Smoking Status and Premature Death Among Japanese Rural Community-Dwelling Persons.

Background: Smoking status is known to be an independent and significant predictor of health outcomes related to aging and plays a crucial role in overall mortality rates. This cohort study investigated the relationship between smoking status and survival outcomes over follow-up periods of 9 and 21 years. Methods: The sample consisted of 3526 participants with a mean age of 64 ± 12 years, 44.1% of whom were male. The median follow-up duration was 6315 days, with an interquartile range of 3441 to 7727 days. Smoking status [i.e., Brinkmann index (BI)] was calculated by multiplying the number of years smoked by the number of cigarettes smoked daily. Based on this, participants were categorized into non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. The data were analyzed using Cox regression, employing age as the time variable and accounting for various risk factors. Results: A total of 1111 participants (49.2%) were confirmed to have died. Among these, 564 were male (36.2% of all male participants), and 547 were female (27.8% of all female participants). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality compared with never-smokers was 1.51 (1.17-1.96) for former smokers with BI > 800, 1.61 (1.20-2.17) for current smokers with BI of 400-799 and 1.62 (95% CI, 1.24-2.10) with BI of ≥800 (P for trend <0.001). Participants who died within three years of follow-up were excluded to avoid the possibility of reverse causation, but the results were essentially unchanged. Conclusion: We found that the BI is a valid predictor of future mortality risk and that BI 800 for former smokers and BI 400 for current smokers were useful cutoff values. Efforts to control smoking should focus not only on current smokers but also on former smokers to reduce the risk of premature death associated with smoking.

Can Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Predict All-Cause Mortality in Hypertensive Patients?

Introduction In this investigation, the focus was on exploring the connection between serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), a vital element that influences health and mortality in relation to aging, and all-cause mortality. The study was conducted using a follow-up approach at eight- and 20-year intervals. Methods The study involved 1,101 female participants, with an average age of 69 years (± 9), and 916 male participants, with an average age of 67 years (± 11), who were all diagnosed with hypertension. These individuals were drawn from the Nomura cohort study, which consisted of two separate cohorts: the initial cohort established in 2002 and the subsequent cohort in 2014. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs), adjusted for multiple variables, for mortality risk from the initial health examination until the conclusion of the follow-up periods. Results The study followed the participants for a median period of 13.9 years (interquartile range: 8.5-20.2 years). During this follow-up period, 716 deaths were recorded in this population (360 in men and 356 in women), resulting in a mortality rate of 25.5 deaths per 1,000 person-years. Male participants categorized with serum GGT levels ranging from 42 to 86 IU/L showed a 64% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.64; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-2.40), while those with GGT levels of 87 IU/L or higher exhibited a 93% elevated risk (HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.18-3.16) compared to individuals with GGT levels below 19 IU/L. The association between higher GGT levels and increased all-cause mortality was more evident in men than in women, with a significant interaction between gender and baseline serum GGT (p = 0.020). Conclusions Our findings suggest a notable correlation between irregular GGT levels and the overall mortality rate among Japanese individuals with hypertension living in community settings. Notably, especially in older males, GGT activity turns out to be a critical biomarker for predicting long-term survival.

Association Between Tongue Pressure and Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Although it has been suggested that a decline in oral function is one of the potential risk factors affecting mild cognitive impairment (MCI), evidence is insufficient to draw clear conclusions. This Japanese cross-sectional study examined the association between tongue pressure (TP) and MCI in middle-aged and older adults aged 36-84 years. METHODS: Study participants were 1019 (368 men and 651 women). TP was evaluated using a TP measurement device. The maximum value of three measurements was used for analysis. MCI was defined as being present if a participant had a Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of <26. Adjustment was made for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, history of depression, number of teeth, employment, education, and household income. RESULTS: The prevalence of MCI was 45.3%. Among women, compared with the lowest tertile of TP, the second and highest tertiles were significantly associated with a lower prevalence of MCI with a clear dose-response relationship; the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) in the second and highest tertiles of TP were 0.54 (0.36-0.83) and 0.55 (0.36-0.84), respectively (p for trend = 0.005). In contrast, no statistically significant association was observed between TP and the prevalence of MCI among men. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that higher TP might be inversely associated with the prevalence of MCI in middle-aged and older Japanese women.

