Author Correction: Sex-Related Differences in Impact on Safety of Pharmacogenetic Profile for Colon Cancer Patients Treated with FOLFOX-4 or XELOX Adjuvant Chemotherapy.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Sex-Related Differences in Impact on Safety of Pharmacogenetic Profile for Colon Cancer Patients Treated with FOLFOX-4 or XELOX Adjuvant Chemotherapy.

Polymorphisms contribute to inter-individual differences and show a promising predictive role for chemotherapy-related toxicity in colon cancer (CC). TOSCA is a multicentre, randomized, non-inferiority, phase III study conducted in high-risk stage II/stage III CC patients treated with 6 vs 3 months of FOLFOX-4 or XELOX adjuvant chemotherapy. During this post-hoc analysis, 218 women and 294 men were genotyped for 17 polymorphisms: TYMS (rs34743033, rs2853542, rs11280056), MTHFR (rs1801133, rs1801131), ERCC1 (rs11615), XRCC1 (rs25487), XRCC3 (rs861539), XPD (rs1799793, rs13181), GSTP1 (rs1695), GSTT1/GSTM1 (deletion +/-), ABCC1 (rs2074087), and ABCC2 (rs3740066, rs1885301, rs4148386). The aim was to assess the interaction between these polymorphisms and sex, on safety in terms of time to grade ≥3 haematological (TTH), grade ≥3 gastrointestinal (TTG) and grade ≥2 neurological (TTN) toxicity. Interactions were detected on TTH for rs1801133 and rs1799793, on TTG for rs13181 and on TTN for rs11615. Rs1799793 GA genotype (p = 0.006) and A allele (p = 0.009) shortened TTH in men. In women, the rs11615 CC genotype worsened TTN (co-dominant model p = 0.008, recessive model p = 0.003) and rs13181 G allele improved the TTG (p = 0.039). Differences between the two sexes in genotype distribution of rs1885301 (p = 0.020) and rs4148386 (p = 0.005) were found. We highlight that polymorphisms could be sex-specific biomarkers. These results, however, need to be confirmed in additional series.

Predictive factors for 6 vs 12 cycles of Folfiri-Bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer.

Early switching to de-intensified maintenance regimen is still a matter of debate in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The MARTHA trial, a S.I.C.O.G. phase III randomized trial, compared FOLOFIRI+bevacizumab (B) for 12 cycles (6 months) followed by B for up to 12 months (FOLFIRI +B*12 arm) vs FOLFIRI+B for 6 cycles (3 months) followed by capecitabine+B for 4 cycles followed by B for up to 12 months (FOLFIRI+B*6 arm). Chemotherapy-naïve mCRC patients were randomized, primary endpoint was progression free survival (PFS), with overall survival (OS) as a secondary endpoint. A novel analysis, the Death Pace Analysis (DPA), was performed to identify patients who benefited from a specific treatment. No PFS difference was seen in 198 enrolled patients (101 in FOLFIRI+B*12, 97 in FOLFIRI+B*6). A non-significant superior OS was observed for FOLFIRI+B*6 (HR 0.74, p 0.098). The DPA demonstrated that 14% of patients were identifiable as FOLFIRI+B*6-benefiting patients. According to a logistic regression analysis including 23 clinicopathological variables, baseline Hb was the only independent predictor of DPA-defined FOLFIRI+B*6-benefit status. Among patients with Hb ≤ 11.1 gr/dL a statistically significant prolonged OS was observed for FOLFIRI+B*6 over FOLFIRI+B*12 (median OS: 20.7 vs 12.6 months, respectively, HR 0.54, p 0.048). No survival difference was observed between arms in patients with Hb > 11.1. mCRC patients with low baseline Hb levels are better treated with FOLFIRI+B*6 first-line strategy. Possible biological explanations for this finding are being investigated.

Meeting psychosocial and health information needs to ensure quality of cancer care in outpatients.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate patients' and caregivers' health needs for a re-orientation program based on principles of health promotion in an Oncology Department from an Italian University Hospital. METHOD: A Cross-sectional design with qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. Participants included cancer patients and their caregivers. Information about disease concerns were collected using a survey form. Information about healthy lifestyle was obtained using motivational interviews. Information about perceived quality of oncology services was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 403 information requests were collected about patients' disease, 203 motivational interviews were carried out, and 219 questionnaires were collected. Overall, the results showed that patients and caregivers have healthy lifestyles even if meat consumption was high. Weak points were: poor physical space organization in the Service, long waiting times, and limited access to healthcare providers for patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the need for an approach based on health-promotion principles, with a particular focus on patient wellbeing and quality of life. The study increases awareness about the influence that an environment has on patient health, thus suggesting that changes in culture, attitude, and health services re-organization are crucial to meet total needs of the individual as a whole process.

