50.0%) achieved PASI 90. In the strategic bDMARDs treatment group, 22 (53.7%) achieved DAPSA-REM, and 26 of 35 (74.2%) achieved PASI90. The rate of achieving minimal disease activity (MDA) and DAPSA-REM at month 6, DAPSA-low disease activity (LDA) at months 6 and 12, and PASI 90 at month 12 were significantly higher in the strategic bDMARDs treatment group. After treatment with ustekinumab, the proportion of aTh1/CD4 (%) significantly decreased. The percent reduction in activated Th17 cells was significantly higher in IL-17-i cells than in UST/TNF-i cells. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate the 1-year effectiveness of precision medicine based on peripheral T-lymphocytic phenotyping in terms of DAPSA and MDA. Analysis of data from real-world clinical practice showed that the impact on the immune system varied among bDMARDs. However, because psoriatic arthritis has very high heterogeneity, it may be necessary to conduct studies with a larger sample size, perhaps drawing samples from multiple institutions.

Impact of serum interleukin-22 as a biomarker for the differential use of molecular targeted drugs in psoriatic arthritis: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: We explored whether serum cytokines could be used as biomarkers for optimal use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNF-i) and interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors (IL-17-i) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: In cohort 1 (47 patients treated with IL-17-i [n=23] or TNF-i [n=24] for ≥1 year), we identified serum cytokines that predicted the achievement of Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis-remission (DAPSA-REM), Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 90, and Minimal Disease Activity after 1 year of TNF-i or IL-17-i therapy. Subsequently, we developed treatment strategies based on the identified cytokines; initiation of IL-17-i therapy in patients with low IL-22 concentrations (IL-22 <0.61376 pg/ml) and TNF-i therapy in patients with high IL-22 concentrations (0.61376< IL-22 pg/ml). In cohort 2 (34 patients), treatment responses were compared between the strategic treatment group (n=17), which was treated based on the treatment strategies, and the mismatched treatment group (n=17) to verify the validity of the treatment strategies developed using serum cytokines as biomarkers. RESULTS: In cohort 1, serum IL-22 concentration was identified as a predictor of DAPSA-remission after 1 year of IL-17-i therapy. Regarding treatment strategies, we selected TNF-i for patients with high IL-22 concentrations and IL-17-i for those with low IL-22 concentrations. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics between the strategic and mismatched treatment groups. Regarding treatment effects, activity significantly improved at 1 year in both groups. Upon comparison of the treatment effects, the rate of achieving DAPSA-REM and Minimal Disease Activity at month 12 was significantly higher in the strategic treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study suggest that IL-22 may be a biomarker of treatment response to TNF-i and IL-17-i in patients with PsA. Further large-scale studies in independent, prospectively collected datasets are required to verify that IL-22 is indeed a biomarker of treatment response in these patients.

Efficacy and safety of belimumab during maintenance therapy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of belimumab (BEL) during maintenance therapy in patients with SLE remains unclear in the real-life clinical setting. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of BEL in patients with SLE during maintenance therapy. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, maintenance therapy was defined as low-dose glucocorticoid (GC) therapy (prednisolone equivalent dose of ≤0.2 mg/kg/day) in patients with a Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-SLE Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI) score <10. Participants comprised patients with SLE on HCQ or MMF [standard-of-care (SoC) group: n = 103] and those on BEL plus SoC (BEL+SoC group: n = 100). Selection bias was minimized using propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). GC dose trajectories were modelled using growth mixture modelling (GMM). The primary end point was GC dose at 52 weeks. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in patient characteristics between the two groups after IPTW adjustment. The BEL+SoC group exhibited a significant decrease in GC dose. GC dose at 52 weeks and relapse rate were significantly lower in the BEL+SoC group than in the SoC group. The proportion of patients in one of four groups defined by GMM for which GC dose was tapered to 0 mg within 52 weeks (GC tapering-discontinuation group) was significantly higher in the BEL+SoC group than in the SoC group. In the BEL+SoC group, low SELENA-SLEDAI score and low GC dose at baseline were associated with being GC dose-tapering discontinuation. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that BEL is suitable for patients with SLE during maintenance therapy.

T helper cells expressing fractalkine receptor and bearing T follicular helper 1-like cell functions in patients with IgG4-related disease.