Exploring the Varying Interest in Rural Medicine and Associated Factors Among Medical Students in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and objective Examining the factors influencing the career aspirations of medical students is imperative for understanding their orientation toward rural medicine. Such an investigation can serve as a basis for shaping medical education curricula dedicated to nurturing rural focus. Although previous studies have categorized students based on the presence or absence of orientation toward rural medicine and explored their sociodemographic characteristics, these students may not constitute a homogeneous group; their interests can range from aspiring to establish residence and professional practice in a specific region to being merely willing to endure brief regional placements. There is a scarcity of comprehensive examination of the extent and potential variations of rural orientation in the literature. Our survey addresses this gap by exploring the variations in rural orientation among medical students and the differences in their sociodemographic characteristics and preferred specialties based on their degree of rural orientation. Methods We classified medical students into four groups according to their levels of rural orientation: demonstrating proactive engagement towards it, considering it for a defined duration, indicating a preference for avoiding it, and considering it unfeasible. The distribution within each group was investigated. A subsequent analysis of rural orientation and its associated sociodemographic characteristics was performed: a conventional dichotomous study was conducted based on the presence or absence of rural orientation, and a focused study compared students actively interested in rural healthcare with other students. This approach enabled us to explore differences in the degree of rural orientation and associated factors. Results The study included 531 students, with 89 participants demonstrating proactive engagement towards rural medicine, 283 considering it for a defined period, 95 indicating an inclination to avoid it, and 63 students stating that it is unfeasible for them. Associated sociodemographic characteristics were explored based on the presence or absence of rural orientation and included recommendations for admission by a designated high school, the presence of a physician role model, and aspirations for obstetrics and gynecology departments. Conversely, when exclusively focusing on students with a desire for proactive engagement in rural medicine, positive correlations were observed with characteristics such as being from the same non-urban prefecture as that of the university where the study was conducted, having a history of residing in a rural area, having a physician role model, and expressing aspirations for general practice or family medicine. Aspiring to be an organ-specific specialist showed a negative correlation with high levels of rural orientation. Conclusions Based on our findings, rural orientation is not uniform among medical students; distinct levels of this aspect were observed, each associated with different sociodemographic factors.

Aspartate Aminotransferase/Alanine Aminotransferase Ratio: A Predictor of All-Cause Mortality Rate Among Japanese Community-Dwelling Individuals.

Introduction An elevated ratio of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) not only independently affects aging-related health but also plays a critical role in mortality. However, there is limited predictive data on all-cause mortality, particularly in the context of community-dwelling individuals in Japan. This study examined the association between the AST/ALT ratio and survival prognosis in a cohort study using two follow-up studies based on 19-year and 7-year intervals. Methods The study included 1,573 male (63 ± 14 years; range, 20-90 years) and 1,980 female participants (65 ± 12 years; range, 19-89 years). The participants were those involved in a Nomura cohort study conducted in 2002 (first cohort) and 2014 (second cohort) that continued to participate throughout the follow-up periods (follow-up rates were 90.3% and 97.4% for each cohort). A Cox proportional hazards model was adopted to calculate the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of death from the baseline health check-up to the follow-up periods while controlling for potential confounding factors. Results The follow-up survey revealed that there were 473 male deaths (30.1% of total male participants) and 432 female deaths (21.8% of total female participants). The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that HRs for all-cause mortality were greater for participants in higher AST/ALT ratio quartiles (p < 0.001). The multivariate Cox regression analysis with adjusted variables showed a significant association between those in the fourth AST/ALT ratio quartile (HR: 1.83, 95% confidence interval, 1.46-2.29) and the risk of all-cause mortality. This association holds irrespective of gender, age, and elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, particularly in the case of participants with a body mass index < 25 kg/m2 without a history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Conclusions Our results reveal that an elevated AST/ALT ratio is an independent factor that can predict the risk of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling individuals.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is a predictor of all-cause mortality in a rural Japanese population.