Everolimus Plus Exemestane in Advanced Breast Cancer: Safety Results of the BALLET Study on Patients Previously Treated Without and with Chemotherapy in the Metastatic Setting.

BACKGROUND: The BALLET study was an open-label, multicenter, expanded access study designed to allow treatment with everolimus plus exemestane in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer progressed following prior endocrine therapy. A post hoc analysis to evaluate if previous chemotherapy in the metastatic setting affects the safety profile of the combination regimen of everolimus and exemestane was conducted on the Italian subset, as it represented the major part of the patients enrolled (54%). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One thousand one hundred and fifty-one Italian patients were included in the present post hoc analysis, which focused on two sets of patients: patients who never received chemotherapy in the metastatic setting (36.1%) and patients who received at least one chemotherapy treatment in the metastatic setting (63.9%). RESULTS: One thousand one hundred and sixteen patients (97.0%) prematurely discontinued the study drug, and the main reasons reported were disease progression (39.1%), local reimbursement of everolimus (31.1%), and adverse events (AEs) (16.1%). The median duration of study treatment exposure was 139.5 days for exemestane and 135.0 days for everolimus. At least one AE was experienced by 92.5% of patients. The incidence of everolimus-related AEs was higher (83.9%) when compared with those that occurred with exemestane (29.1%), and the most commonly reported everolimus-related AE was stomatitis (51.3%). However, no significant difference in terms of safety related to the combination occurred between patients without and with chemotherapy in the metastatic setting. CONCLUSION: Real-life data of the Italian patients BALLET-related cohort were an adequate setting to state that previous chemotherapy did not affect the safety profile of the combination regimen of everolimus and exemestane. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: With the advent of new targeted agents for advanced or metastatic breast cancer, multiple lines of therapy may be possible, and components of the combined regimens can overlap from one line to another. Thus, it is important to assess even the potential of cumulative and additive toxic effects among the drugs. Previous chemotherapy did not affect the safety profile of the combination regimen of everolimus and exemestane. The continuous monitoring of the safety signals of this drug combination from general clinical practice is important, in particular for stomatitis.

Prognostic impact of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations in primary colorectal carcinomas: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Activation of oncogenes downstream the EGFR gene contributes to colorectal tumorigenesis and determines the sensitivity to anti-EGFR treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS and PIK3CA mutations in a large collection of CRC patients from genetically-homogeneous Sardinian population. METHODS: A total of 1284 Sardinian patients with histologically-proven diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and presenting with metastatic disease were included into the study. Genomic DNA was isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumour tissue samples of CRC patients and screened for mutations in RAS and BRAF genes, using pyrosequencing assays, and in PIK3CA gene, using automated DNA sequencing assays. RESULTS: Overall, mutation rates were 35.6 % for KRAS, 4.1 % for NRAS, and 2.1 % for BRAF. Among available DNA samples, 114/796 (14.3 %) primary CRCs were found to carry a mutation in the PIK3CA gene. In this subset of patients analysed in all four genes, a pathogenetic mutation of at least one gene was discovered in about half (378/796; 47.5 %) of CRC cases. A mutated BRAF gene was found to steadily act as a negative prognostic factor for either time to progression as metastatic disease (from detection of primary CRC to diagnosis of first distant metastasis; p = 0.009) or partial survival (from diagnosis of advanced disease to the time of death or last control; p = 0.006) or overall survival (p < 0.001). No significant impact on prognosis was observed for mutated KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA genes or combined RAS mutations (all RAS). CONCLUSIONS: Our study defines both prevalence and prognostic role of main activated oncogenes in a population-based large collection of CRC patients.

Prognostic role of KRAS mutations in Sardinian patients with colorectal carcinoma.

