Therapeutic targets for age-related macular degeneration: proteome-wide Mendelian randomization and colocalization analyses.

Background: Currently, effective therapeutic drugs for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are urgently needed, and it is crucial to explore new treatment targets. The proteome is indispensable for exploring disease targets, so we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) of the proteome to identify new targets for AMD and its related subtypes. Methods: The plasma protein level data used in this study were obtained from two large-scale studies of protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL), comprising 35,559 and 54,219 samples, respectively. The expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data were sourced from eQTLGen and GTEx Version 8. The discovery set for AMD data and subtypes was derived from the FinnGen study, consisting of 9,721 AMD cases and 381,339 controls, 5,239 wet AMD cases and 273,920 controls, and 6,651 dry AMD cases and 272,504 controls. The replication set for AMD data was obtained from the study by Winkler TW et al., comprising 14,034 cases and 91,234 controls. Summary Mendelian randomization (SMR) analysis was employed to assess the association between QTL data and AMD and its subtypes, while colocalization analysis was performed to determine whether they share causal variants. Additionally, chemical exploration and molecular docking were utilized to validate potential drugs targeting the identified proteins. Results: SMR and colocalization analysis jointly identified risk-associated proteins for AMD and its subtypes, including 5 proteins (WARS1, BRD2, IL20RB, TGFB1, TNFRSF10A) associated with AMD, 2 proteins (WARS1, IL20RB) associated with Dry-AMD, and 9 proteins (COL10A1, WARS1, VTN, SDF2, LBP, CD226, TGFB1, TNFRSF10A, CSF2) associated with Wet-AMD. The results revealed potential therapeutic chemicals, and molecular docking indicated a good binding between the chemicals and protein structures. Conclusion: Proteome-wide MR have identified risk-associated proteins for AMD and its subtypes, suggesting that these proteins may serve as potential therapeutic targets worthy of further clinical investigation.

The maternal drug exposure birth cohort (DEBC) in China.

Drug exposure during pregnancy lacks global fetal safety data. The maternal drug exposure birth cohort (DEBC) study, a prospective longitudinal investigation, aims to explore the correlation of maternal drug exposure during pregnancy with pregnancy outcomes, and establish a human biospecimen biobank. Here we describe the process of establishing DEBC and show that the drug exposure rate in the first trimester of pregnant women in DEBC (n = 112,986) is 30.70%. Among the drugs used, dydrogesterone and progesterone have the highest exposure rates, which are 11.97% and 10.82%, respectively. The overall incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes is 13.49%. Dydrogesterone exposure during the first trimester is correlated with higher incidences of stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight, and birth defects, along with a lower incidence of miscarriage/abortion. Due to the limitations of this cohort study, causative conclusions cannot be drawn. Further follow-up and in-depth data analysis are planned for future studies.

Cause and consequence of heterogeneity in human mesenchymal stem cells: Challenges in clinical application.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are mesoderm-derived adult stem cells with self-proliferation capacity, pluripotent differentiation potency, and excellent histocompatibility. These advantages make hMSCs a promising tool in clinical application. However, the majority of clinical trials using hMSC therapy for diverse human diseases do not achieve expectations, despite the prospective pre-clinical outcomes in animal models. This is partly attributable to the intrinsic heterogeneity of hMSCs. In this review, the cause of heterogeneity in hMSCs is systematically discussed at multiple levels, including isolation methods, cultural conditions, donor-to-donor variation, tissue sources, intra-tissue subpopulations, etc. Additionally, the effect of hMSCs heterogeneity on the contrary role in tumor progression and immunomodulation is also discussed. The attempts to understand the cellular heterogeneity of hMSCs and its consequences are important in supporting and improving therapeutic strategies for hMSCs.

Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 is involved in IFN-γ-induced suppression of hepatitis B virus by regulating hepatocyte nuclear factors.