BACKGROUND: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a sensitive marker of inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether increased hsCRP levels are associated with all-cause mortality rate. METHODS: We examined data for participants from the 2002 Nomura Cohort Study who attended follow-ups for 20 years (follow-up rate: 93.3%). Of these, 793 were male (aged 61 ± 14 years) and 1040 were female (aged 63 ± 11 years). The Japanese Basic Resident Registry provided data on adjusted relative hazards for all-cause mortality. The data were subjected to a Cox regression analysis using a time variable of age and confounding risk factors. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) follow-up period was 6548 days (6094-7452 days). The follow-up confirmed that there were 632 (34.8%) deaths, of which 319 were male (40.2% of all males) and 313 were female (30.6% of all females). Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.59) in the highest hsCRP category was also significantly higher compared with reference. A higher hsCRP was associated with a greater risk of all-cause mortality in male participants aged ≥65 years, a BMI < 25 kg/m2 , and no history of CVD or diabetes, and this association was particularly significant among participants with both of the latter two risk factors (p = 0.004 and 0.022 for interaction, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a significant association between hsCRP levels and all-cause mortality in a rural Japanese population. Specifically, hsCRP appears to be a crucial biomarker for predicting long-term survival, particularly among older persons.

Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and carotid intima-media thickness: Baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been limited in Asian populations. Employing baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study, Japan, we evaluated the evidence in this cross-sectional study. METHODS: Study subjects were 727 men aged 35-88 years and 1297 women aged 34-85 years. Information on smoking, SHS exposure, and confounders was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. An automated carotid ultrasonography device was used to measure the right and left CIMT. The greatest CIMT measurement in the left or right common carotid artery was considered the maximum CIMT, and a maximum CIMT >1.0 mm was indicative of carotid wall thickening. Age, alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, waist circumference, employment, and education level were adjusted at one time. RESULTS: The prevalence of carotid wall thickening was 13.0%. The prevalence of never smoking was 30.5% in men and 90.1% in women. Among those who had never smoked, the prevalence of never SHS exposure at home and work was 74.3% and 48.2% in men and 38.3% and 56.3% in women, respectively. Active smoking and pack-years of smoking were independently positively related to carotid wall thickening regardless of sex, although the association with current smoking in women was not significant. Independent positive relationships were shown between former smoking and pack-years of smoking and maximum CIMT in men but not in women. No significant relationships were found between SHS exposure at home and work and carotid wall thickening or maximum CIMT in either men or women. CONCLUSIONS: Active smoking, especially pack-years of smoking, was positively associated with carotid wall thickening in both sexes. Such positive associations with maximum CIMT were found only in men; however, interactions between smoking and sex were not significant.

Functional AGXT2 SNP rs180749 variant and depressive symptoms: Baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study in Japan.

No study has shown the relationship between alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and depressive symptoms. The present case-control study examined this relationship in Japanese adults. Cases and control participants were selected from those who participated in the baseline survey of the Aidai Cohort Study, which is an ongoing cohort study. Cases comprised 280 participants with depressive symptoms based on a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score ≥ 16. Control participants comprised 2034 participants without depressive symptoms based on the CES-D who had not been diagnosed by a physician as having depression or who had not been currently taking medication for depression. Adjustment was made for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity, education, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Compared with the GG genotype of rs180749, both the GA and AA genotypes were significantly positively associated with the risk of depressive symptoms assessed by the CES-D: the adjusted odds ratios for the GA and AA genotypes were 2.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-8.24) and 3.10 (95% CI 1.37-8.92), respectively. The TGC haplotype of rs37370, rs180749, and rs16899974 was significantly inversely related to depressive symptoms (crude OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.49-0.90), whereas the TAC haplotype was significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms (crude OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.01-1.52). This is the first study to show significant associations between AGXT2 SNP rs180749, the TGC haplotype, and the TAC haplotype and depressive symptoms.

The Presence of a Physician Role Model and the Career Preference of Medical Students Are Associated With Rural Self-efficacy.

Rural career preference is known to be affected by rural self-efficacy. This study aims to explore whether the presence of a physician role model and having a medical department of interest influence rural self-efficacy among medical students. The study sample comprised 813 students (464 male and 349 female). We assessed rural self-efficacy using a validated scale that comprised 15 questions. The effect of the presence of a physician role model and the choice of medical department on rural self-efficacy score was examined. Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis showed that the presence of a physician role model was significantly associated with the rural self-efficacy score (ß = 0.236, p < 0.001), as were gender (ß = -0.096, p = 0.004), admission while living in hometown (ß = 0.077, p = 0.041), receiving a scholarship for regional duty (ß = 0.079, p = 0.025), admission based on school recommendation (ß = 0.077, p = 0.031), and subjective difficulty with living in a rural area (ß = -0.201, p < 0.001). Moreover, a higher rural self-efficacy score was significantly associated with students who listed general medicine/family medicine (ß = 0.204, p < 0.001), pediatrics (ß = 0.098, p = 0.004), or obstetrics and gynecology (ß = 0.108, p = 0.002) as their department of choice, while anesthesiology (ß = -0.075, p = 0.023) was significantly associated with a lower rural self-efficacy score. These relationships were consistent for both males and females. The presence of a physician role model and the choice of medical department are important factors for higher rural self-efficacy scores.