The presence of mutations in the KRAS gene is a predictor of a poor clinical response to EGFR-targeted agents in patients affected by colorectal cancer (CRC), but its significance as a global prognostic factor remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the KRAS mutational status on time to first metastasis (TTM) and overall survival (OS) in a cohort of Sardinian CRC patients. A total of 551 patients with metastatic CRC at the time of enrolment were included. Clinical and pathological features of the disease, including follow-up information, were obtained from medical records and cancer registry data. For mutational analysis formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were processed using a standard protocol. The coding sequence and splice junctions of exons 2 and 3 of the KRAS gene were screened for mutations by direct automated sequencing. Overall, 186 KRAS mutations were detected in 183/551 (33%) patients: 125 (67%) were located in codon 12, 36 (19%) in codon 13, and 18 (10%) in codon 61. The remaining mutations (7; 4%) were detected in uncommonly-affected codons. No significant correlation between KRAS mutations and gender, age, anatomical location and stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis was identified. Furthermore, no prognostic value of KRAS mutations was found considering either TTM or OS. When patients were stratified by KRAS mutational status and gender, males were significantly associated with a longer TTM. The results of the present study indicate that KRAS mutation correlated with a slower metastatic progression in males with CRC from Sardinia, irrespective of the age at diagnosis and the codon of the mutation.

Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Metastatic Carcinoma Treated with Sunitinib: Is Thyroid Autoimmunity Involved?

BACKGROUND: Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) inducing thyroid dysfunction, but the precise mechanism(s) involved remains to be explained, including the role of thyroid autoimmunity. The objective of this study was to evaluate thyroid function, parameters of autoimmunity, and thyroid ultrasound findings in patients with metastatic cancer and normal thyroid function/autoimmunity before the initiation of sunitinib therapy. This was a prospective, observational cohort study. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with metastatic carcinomas at comparable tumor stages were evaluated over 12-18 months after initiating therapy with sunitinib given at a daily oral dose of 50 mg for four weeks (ON), followed by one to two weeks off therapy (OFF). Serum thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and antithyroglobulin (TgAb), and antithyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) autoantibodies were measured in all cases. Thyroid morphology and volume were evaluated by echo-color Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS: A total of 16/27 patients (60%) became hypothyroid (TSH range 7-114 mIU/L) within 30-120 days of therapy. The thyroid volume decreased in 24/27 (89%) patients (from M = 14.6 mL, SD = 6.4 mL to M = 3.8 mL, SD = 2.6 mL after 12 months; p < 0.001), together with the appearance of mild to severe hypoechogenicity. TPOAb (40-3000 IU/mL) became detectable in 7/27 (25%) patients, and TPOAb-positive patients displayed a higher degree of hypothyroidism and volume reduction. The progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer in patients developing TPOAb (10.8 months) than in the other group of patients (5.8 months). CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the thyroid inhibitory effect of sunitinib, in keeping with the key role of kinases in controlling thyroid function and growth. However, the novel appearance of TPOAb in a subgroup of patients with more severe hypothyroidism and longer survival indicates that sunitinib may also trigger/exacerbate thyroid autoimmunity contributing to thyroid failure. The development of TPOAb was associated with a longer PFS.

Genome-wide association study of susceptibility loci for breast cancer in Sardinian population.

BACKGROUND: Despite progress in identifying genes associated with breast cancer, many more risk loci exist. Genome-wide association analyses in genetically-homogeneous populations, such as that of Sardinia (Italy), could represent an additional approach to detect low penetrance alleles. METHODS: We performed a genome-wide association study comparing 1431 Sardinian patients with non-familial, BRCA1/2-mutation-negative breast cancer to 2171 healthy Sardinian blood donors. DNA was genotyped using GeneChip Human Mapping 500 K Arrays or Genome-Wide Human SNP Arrays 6.0. To increase genomic coverage, genotypes of additional SNPs were imputed using data from HapMap Phase II. After quality control filtering of genotype data, 1367 cases (9 men) and 1658 controls (1156 men) were analyzed on a total of 2,067,645 SNPs. RESULTS: Overall, 33 genomic regions (67 candidate SNPs) were associated with breast cancer risk at the p < 0(-6) level. Twenty of these regions contained defined genes, including one already associated with breast cancer risk: TOX3. With a lower threshold for preliminary significance to p < 10(-5), we identified 11 additional SNPs in FGFR2, a well-established breast cancer-associated gene. Ten candidate SNPs were selected, excluding those already associated with breast cancer, for technical validation as well as replication in 1668 samples from the same population. Only SNP rs345299, located in intron 1 of VAV3, remained suggestively associated (p-value, 1.16 x 10(-5)), but it did not associate with breast cancer risk in pooled data from two large, mixed-population cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated the role of TOX3 and FGFR2 as breast cancer susceptibility genes in BRCA1/2-wild-type breast cancer patients from Sardinian population.