OBJECTIVE: Because the pathological features of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) include lymphocyte infiltration and fibrotic changes in the lesions, we investigated the significance of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and lymphocyte subsets in patients with IgG4-RD. METHODS: Peripheral blood and biopsied samples were obtained from healthy controls (HCs, n = 10), RA (n = 10) and IgG4-RD patients (n = 16) and were analysed by flow cytometry, immunohistology and costimulation assays. RESULTS: Peripheral CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells had an approximately 3-fold increase in the IgG4-RD patients (15.4%), compared with the HCs (5.0%). In addition, CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells were localized in the salivary glands of the IgG4-RD patients but not in those with Sicca syndrome. CX3CR1 was induced on 20% of CD4+ T cells after T-cell receptor (TCR) simulation with IL-12 for five days culture. CX3CR1+ T cells showed high expression of both CXCR5 and CXCR3. Moreover, they co-expressed Bcl-6 and T-bet, the master transcription factors for T helper 1 (Th1) and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. After secondary stimulation, CX3CR1+ T cells produced both IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-21. Compared with their CX3CR1- counterparts, CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells induced plasmablast differentiation from naïve B cells more efficiently (15.0 vs 5.0%) and increased the production of IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 by B cells. CONCLUSION: CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells characteristically increased in the peripheral blood and the affected tissues and were associated with an increase in the serum IgG4 levels of patients with IgG4-RD. This CD4 subset has a Th1/Tfh-like phenotype and a B cell helper function.

Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib versus baricitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in real clinical practice: analyses with propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting.

OBJECTIVES: The differences of efficacy between each Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have not been clarified in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical practice. Here, we compared the efficacy between tofacitinib (TOFA) and baricitinib (BARI) in clinical practice. METHODS: The efficacy of TOFA (n=156) in patients with RA was compared with BARI (n=138). Selection bias was reduced to a minimum using propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) trajectory for patients who started TOFA or BARI was analysed using growth mixture modelling (GMM). RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in patient characteristics between the TOFA and BARI groups in after adjustment by propensity score-based IPTW. The BARI group had a significantly higher rate of CDAI remission at week 24 after the introduction of JAK inhibitors than the TOFA group. The treatment-resistant group defined by GMM, comprising patients who did not achieve low disease activity at week 24, was more likely to include those who had received many biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) before the introduction of JAK inhibitors and those who received TOFA. Among patients with RA who received TOFA, those who had received ≥4 bDMARDs before the introduction of TOFA were more likely to be classified into the treatment-resistant group. CONCLUSIONS: BARI showed a similar safety profile and better clinical outcome when compared with TOFA after reduction to a minimum of selection bias. However, these were observed in a small population. Accordingly, further investigation is required in an accurately powered head-to-head trial.

2019 Diagnostic criteria for mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD): From the Japan research committee of the ministry of health, labor, and welfare for systemic autoimmune diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To update and revise the diagnostic criteria for mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) issued by the Japan Research Committee of the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW), a round table discussion by experts from rheumatology, dermatology, and pediatric medicine was conducted in multiple occasions. METHODS: The definition of MCTD, and items included in the diagnostic criteria were generated by consensus method and evaluation using clinical data of typical and borderline cases of MCTD, by applying to the diagnostic criteria for MCTD proposed in 1996 and 2004 by the Research Committee of MHLW. RESULTS: To the end, all committee members reached consensus. Then, the criteria were assessed in an independent validation cohort and tested against preexisting criteria. The revised criteria facilitate an understanding of the overall picture of this disease by describing the concept of MCTD, common manifestations, immunological manifestation and characteristic organ involvement. Conditions with characteristic organ involvement include pulmonary arterial hypertension, aseptic meningitis and trigeminal neuropathy. Even if the overlapping manifestations are absent, MCTD can be diagnosed based on the presence of the characteristic organ involvement. Furthermore, the criteria were validated for applicability in actual clinical cases, and public comments were solicited from the Japan College of Rheumatology and other associated societies. CONCLUSION: After being reviewed through public comments, the revised diagnostic criteria have been finalized.