Thigh-hip ratio is significantly associated with all-cause mortality among Japanese community-dwelling men.

Anthropometric evaluation is a simple yet essential indicator of muscle and fat mass when studying life prognosis in aging. This study aimed to investigate the contributions of anthropometric measurements, independent of body mass index, to measures of all-cause mortality. We examined data for 1,704 participants from the 2014 Nomura Cohort Study who attended follow-ups for the subsequent eight years (follow-up rate: 93.0%). Of these, 765 were male (aged 69 ± 11 years) and 939 were female (aged 69 ± 9 years). The Japanese Basic Resident Registry provided data on adjusted relative hazards for all-cause mortality. The data were subjected to a Cox regression analysis, wherein the time variable was age and the risk factors were gender, age, anthropometric index, smoking habits, drinking habits, exercise habits, cardiovascular history, hypertension, lipid levels, diabetes, renal function, and serum uric acid. Of the total number of participants, 158 (9.3%) were confirmed to have died, and of these, 92 were male (12.0% of all male participants) and 66 were female (7.0% of all female participants). The multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that a smaller thigh-hip ratio predicted eight-year all-cause mortality in male participants, but only baseline body mass index was associated with all-cause mortality in female participants. Thigh-hip ratio is a useful predictor of death in Japanese community-dwelling men.

Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio is a useful predictor of all-cause mortality among hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Many of the existing research studies have shown that serum uric acid (SUA) is a predictor of renal disease progression. More recently, studies have suggested an association between renal function-normalized SUA and all-cause mortality in adults. This study aims to examine the association between the ratio of SUA to creatinine (SUA/Cr) and all-cause mortality with a focus on hypertensive patients. METHODS: This study is based on 2,017 participants, of whom 916 were male (mean age, 67 ± 11 years) and 1,101 were female (mean age, 69 ± 9 years). All participants were part of the Nomura Cohort Study in 2002 (cohort 1) and 2014 (cohort 2), as well as the follow-up period (2002 follow-up rate, 94.8%; 2014 follow-up rate, 98.0%). We obtained adjusted relative risk estimates for all-cause mortality from a basic resident register. In addition, we employed a Cox proportional hazards model and adjusted it for possible confounders to determine the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of the total participants, 639 (31.7%) were deceased; of these, 327 (35.7%) were male and 312 (28.3%) were female. We found an independent association between a higher ratio of SUA/Cr and a higher risk of all-cause mortality in female participants only (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.18). The multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for all-cause mortality across quintiles of baseline SUA/Cr were 1.28 (0.91-1.80), 1.00, 1.38 (0.95-1.98), 1.37 (0.94-2.00), and 1.57 (1.03-2.40) for male participants, and 0.92 (0.64-1.33), 1.00, 1.04 (0.72-1.50), 1.56 (1.06-2.30), and 1.59 (1.06-2.38) for female participants. When the data were further stratified on the basis of age (< 65 or ≥ 65 years), body mass index (< 22.0 or ≥ 22.0 kg/m2), estimated glomerular filtration rate (< 60 or ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and presence of SUA-lowering medication, trends similar to those of the full population were found in all groups. CONCLUSION: Baseline SUA/Cr is independently and significantly associated with future all-cause mortality among hypertensive patients.

Change in Serum Uric Acid is a Useful Predictor of All-Cause Mortality among Community-Dwelling Persons.