Genetic markers for toxicity of adjuvant oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidines in the phase III TOSCA trial in high-risk colon cancer patients.

We investigated 17 polymorphisms in 11 genes (TS, MTHFR, ERCC1, XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSTM1, ABCC1, ABCC2) for their association with the toxicity of fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer patients enrolled in a prospective randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy. The TOSCA Italian adjuvant trial was conducted in high-risk stage II-III colorectal cancer patients treated with 6 or 3 months of either FOLFOX-4 or XELOX adjuvant chemotherapy. In the concomitant ancillary pharmacogenetic study, the primary endpoint was the association of polymorphisms with grade 3-4 CTCAE toxicity events (grade 2-4 for neurotoxicity). In 517 analyzed patients, grade ≥ 3 neutropenia and grade ≥ 2 neurotoxicity events occurred in 150 (29%) and in 132 patients (24.8%), respectively. Diarrhea grade ≥ 3 events occurred in 34 (6.5%) patients. None of the studied polymorphisms showed clinically relevant association with toxicity. Hopefully, genome-wide association studies will identify new and more promising genetic variants to be tested in future studies.

Triple-negative breast cancer frequency and type of BRCA mutation: Clues from Sardinia.

Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes have been demonstrated to increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Among the prognostic factors currently used in clinical practice, the disease stage and the receptor status play a crucial role in the management of breast carcinoma. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been classified as a disease subgroup that is negative for oestrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptor expression, and presents a poor prognosis. The present study investigated the correlation between BRCA1/2 mutations and TNBC status in a large series (n=726) of breast cancer patients from Sardinia. The BRCA mutation screening was performed on genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and automated DNA sequencing. Overall, 21/726 (2.9%) patients carried a germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. The TNBC phenotype was significantly associated with the BRCA1 mutations (P<0.001), whereas no association was found with the BRCA2 mutations (P=0.837). With respect to patient origin within Sardinia, a significant inverse distribution of mutations was found; BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations represented 86 and 93% of the mutated cases in Southern and Middle-Northern Sardinia, respectively (P<0.001). Patients from the geographical area with BRCA1 mutation prevalence presented a TNBC incidence much higher than that observed in cases from the area with BRCA2 mutation prevalence (12 vs. 4%, respectively; P=0.037). These findings further confirmed that the occurrence of TNBC is significantly associated with the BRCA1 mutation carrier status and that a different 'genetic background' may have a phenotypic impact in the onset of breast cancer.

Jejunal obstruction caused by metastasis from an undiagnosed breast cancer: a case report.

Solitary metastasis from breast carcinoma to the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon finding. We describe a female patient with a solitary jejunal metastasis from an undiagnosed breast cancer who presented to the emergency department with a bowel obstruction. Abdominal surgery was performed, revealing a jejunal stenosis from a metastatic lobular carcinoma. The primary tumor in the left breast was subsequently diagnosed and surgically removed.

Efficacy and tolerability of biweekly bevacizumab, irinotecan, folinic acid and fluorouracil intravenous bolus (BIFF Regimen) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: the southern Italy cooperative oncology group experience.

BACKGROUND: We have extensively assessed a biweekly regimen of irinotecan plus folinic acid and fluorouracil bolus (IRIFAFU) in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC). Here, we report on the safety and activity of BIFF (bevacizumab plus IRIFAFU) regimen in 94 mCRC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Bevacizumab 5 mg/kg (1 hour), and irinotecan 180 mg/m(2) (1 hour) were given intravenously on day 1, 6S-folinic acid 250 mg/m(2) (2 hours), and fluorouracil 850 mg/m(2) (bolus) were given intravenously on day 2 every 2 weeks for a median of 9 cycles per patient (range, 1-12), and maintenance bevacizumab alone was delivered in 16 cases. RESULTS: Grade ≥ 3 hematologic toxicities were neutropenia (50%) and febrile neutropenia (5%). Most common grade 3 nonhematologic side effects were diarrhea (20%), vomiting (7%), nausea (4%), and stomatitis (4%). Severe hypertension (1%) and epistaxis (1%) rarely occurred. Six complete responses and 44 partial responses were registered, giving a response rate of 53% (95% CI, 43%-64%). Median progression-free survival was 11.5 months (95% CI, 9.0-14.0 months). Forty-three (46%) patients eventually died, and the median overall survival was 24.0 months (95% CI, 20.2-27.8 months). CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab appeared to increase the activity of the IRIFAFU regimen without worsening its tolerability. Efficacy of BIFF was comparable with that reported with other bevacizumab plus irinotecan-based combinations.