Conversion of T Follicular Helper Cells to T Follicular Regulatory Cells by Interleukin-2 Through Transcriptional Regulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to identify characteristics of follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells and elucidate the mechanisms by which follicular helper T (Tfh) cells convert to Tfr cells. We probed the phenotype of T helper cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and underlying transcriptional regulation using cytokine-induced STAT family factors. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 41 patients with SLE and 26 healthy donors were used to sort out the memory Tfh cell subset, and Tfh cells were cultured under various conditions. The phenotype of T helper cells and underlying mechanisms of transcriptional regulation were probed using flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. These analyses evaluated the expression of characteristic markers and phosphorylation of STATs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to evaluate histone modifications. RESULTS: In patients with SLE, the proportion of CD4+CXCR5+FoxP3-PD-1high Tfh cells was increased (P < 0.01), whereas the proportion of CD4+CXCR5+CD45RA-FoxP3high activated Tfr cells was decreased (P < 0.05). Serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels were also reduced in patients with SLE. IL-2 induced conversion of memory Tfh cells to functional Tfr cells, which was characterized by CXCR5+Bcl-6+FoxP3high pSTAT3+pSTAT5+ cells. The loci of FOXP3 and BCL6 at STAT binding sites were marked by bivalent histone modifications. Following IL-2 stimulation, STAT3 and STAT5 selectively bound to FOXP3 and BCL6 gene loci accompanied by suppression of H3K27me3. Finally, IL-2 stimulation suppressed the generation of CD38+CD27high plasmablasts in Tfh and B cell coculture assays ex vivo. CONCLUSION: Impaired function of Tfr cells might be attributed to defective IL-2 production. Exogenous IL-2 restores the function of Tfr cells through the conversion of Tfh cells to Tfr cells in patients with SLE. Thus, restoring balance between Tfh and Tfr cells may provide new therapeutic approaches in SLE.

Stimulator of Interferon Genes-associated Vasculopathy with an Onset in Infancy Diagnosed after the Development of Atypical Pulmonary Lesions During Treatment as Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

An 18-year-old man showed swelling, pain, and limited motion of the hand, knee, and foot joints without X-ray abnormalities at 2 years old (X-16). In X-12, interstitial pneumonia was observed. He was diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with interstitial pneumonia and received immunosuppressive therapy. However, interstitial pneumonia progressed, and in X-2, he was referred to our hospital. Whole-exome sequencing and an in silico analysis revealed a gain-of-function mutation in TMEM173 (p.R281Q), and he was diagnosed with stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). We encountered the first SAVI case in Japan.

The additive effects of hydroxychloroquine to maintenance therapy with standard of care in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

AIM: In this retrospective study, the effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) added to maintenance therapy according to the standard of care (SoC) was evaluated for 1 year in 101 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: The primary endpoint was the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). The secondary endpoints were the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group index, serum complement activity (CH50) levels, anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody titer, concomitant corticosteroid (CS) dose, and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) damage index. These variables were compared between the SoC + HCQ (n = 42) and SoC (n = 59) groups. RESULTS: The SLEDAI improved from 2 (0, 6) to 0 (0, 4) in the SoC + HCQ group (P = .038) but significantly deteriorated from 1 (0, 4) to 2 (0, 8) in the SoC group (P = .033). CH50, anti-dsDNA antibody titer, concomitant CS dose, and SLICC damage index did not significantly change. The increase in the SLEDAI and concomitant CS dose after 1 year were all significantly greater in the SoC group, and the proportion of patients with SLEDAI flare was significantly lower in the SoC + HCQ group (SoC + HCQ: 4.76% vs SoC: 25.4%, P = .006). Univariate logistic regression analyses identified HCQ as a predictive factor for no SLEDAI flare (P = .003, odds ratio 6.81, 95% confidence interval 1.77-45.00). CONCLUSIONS: The use of HCQ effectively improved SLEDAI scores and was a predictive factor for the prevention of SLEDAI flare. Therefore, HCQ may be considered a potential mainstay of maintenance therapy.

Effectiveness and safety of hydroxychloroquine therapy with or without corticosteroid in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

AIM: The effectiveness and safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have not been fully validated in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the clinical setting. This study evaluated the short-term effectiveness and continuation rate of HCQ therapy in Japanese patients with SLE in the clinical setting for 12 months. METHODS: The primary endpoint was defined as the continuation rate up to 12 months after the introduction of HCQ in 122 patients with SLE. The secondary endpoints included changes in the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) index, and the effect on concomitant corticosteroid (CS) dose reduction. RESULTS: The primary endpoint, continuation rate up to 12 months after the introduction of HCQ, was 79.5%. Of 25 patients who discontinued HCQ, 23 patients terminated the therapy within 2 months. The secondary endpoints (SLEDAI, BILAG index, and concomitant CS dose [mg/day, prednisolone equivalent]) all showed a significant decrease. SLEDAI and BILAG index scores indicated significant improvement during the remission induction phase, maintenance phase, and HCQ monotherapy phase. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggested that, with attention paid to possible adverse events immediately after initiation, HCQ may be initiated as a mainstay of SLE therapy in Japanese patients, either as a concomitant medication in the remission induction phase, as a maintenance therapy, or as a monotherapy.