The antiviral role of the tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) protein family , a member of the E3-ubiquitin ligase family, has recently been actively studied. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major contributor to liver diseases; however, the host factors regulated by cytokine-inducible TRIM21 to suppress HBV remain unclear. In this study, we showed the antiviral efficacy of TRIM21 against HBV in hepatoma cell lines, primary human hepatocytes isolated from patient liver tissues, and mouse model. Using TRIM21 knock-out cells, we confirmed that the antiviral effects of interferon-gamma, which suppress HBV replication, are diminished when TRIM21 is deficient. Northern blot analysis confirmed a reduction of HBV RNA levels by TRIM21. Using Luciferase reporter assay, we also discovered that TRIM21 decreases the activity of HBV enhancers, which play a crucial role in covalently closed circular DNA transcription. The participation of the RING domain and PRY-SPRY domain in the anti-HBV effect of TRIM21 was demonstrated through experiments using deletion mutants. We identified a novel interaction between TRIM21 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) through co-immunoprecipitation assay. More specifically, ubiquitination assay revealed that TRIM21 promotes ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of HNF4α. HNF1α transcription is down-regulated as a result of the degradation of HNF4α, an activator for the HNF1α promoter. Therefore, the reduction of key HBV enhancer activators, HNF4α and HNF1α, by TRIM21 resulted in a decline in HBV transcription, ultimately leading to the inhibition of HBV replication.IMPORTANCEDespite extensive research efforts, a definitive cure for chronic hepatitis B remains elusive, emphasizing the persistent importance of this viral infection as a substantial public health concern. Although the risks associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are well known, host factors capable of suppressing HBV are largely uncharacterized. This study elucidates that tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) suppresses HBV transcription and consequently inhibits HBV replication by downregulating the hepatocyte nuclear factors, which are host factors associated with the HBV enhancers. Our findings demonstrate a novel anti-HBV mechanism of TRIM21 in interferon-gamma-induced anti-HBV activity. These findings may contribute to new strategies to block HBV.

Synthetic molecular switches driven by DNA-modifying enzymes.

Taking inspiration from natural systems, in which molecular switches are ubiquitous in the biochemistry regulatory network, we aim to design and construct synthetic molecular switches driven by DNA-modifying enzymes, such as DNA polymerase and nicking endonuclease. The enzymatic treatments on our synthetic DNA constructs controllably switch ON or OFF the sticky end cohesion and in turn cascade to the structural association or disassociation. Here we showcase the concept in multiple DNA nanostructure systems with robust assembly/disassembly performance. The switch mechanisms are first illustrated in minimalist systems with a few DNA strands. Then the ON/OFF switches are realized in complex DNA lattice and origami systems with designated morphological changes responsive to the specific enzymatic treatments.

Interaction between Chromodomain Y-like Protein and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Sertoli Cells Accounts for Spermatogenesis.

Spermatogenesis is a highly regulated process dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling in Sertoli cells. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of spermatogenic failure, by which loss of AR impairs downstream target genes to affect Sertoli cell function, remain incompletely understood. By using microarray analysis, we identified several AR-regulated genes involved in the maturation of spermatogenesis, including chromodomain Y-like protein (CDYL) and transition proteins 1 (TNP-1), that were significantly decreased in ARKO mouse testes. AR and CDYL were found to co-localize and interact in Sertoli cells. The AR-CDYL complex bound to the promoter regions of TNP1 and modulated their transcriptional activity. CDYL acts as a co-regulator of AR transactivation, and its expression is decreased in the Sertoli cells of human testes from patients with azoospermia. The androgen receptor-chromodomain Y-like protein axis plays a crucial role in regulating a network of genes essential for spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells. Disruption of this AR-CDYL regulatory axis may contribute to spermatogenic failure. These findings provide insights into novel molecular mechanisms targeting the AR-CDYL signaling pathway, which may have implications for developing new therapeutic strategies for male infertility.

[Comparison of in vivo pharmacokinetics of twelve constituents in Qihe Fenqing Yin in normal rats and diabetic rats].