Clinical activity and cardiac tolerability of non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in breast cancer: a synthetic review.

BACKGROUND: Anthracycline-containing regimens have demonstrated significant disease-free and overall survival benefits in the adjuvant setting and also provide palliative benefit in metastatic disease. . Over the past two decades, an increasing proportion of patients have been exposed to adjuvant anthracyclines with concomitant reduction in their use for palliation, as a result of concerns regarding efficacy and cumulative anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity, as well as the availability of other systemic chemotherapeutic options. This report reflects the consensus view of a meeting of oncologists, pharmacologists and cardiologists held in Florence, Italy, on April 30, 2010. The objectives of the meeting were to review the role and limits of conventional anthracyclines in the treatment of breast cancer, to provide recommendations for the use of novel anthracycline formulations, such as non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (NPLD), and to identify potential future indications for NPLD that warrant further research.

Inflammatory breast cancer in Italy: epidemiological and clinical aspects.

Breast cancer represents the most common cancer among women in Italy. In the last decade, an increase in incidence and a decrease in mortality from breast cancer have been observed in Italy. These findings may be explained at least in part by the implementation of organized screening programs (SMPs). The screening programs are not diffused homogeneously throughout Italy, where approximately 60% of the population in covered, which explains in part the different outcomes observed across Italy. On the basis of the available data, the authors of this report performed a retrospective analysis on the incidence of 2 different groups of breast cancer patients: those covered or and those not covered by SMPs in Italy. The rates of incidence of T4a, T4b, and T4c breast cancer and of T4 inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) overtime appeared to be lower for the population that was covered by SMPs. On the basis of the estimated 40,000 new cases of breast cancer in Italy per year, the authors attempted to extrapolate the approximate incidence of new cases of T4 breast cancer and calculated that there were between 2800 and 3600 new cases per year taking into account the differences in incidence observed in areas covered or not covered by SMPs. Following the same extrapolations, the estimated incidence of IBC was approximately 200 to 800 new cases per year, representing from 0.6% to 2% of all breast cancers diagnosed every year in Italy.

Long-term maintenance of prognostic value of survivin and its relationship with p53 in T4 breast cancer patients.

A large proportion of human tumors show deregulated expression of a variety of proteins that play a crucial role in the execution of the apoptotic program. Survivin belongs to the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins which were originally identified in baculoviruses. Ectopic expression of survivin conveys resistance to apoptosis to a variety of stimuli, and survivin is one of the most abundantly overexpressed genes in human tumors such as breast cancer. In this study we examined the expression of survivin protein in a series of T4 breast cancers to identify any correlation with long-term patient outcomes. Moreover, we investigated the hypothesis of a possible association between p53 and survivin as a factor further complicating the outcome. Archival specimens from 53 T4 breast cancer patients were included in the study and treated for the immunohistochemical localization of survivin and p53 using the streptavidin-biotin alkaline phosphatase method. The immunoreactivity was evaluated semiquantitatively according to the percentage of cells stained. Forty percent of tumors were positive for survivin. Statistical analysis revealed that survivin expression negatively influenced the 5- and 10-year disease-free and overall patient survival. In multivariate analysis, survivin expression was a significant independent prognostic indicator of worse outcome in overall survival [hazard ratio (HR)=2.61]. Our results showed that survivin is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with T4 breast cancer, and remarkably its prognostic relevance is maintained even long-term. Notably, p53 (HR=3.2) seems to negatively enhance the effect of survivin on survival.

Long-term outcomes in stage IIIB breast cancer patients who achieved less than a pathological complete response (

PURPOSE: Pathological complete response (pCR) to primary chemotherapy is the main determinant for improved disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The primary endpoints of our study were the long-term DFS and OS rates in homogeneously treated stage IIIB breast cancer patients who failed to achieve a pCR (

Targeting insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor in cancer therapy.

It is believed that the insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in cancer growth, progression, and resistance to anticancer therapies. Strategies are being developed to block IGF-1R as an anticancer treatment. We reviewed several potential strategies for disrupting the IGF axis. We also reviewed the effects of two drugs that target the IGF-1R: monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Preliminary results of studies involving these agents provided a foundation for ongoing clinical trials, whose results in the near future will help us understand how to incorporate anti IGF-1R strategies into the current anticancer armamentarium.