There is limited research on the association between longitudinal variability in serum uric acid (SUA) and all-cause mortality in the general population, although recent studies have suggested that changes in SUA are associated with all-cause mortality in adults. This study aims to examine the association between percentage change in SUA (%dSUA = 100 × (cohort 2 SUA - cohort 1 SUA)/(time × cohort 1 SUA) and all-cause mortality. This study is based on 1,301 participants, of whom 543 were male (63 ± 11 years) and 758 were female (63 ± 9 years). We obtained adjusted relative risk estimates for all-cause mortality and used a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for possible confounders, to determine the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of %dSUA. Of all the participants, 79 (6.1%) were deceased, and of these, 45 were male (8.3%) and 34 were female (4.5%). The multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for all-cause mortality for the first, second to fourth (reference), and fifth %dSUA quintiles were 3.79 (1.67-8.48), 1.00, and 0.87 (0.29-2.61) for male participants and 4.00 (1.43-11.2), 1.00, and 1.19 (0.46-3.05) for female participants, respectively. Participants with a body mass index of <22 kg/m2 had a significantly higher HR, forming a U-shaped curve for the first (HR, 7.59; 95% CI, 2.13-27.0) and fifth quintiles (HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.05-8.18) relative to the reference. Percentage change in SUA is independently and significantly associated with future all-cause mortality among community-dwelling persons.

Interactive effect of serum uric acid and handgrip strength on all-cause mortality among Japanese community-dwelling people.

Background: Uric acid is both a pro-oxidant and an antioxidant. This study examined whether serum uric acid (SUA) is associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular biomarkers in members of the general population who had varying levels of handgrip strength (HGS). Methods: The analysis is based on 1736 participants, of whom 785 were male (69 ± 11 years old) and 951 were female (69 ± 9 years old). We obtained adjusted relative risk estimates for all-cause mortality from the Japanese Basic Resident Registry and used a Cox proportional hazards model (adjusted for possible confounders) to determine the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The results indicated a significant interaction between the effects of SUA levels and HGS on all-cause mortality risk. Among participants with low HGS (<30.0 kg in males, <20.0 kg in females), low SUA levels (<3.5 mg/dL in males, <3.0 mg/dL in females; HR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.07-5.40) and high SUA levels (≥8.0 mg/dL in males, ≥7.0 mg/dL in females; HR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.41-6.59) were associated with a significantly higher HR for all-cause mortality than medium SUA levels (3.5-7.9 mg/dL in males, 3.0-6.9 mg/dL in females). Among participants with high HGS (≥30.0 kg in males; ≥20.0 kg in females), there was no difference between the HR for all-cause mortality between the three SUA-category groups. Conclusions: The association between SUA and the risk of all-cause mortality was U-shaped for this population of community-dwelling adults. This was primarily true for those with low HGS.

Fish and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Japan: the Aidai Cohort Study in Yawatahama, Uchiko, Seiyo, and Ainan.

AIM: Epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between fish and fatty acid intake and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been limited and inconsistent. The current cross-sectional study investigated this issue using baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study. METHODS: Study subjects were 2024 Japanese men and women aged 34-88 years. Right and left CIMT were measured at the common carotid artery using an automated carotid ultrasonography device. Maximum CIMT was defined as the largest CIMT value in either the left or right common carotid artery. Carotid wall thickening was defined as a maximum CIMT value ＞1.0 mm. RESULTS: The prevalence of carotid wall thickening was 13.0%. In men, intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was independently positively related to the prevalence of carotid wall thickening, while no associations were found between intake of fish and the other fatty acids and carotid wall thickening or maximum CIMT. In women, intake levels of fish, n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid were independently inversely associated with carotid wall thickening and intake levels of fish, n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid, n-6 PUFA, and linoleic acid were independently inversely associated with the maximum CIMT. No significant relationships were found between intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, or monounsaturated fatty acids and carotid wall thickening or maximum CIMT regardless of sex. CONCLUSIONS: In women, higher intake of fish and n-3 and n-6 PUFA may be associated with a lower prevalence of carotid wall thickening and a decrease in maximum CIMT.

Functional AGXT2 SNP rs37369 Variant Is a Risk Factor for Diabetes Mellitus: Baseline Data From the Aidai Cohort Study in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diabetes mellitus (DM) has not been investigated. Therefore, we performed a case-control study to examine this relationship. METHODS: The study subjects included 2,390 Japanese men and women aged 34 to 88 years. In total, 190 cases were defined as having a fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL, having a glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5% or currently using diabetic medication. The 2,200 remaining participants served as control subjects. RESULTS: Compared with study subjects with the CC genotype of AGXT2 SNP rs37369, those with the TT, but not CT, genotype had a significantly increased risk of DM: the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the TT genotype was 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 3.47). AGXT2 SNPs rs37370 and rs180749 were not significantly associated with the risk of DM. The CTA haplotype of rs37370, rs37369 and rs180749 was significantly positively associated with the risk of DM (crude OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.56), whereas the CCA haplotype was significantly inversely related to DM (crude OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.95). The multiplicative interaction between AGXT2 SNP rs37369 and smoking status with regard to the risk of DM was not significant (p=0.32 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show significant associations between AGXT2 SNP rs37369, the CTA haplotype, and the CCA haplotype and DM. No interaction with regard to the risk of DM was observed between rs37369 and smoking.