This paper aims to study the pharmacokinetic differences of twelve effective constituents(succinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeic acid, 5-O-ferulogeninic acid, p-coumaric acid, nuciferine, quercetin, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid) in Qihe Fenqing Yin in normal and diabetic rats. The diabetic rat model was established by a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin. A UHPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS method was established for the simultaneous determination of 12 constituents in the plasma of normal rats and model rats after a single intragastric administration of Qihe Fenqing Yin. The results show that the established analytical method has a good linear relationship with the 12 components, and the specificity, accuracy, precision, and stability meet the requirements. The computational pharmacokinetic parameters are fitted by DAS 3.2.8 software, and the results show that the half-life time(t_(1/2)) of the other nine components in the model group was longer than that in the normal group except for caffeic acid, 5-O-ferulogeninic acid, and oleanolic acid. The area under curve(AUC_(0-t)) of cryptochlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid increases compared with the normal group. Meanwhile, mean residence time(MRT) delays. The "double peaks" of quercetin and nuciferine in the normal group are not observed in the model group, suggesting that the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs in the disease state are significantly different.

Genotype of dengue virus serotype 1 in relation to severe dengue in Guangzhou, China.

Guangzhou has been the city most affected by the dengue virus (DENV) in China, with a predominance of DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1). Viral factors such as dengue serotype and genotype are associated with severe dengue (SD). However, none of the studies have investigated the relationship between DENV-1 genotypes and SD. To understand the association between DENV-1 genotypes and SD, the clinical manifestations of patients infected with different genotypes were investigated. A total of 122 patients with confirmed DENV-1 genotype infection were recruited for this study. The clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and levels of inflammatory mediator factors were statistically analyzed to investigate the characteristics of clinical manifestations and immune response on the DENV-1 genotype. In the case of DENV-1 infection, the incidence of SD with genotype V infection was significantly higher than that with genotype I infection. Meanwhile, patients infected with genotype V were more common in ostealgia and bleeding significantly. In addition, levels of inflammatory mediator factors including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were higher in patients with SD infected with genotype V. Meanwhile, the concentrations of regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted and growth-related gene alpha were lower in patients with SD infected with genotype V. The higher incidence of SD in patients infected with DENV-1 genotype V may be attributed to elevated cytokines and adhesion molecules, along with decreased chemokines.

Responses of runoff and sediment yield to slope length and gravel content of Lou soil engineering accumulation slope in Guanzhong region, Northwest China.

With the economic development, a large number of engineering accumulation bodies with Lou soil as the main soil type were produced in Guanzhong area, Northwest China. We examined the characteristics of runoff and sediment yield of Lou soil accumulation bodies with earth (gravel content 0%) and earth-rock (gravel content 30%) under different rainfall intensities (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mm·min-1) and different slope lengths (3, 5, 6.5, 12 m) by the simulating rainfall method. The results showed that runoff rate was relatively stable when rainfall intensity was 1.0-1.5 mm·min-1, while runoff rate fluctuated obviously when rainfall intensity was 2.0-2.5 mm·min-1. The average runoff rate varied significantly across different rainfall intensities on the same slopes, and the difference of average runoff rate of the two slopes was significantly increased with rainfall intensity. Under the same rainfall intensity, the difference in runoff rate between the slope lengths of the earth-rock slope was more obvious than that of the earth slope. When the slope length was 3-6.5 m, flow velocity increased rapidly at first and then increased slowly or tended to be stable. When the slope length was 12 m, flow velocity increased significantly. In general, with the increases of rainfall intensity, inhibition effect of gravel on the average flow velocity was enhanced. When rainfall intensity was 2.5 mm·min-1, the maximum reduction in the average flow velocity of earth-rock slope was 61.5% lower than that of earth slope. When rainfall intensity was less than 2.0 mm·min-1, sediment yield rate showed a trend of gradual decline or stable change, while that under the other rainfall intensities showed a trend of rapid decline and then fluctuated sharply. The greater the rainfall intensity, the more obvious the fluctuation. There was a significant positive correlation between the average sediment yield rate and runoff parameters, with the runoff rate showing the best fitting effect. Among the factors, slope length had the highest contribution to runoff velocity and rainfall erosion, which was 51.8% and 35.5%, respectively. This study can provide scientific basis for soil and water erosion control of engineering accumulation in Lou soil areas.