Relationship between rural self-efficacy and rural career intent after rural clinical training: a study on medical students in Japan.

BACKGROUND: In Japan, community medicine clerkships facilitate positive attitudes toward rural medical practice and encourage rural recruitment. Rural self-efficacy has been shown to influence rural career intent following a rural clinical placement. However, the impact of subjective difficulties of living in a rural area on future rural career intent is also important. This study aims to explore whether rural self-efficacy influences the relationship between difficulty with living in a rural area and rural career intent.  METHODS: The subjects included 308 male and 255 female participants aged 20-41 [median (interquartile range): 22 (21-22)] years. Rural self-efficacy was based on a validated scale consisting of 15 questions. Difficulty with living in a rural area was measured asking students. A cohort survey was conducted to evaluate the effect of the rural self-efficacy score on the rural career intent of Japanese medical students after they completed their rural clinical training. RESULTS: The following variables were significantly associated with a higher rural self-efficacy score: female sex (p = 0.003), age < 21 years (p = 0.013), having a doctor as a role model (p < 0.001), gaining admission through a school recommendation (p = 0.016), living in a rural or remote area until the age of 18 years (p = 0.018), and orientation towards general medicine (p < 0.001). In addition, baseline difficulty with living in a rural area was significantly associated with a lower self-efficacy score (p < 0.001). Participants with a stronger intent to practice in a rural area before rural clinical training had higher rural self-efficacy and showed a stronger positive rural career intent after rural clinical training (p < 0.001). A multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that difficulty with living in a rural area [odds ratio (OR): 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.39-0.84] was still associated with lower rural career intent after rural clinical training, independent of all confounders such as gender, age, scholarship for regional duty, rural background, and orientation towards general medicine. However, when rural self-efficacy (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.16) was added as a factor for rural career intent, difficulty with living in a rural area (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.43-1.06) was no longer observed as an associated factor. CONCLUSION: Subjective difficulty with living in a rural area was shown to reduce future rural career intent, but high rural self-efficacy ameliorated this decline.

Hyperuricemia is associated with all-cause mortality among males and females: Findings from a study on Japanese community-dwelling individuals.

Background: Serum uric acid (SUA) is a key determinant of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Studies have also shown that SUA independently impacts age-related health outcomes, although their findings differ between males and females. Furthermore, predictive data on all-cause mortality remain limited, particularly for the Japanese population. Thus, this study examined the association between SUA and survival prognosis among males and females based on a follow-up period of 7 or 19 years. Methods: The study was based on 1,573 male (63 ± 14 years) and 1,980 female (65 ± 12 years) participants who participated in a Nomura Cohort Study in 2002 (Cohort 1) and 2014 (Cohort 2), and continued throughout the follow-up period. A basic resident register was referenced to derive the adjusted relative risk estimates for all-cause mortality. Finally, a Cox proportional hazards model analysis was conducted and was adjusted for possible confounders to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed separately for male and female participants. Results: Of the total 3,553 participants, 905 (25.5%) were deceased. Of these, 473 were male (30.1% of all males) and 432 were female (21.8% of all females). Hyperuricemia was defined in males with SUA levels of 8.5 mg/dL or higher, and in females with SUA levels of 7.5 mg/dL or higher, and was associated with a significantly increased HR for all-cause mortality (males: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.06-2.63; females: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.20-3.94). The data were further stratified based on age (< 65 years or ≥ 65 years), body mass index (BMI) (< 25.0 kg/m2 or ≥ 25.0 kg/m2), History of cardiovascular disease, estimated glomerular filtration rate (< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), and presence of SUA-lowering medication. All stratified groups demonstrated a similar trend. The hyperuricemia group in particular reported a significant increase in HR. On the other hand, a U-shaped increase in HR was observed in those with BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 and SUA-lowering medication, but interaction effect was not significant. Conclusions: Hyperuricemia is a key risk indicator for all-cause mortality in male and female community-dwelling individuals in Japan.