Association of maternal phthalates exposure and metabolic gene polymorphisms with congenital heart diseases: a multicenter case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The majority of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are thought to result from the interactions of genetics and the environment factors. This study aimed to assess the association of maternal non-occupational phthalates exposure, metabolic gene polymorphisms and their interactions with risk of CHDs in offspring. METHODS: A multicenter case-control study of 245 mothers with CHDs infants and 268 control mothers of health infant was conducted from six hospitals. Maternal urinary concentrations of eight phthalate metabolites were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (CYP2C9) and 19 (CYP2C19), uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronosyl transferase family 1 member A7 (UGT1A7), family 2 member B7 (UGT2B7) and B15(UGT2B15) genes were genotyped. The multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate the association between maternal phthalates exposure or gene polymorphisms and risk of CHDs. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze the gene-gene and gene-phthalates exposure interactions. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in phthalate metabolites concentrations between the cases and controls. No significant positive associations were observed between maternal exposure to phthalates and CHDs. The SNPs of UGT1A7 gene at rs4124874 (under three models, log-additive: aOR = 1.74, 95% CI:1.28-2.37; dominant: aOR = 1.86, 95% CI:1.25-2.78; recessive: aOR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.26-4.94) and rs887829 (under the recessive model: aOR = 13.66, 95% CI: 1.54-121) were significantly associated with an increased risk of CHDs. Furthermore, the associations between rs4124874 (under log-additive and dominant models) of UGT1A7 were statistically significant after the false discovery rate correction. No significant gene-gene or gene-phthalate metabolites interactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The polymorphisms of maternal UGT1A7 gene at rs4124874 and rs887829 were significantly associated with an increased risk of CHDs. More large-scale studies or prospective study designs are needed to confirm or refute our findings in the future.

Development and Comparison of Treatment Decision Tools for Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis.

Long-term Glucocorticoid (GC) use results in compromised bone strength and fractures, and several treatment recommendations have been developed to prevent fractures, but none have been validated in a real-world setting. This study aims to create a treatment decision tool and compares this tool to the treatment suggestions from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), International Osteoporosis Foundation and European Calcified Tissue Society (IOF-ECTS), and GC-adjusted Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (GC-FRAX), above the intervention threshold. We utilized registry data gathered at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, between September 2014 and April 2021. This research is a single-center, observational, and case-controlled study. We recruited participants using prednisone for at least 2.5 mg/day or the equivalent dose for over 3 months, excluding those younger than 40, those with malignancies, or those currently undergoing anti-osteoporosis therapy. The primary endpoint was new fragility fractures within 3 years, including morphometric vertebral fractures detected at baseline and with a follow-up thoracic-lumbar spine X-ray. Participants were randomly allocated into derivation and validation sets. We developed the Steroid-Associated Fracture Evaluation (SAFE) tool in the derivation cohort by assessing the weights of exploratory variables via logistic regression. Prediction performance was compared in the validation set by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the area under the curve (AUC), and sensitivity and specificity. A total of 424 treatment-naïve subjects were enrolled, and 83 (19.6%) experienced new fractures within 3 years. The final formula of the SAFE tool includes osteoporosis (1 point), an accumulated GC dose ≥ 750 mg within 6 months (or equivalent prednisolone of ≥4.5 mg/day for 6 months) (1 point), a BMI ≥ 23.5 (1 point), previous fractures (1 point), and elderliness of ≥70 years (2 points). In the validation set, a treatment decision based on the SAFE ≥ 2 points demonstrated an AUC of 0.65, with a sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of 75.9/54.0/58.9, with an ACR of 0.56 (100.0/11.0/31.0), IOF-ECTS 0.61 (75.9/46.0/52.7), and GC-FRAX 0.62 (82.8/42.0/51.2). Among current GIOP recommendations, the SAFE score serves as an appropriate treatment decision tool with increased accuracy and specificity.

Comparative evaluation of four Lycium barbarum cultivars on NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration mice via multivariate statistical analysis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The fruit of Lycium barbarum L. (goji berry) is a traditional Chinese medicine and is often used to improve vision. While various goji cultivars may differentially treat retinal degeneration, however their comparative effectiveness remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the protective effects of four goji cultivars on NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration mouse model and identify the most therapeutically potent cultivar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The principal compounds in the extracts of four goji cultivars were characterized by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. A retinal degeneration mouse model was established via NaIO3 injection. Dark-light transition and TUNEL assays were used to assess visual function and retinal apoptosis. The levels of antioxidative, inflammatory, and angiogenic markers in serums and eyeballs were measured. Hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis were used to objectively compare the treatment responses. RESULTS: Sixteen compounds were identified in goji berry extracts. All goji berry extracts could reverse NaIO3-induced visual impairment, retinal damage and apoptosis. The samples from the cultivar of Ningqi No.1 significantly modulated oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels, which are more effectively than the other cultivars based on integrated multivariate profiling. CONCLUSION: Ningqi No.1 demonstrated a stronger protective effect on mouse retina than other goji cultivars, and is a potential variety for further research on the treatment of retinal degeneration.

Dual-Salt Electrolyte Additive Enables High Moisture Tolerance and Favorable Electric Double Layer for Lithium Metal Battery.

The carbonate electrolyte chemistry is a primary determinant for the development of high-voltage lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Unfortunately, their implementation is greatly plagued by sluggish electrode interfacial dynamics and insufficient electrolyte thermodynamic stability. Herein, lithium trifluoroacetate-lithium nitrate (LiTFA-LiNO3 ) dual-salt additive-reinforced carbonate electrolyte (LTFAN) is proposed for stabilizing high-voltage LMBs. We reveal that 1) the in situ generated inorganic-rich electrode-electrolyte interphase (EEI) enables rapid interfacial dynamics, 2) TFA- preferentially interacts with moisture over PF6 - to strengthen the moisture tolerance of designed electrolyte, and 3) NO3 - is found to be noticeably enriched at the cathode interface on charging, thus constructing Li+ -enriched, solvent-coordinated, thermodynamically favorable electric double layer (EDL). The superior moisture tolerance of LTFAN and the thermodynamically stable EDL constructed at cathode interface play a decisive role in upgrading the compatibility of carbonate electrolyte with high-voltage cathode. The LMBs with LTFAN realize 4.3 V-NCM523/4.4 V-NCM622 superior cycling reversibility and excellent rate capability, which is the leading level of documented records for carbonate electrode.

Case Report: Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist as an effective rescue treatment for pulmonary interstitial emphysema in extremely low birth weight infants.

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a complication observed in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants on mechanical ventilation. Despite various proposed therapeutic interventions, the success rates have shown inconsistency. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) stands out as a novel respiratory support mode, offering lower pressure and tidal volume in comparison to conventional ventilation methods. In this case report, we present five ELBW infants with refractory PIE who were transitioned to NAVA ventilation. Following the switch to NAVA, all cases of PIE gradually resolved. In contrast to traditional modes, NAVA provided respiratory support with significantly lower fraction of inspired oxygen, reduced peak inspiratory pressure, diminished mean airway pressure, and decreased tidal volume within 7 days of NAVA utilization (p = 0.042, 0.043, 0.043, and 0.042, respectively). Consequently, we propose that NAVA could serve as a valuable rescue treatment for ELBW infants with PIE.

In vitro differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into temporomandibular joint disc like cells.