Association between alanine aminotransferase and all-cause mortality rate: Findings from a study on Japanese community-dwelling individuals.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationship between survival prognosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a critical factor contributing to aging-related health and mortality. The research is based on a follow-up study with 6- and 10-year intervals. METHODS: The participants included 1,610 males (63 ± 14 years old) and 2,074 females (65 ± 12 years old) who were part of the Nomura cohort study conducted in 2002 (first cohort) and 2014 (second cohort). The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of death between the baseline health checkup and the end of the follow-up periods were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model, controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: The follow-up survey revealed 180 male deaths (11.2% of male participants) and 146 female deaths (7.0% of female participants). The univariate Cox regression analysis showed a significant increase in the HRs of all-cause mortality with decreasing ALT levels (p < 0.001). Furthermore, compared with individuals with ALT levels of 20-29 IU/L, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality were 2.73 (1.59-4.70) for those with ALT levels <10 IU/L, 1.45 (1.05-2.00) for those with ALT levels of 10-19 IU/L, and 1.63 (1.05-2.53) for those with ALT levels ≥30 IU/L. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that abnormally low ALT levels and high within the normal range were related to all-cause mortality in Japan's community-dwelling individuals. Especially, ALT activity may be an important biomarker for predicting the long-term survival of older adults.

Education and household income and carotid intima-media thickness in Japan: baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study in Yawatahama, Uchiko, Seiyo, and Ainan.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence for the relationship between education and income and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been limited and inconsistent. The present cross-sectional study investigated this issue using baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study. METHODS: Study subjects were 2012 Japanese men and women aged 34-88 years. Right and left CIMT were measured at the common carotid artery using an automated carotid ultrasonography device. Maximum CIMT was defined as the largest CIMT value in either the left or right common carotid artery. Carotid wall thickening was defined as a maximum CIMT value > 1.0 mm. RESULTS: The prevalence of carotid wall thickening was 13.0%. In participants under 60 years of age (n = 703) and in those aged 60 to 69 years (n = 837), neither education nor household income was associated with carotid wall thickening or with maximum CIMT. Among those aged 70 years or older (n = 472), however, higher educational level, but not household income, was independently related to a lower prevalence of carotid wall thickening: the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for high vs. low educational level was 0.43 (95% confidence interval 0.21-0.83, p for trend = 0.01). A significant inverse association was observed between education, but not household income, and maximum CIMT (p for trend = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Higher educational level may be associated with a lower prevalence of carotid wall thickening and a decrease in maximum CIMT only in participants aged 70 years or older.

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol and all-cause mortality rate: findings from a study on Japanese community-dwelling persons.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) independently impacts aging-related health outcomes and plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, there are limited predictive data on all-cause mortality, especially for the Japanese community population. In this study, it was examined whether LDL-C is related to survival prognosis based on 7 or 10 years of follow-up. METHODS: Participants included 1610 men (63 ± 14 years old) and 2074 women (65 ± 12 years old) who participated in the Nomura cohort study conducted in 2002 (first cohort) and 2014 (second cohort) and who continued throughout the follow-up periods (follow-up rates: 94.8 and 98.0%). Adjusted relative risk estimates were obtained for all-cause mortality using a basic resident register. The data were analyzed by a Cox regression with the time variable defined as the length between the age at the time of recruitment and that at the end of the study (the age of death or censoring), and risk factors including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), presence of diabetes, lipid levels, renal function, serum uric acid levels, blood pressure, and history of smoking, drinking, and CVD. RESULTS: Of the 3684 participants, 326 (8.8%) were confirmed to be deceased. Of these, 180 were men (11.2% of all men) and 146 were women (7.0% of all women). Lower LDL-C levels, gender (male), older age, BMI under 18.5 kg/m2, and the presence of diabetes were significant predictors for all-cause mortality. Compared with individuals with LDL-C levels of 144 mg/dL or higher, the multivariable-adjusted Hazard ratio (and 95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality was 2.54 (1.58-4.07) for those with LDL-C levels below 70 mg/dL, 1.71 (1.15-2.54) for those with LDL-C levels between 70 mg/dL and 92 mg/dL, and 1.21 (0.87-1.68) for those with LDL-C levels between 93 mg/dL and 143 mg/dL. This association was particularly significant among participants who were male (P for interaction = 0.039) and had CKD (P for interaction = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: There is an inverse relationship between LDL-C levels and the risk of all-cause mortality, and this association is statistically significant.