Temporomandibular joint discs (TMJ discs) are unable to repair themselves in disease states, while induced stem cell differentiation is a common method to repair tissue defects. Nowadays, kinds of stem cells are attempted for tissue regeneration of TMJ disc, but these methods have several downsides, which limit their wide application. The proliferation and differentiation ability of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) provides a new research direction for TMJ disc tissue regeneration. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of induced differentiation of hiPSC into TMJ disc cells in vitro and the differentiation efficiency of different methods to clarify the possibility and conditions of hiPSC application in TMJ disc tissue engineering. We collected sheep TMJ disc cells cultures for adding in hiPSC culture environment and treated hiPSC by both direct induction and Transwell co-culture for 7 days, 14 days and 21 days. The secretion of extracellular matrix in TMJ disc cells was detected by Sirius Red and Safranin O staining. Collagen Ⅰ and Collagen Ⅱ were qualitatively detected by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of extracellular matrix genes (type I collagen (COL1A1), type II collagen(COL2), glycosaminoglycan (GAG)), chondrogenic differentiation gene SOX9 and pluripotency gene OCT4 were detected by RT-qPCR. Our results showed that hiPSC had the ability to differentiate to TMJ disc cells by direct induction in TMJ disc cell culture medium and by Transwell co-culture method. The highest degree of differentiation was observed after 14 days of direct induction, while Transwell co-culture showed significant differentiation at different times and with different major directions. Meanwhile, Transwell co-culture not only differentiates hiPSC but also promotes the growth and proliferation of TMJ disc cells. Our study is valuable to investigate the possibility of differentiation of hiPSC toward TMJ disc cells and to determine the time of differentiation. It provides new ideas for the selection of seed cells for TMJ disc tissue engineering.

GLIS3 expression in the thyroid gland in relation to TSH signaling and regulation of gene expression.

Loss of GLI-Similar 3 (GLIS3) function in mice and humans causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH). In this study, we demonstrate that GLIS3 protein is first detectable at E15.5 of murine thyroid development, a time at which GLIS3 target genes, such as Slc5a5 (Nis), become expressed. This, together with observations showing that ubiquitous Glis3KO mice do not display major changes in prenatal thyroid gland morphology, indicated that CH in Glis3KO mice is due to dyshormonogenesis rather than thyroid dysgenesis. Analysis of GLIS3 in postnatal thyroid suggested a link between GLIS3 protein expression and blood TSH levels. This was supported by data showing that treatment with TSH, cAMP, or adenylyl cyclase activators or expression of constitutively active PKA enhanced GLIS3 protein stability and transcriptional activity, indicating that GLIS3 activity is regulated at least in part by TSH/TSHR-mediated activation of PKA. The TSH-dependent increase in GLIS3 transcriptional activity would be critical for the induction of GLIS3 target gene expression, including several thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthetic genes, in thyroid follicular cells of mice fed a low iodine diet (LID) when blood TSH levels are highly elevated. Like TH biosynthetic genes, the expression of cell cycle genes is suppressed in ubiquitous Glis3KO mice fed a LID; however, in thyroid-specific Glis3 knockout mice, the expression of cell cycle genes was not repressed, in contrast to TH biosynthetic genes. This indicated that the inhibition of cell cycle genes in ubiquitous Glis3KO mice is dependent on changes in gene expression in GLIS3 target tissues other than the thyroid.

Inverse association between maternal serum concentrations of trace elements and risk of spontaneous preterm birth: a nested case-control study in China.

Few studies have evaluated the joint effect of trace elements on spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB). This study aimed to examine the relationships between the individual or mixed maternal serum concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr and Mo during pregnancy, and risk of SPTB. Inductively coupled plasma MS was employed to determine maternal serum concentrations of the six trace elements in 192 cases with SPTB and 282 controls with full-term delivery. Multivariate logistic regression, weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to evaluate the individual and joint effects of trace elements on SPTB. The median concentrations of Sr and Mo were significantly higher in controls than in SPTB group (P < 0·05). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, compared with the lowest quartile levels of individual trace elements, the third- and fourth-quartile Sr or Mo concentrations were significantly associated with reduced risk of SPTB with adjusted OR (aOR) of 0·432 (95 CI < 0·05). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, compared with the lowest quartile levels of individual trace elements, the third- and fourth-quartile Sr or Mo concentrations were significantly associated with reduced risk of SPTB with adjusted aOR of 0·432 (95 % CI 0·247, 0·756), 0·386 (95 % CI 0·213, 0·701), 0·512 (95 % CI 0·297, 0·883) and 0·559 (95 % CI 0·321, 0·972), respectively. WQSR revealed the inverse combined effect of the trace elements mixture on SPTB (aOR = 0·368, 95 % CI 0·228, 0·593). BKMR analysis confirmed the overall mixture of the trace elements was inversely associated with the risk of SPTB, and the independent effect of Sr and Mo was significant. Our findings suggest that the risk of SPTB decreased with concentrations of the six trace elements, with Sr and Mo being the major contributors.

Electrocatalytic Activation in ReSe2-VSe2 Alloy Nanosheets to Boost Water-Splitting Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

It is challenging to control the electronic structure of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) for extended applications in renewable energy devices. Here, ReSe2-VSe2 (Re1- xVxSe2) alloy nanosheets over the whole composition range via a colloidal reaction is synthesized. Increasing x makes the nanosheets more metallic and induces a 1T″-to-1T phase transition at x = 0.5-0.6. Compared to the MoSe2-VSe2 and WSe2-VSe2 alloy nanosheets, ReSe2 and VSe2 are mixed more homogeneously at the atomic scale. The alloy nanosheets at x = 0.1-0.7 exhibit an enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In situ X-ray absorption fine structure measurements reveal that alloying caused the Re and V atoms to be synergically more active in the HER. Gibbs free energy (ΔGH*) and density of state calculations confirm that alloying and Se vacancies effectively activate the metal sites toward HER. The composition dependence of HER performance is explained by homogenous atomic mixing with the increased Se vacancies. The study provides a strategy for designing new TMD alloy nanosheets with enhanced catalytic activity.

2H-2M Phase Control of WSe2 Nanosheets by Se Enrichment Toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

The phase control of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is an intriguing approach for tuning the electronic structure toward extensive applications. In this study, WSe2 nanosheets synthesized via a colloidal reaction exhibit a phase conversion from semiconducting 2H to metallic 2M under Se-rich growth conditions (i.e., increasing the concentration of Se precursor or lowering the growth temperature). High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images are used to identify the stacking sequence of the 2M phase, which is distinctive from that of the 1T' phase. First-principles calculations employing various Se-rich models (intercalation and substitution) indicated that Se enrichment induces conversion to the 2M phase. The 2M phase WSe2 nanosheets with the Se excess exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In situ X-ray absorption fine structure studies suggested that the excess Se atoms in the 2M phase WSe2 enhanced the HER catalytic activity, which is supported by the Gibbs free energy (ΔGH* ) of H adsorption and the Fermi abundance function. These results provide an appealing strategy for phase control of TMD catalysts.

Results and Complications After Single-Stage Repair of Aortopulmonary Window and Interrupted Aortic Arch in a 32-Week Preterm and a Full-Term Neonate.

BACKGROUND An aortopulmonary window (APW) is an uncommon congenital defect of the septation between the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. The combination of APW and interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is even rarer, with the hallmark characteristics of high peri-operative mortality and postoperative obstruction of the aortic arch, pulmonary artery, and left main bronchus. These complications often need re-interventions. CASE REPORT We present 2 cases with diagnoses of APW and IAA that were treated with single-stage repair. Case 1: A male 32-week premature newborn (weight 1789 g) had APW type I and IAA type A. He had severe postoperative aortic arch obstruction on postoperative day 1, and we re-intervened promptly. He was still asymptomatic after 6 years. Case 2: A male term neonate had APW type III and IAA type A. He had left vocal cord paralysis and left bronchial compression postoperatively. We applied prolonged noninvasive respiratory supports. The complications resolved without re-intervention on postoperative day 66. Progressive arch stenosis at anastomosis after operation required close follow-up with echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS These 2 reports highlight the feasibility of single-stage surgical repair while addressing 2 challenges: (1) Recurrent arch stenosis: Lower body weight and direct end-to-side anastomosis without patch augmentation could be risk factors for re-intervention. (2) Bronchial compression: Presentation of the second reported case implied that bronchial compression may not warrant immediate re-intervention unless there is complete obstruction, persistent atelectasis, or recurrent infection. Further studies on long-term outcomes of different surgical procedure would help us to clarify the proper way to avoid re-intervention.