Evaluating Mental Health Outcomes in COVID-19 ICU Survivors: A Scoping Review of Measurement Tools.

Objective: The objective of this scoping review was to map the range of measurement tools used to study the prevalence of common mental health conditions in COVID-19 ICU survivors. Introduction: Increased rates of admission to and survivorship from intensive care units (ICUs) have been observed in recent years, particularly during the global pandemic. ICU patients are at a higher risk of developing depressive, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Due to the high burden of disease, an accurate understanding of long-term mental health challenges for this population is key. Unfortunately, there is significant variability in reported prevalence rates. Heterogeneity in measurement tools potentially contribute to this. Inclusion criteria: Studies were eligible if they (a) reported mental health outcomes of adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to an ICU, (b) used standardised mental health outcome measures, and (3) were peer-reviewed. Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus. The initial search retrieved 1234 publications. After de-duplication and title and abstract screening, 72 full-text articles were examined for eligibility and 44 articles were excluded, leaving 28 eligible studies. Reference lists of the eligible studies were screened, and four other studies were added. 32 studies were ultimately included in this review. Results: Significant heterogeneity of measurement tools and clinical thresholds were observed. Only 6.25% of the studies compared changes in mental health outcomes to baseline measurements. Between five and nine unique measurement tools were used to study depression, anxiety, and PTSD, respectively. Studies were also observed to use up to 19 different thresholds to establish the prevalence of PTSD. Conclusions: The heterogeneity of measurement tools and thresholds continues to confound prevalence rate estimations of mental health complications post-ICU admission. Future research will benefit from consistency in the use of recommended outcome measures and the use of psychometrically comparable cut-off points between key measures.

Post-traumatic stress and health-related quality of life after admission to paediatric intensive care: Longitudinal associations in mother-child dyads.

OBJECTIVE: Elevated post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are commonly experienced in both children and their parent's following admission to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Previous research has demonstrated a conflict in the directionality between PTSS and HRQoL in children and their parents. Our study sought to explore the interconnection and transmission between PTSS and HRQoL in children and their mothers following an admission to the PICU. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal design. SETTING: Two tertiary care PICUs in Brisbane, Australia. PATIENTS: Two hundred eighty-two mother-child dyads of children aged 2-16 years admitted to the PICU for >8 h. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Four waves of dyadic data (n = 282 mother-child dyads) over a 12-month period from the PICU post-traumatic stress study were used. Cross-lagged panel modelling was used to examine the link between maternal-rated PTSS and HRQoL across children and their mothers. Actor-partner interdependence modelling was then used to examine the interconnections between mothers and children over time. In the dyadic model, partner effects were only present from mother to their child (i.e., higher maternal PTSS was predictive of higher child PTSS at subsequent time points). Higher maternal PTSS predicted lower maternal mental HRQoL but not lower child psychosocial HRQoL. Actor effects were also present with lower child psychosocial HRQoL, predicting higher child PTSS at subsequent time points. Findings indicated that a unidirectional transmission process from mother to child may be present after a child's life-threatening illness. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for a long-term negative influence of maternal PTSS on child PTSS in families who have experienced a paediatric critical illness or injury. This highlights the important role of maternal wellbeing in children's mental health outcomes following PICU admission. Further research needs to explore the temporal and dyadic relationships of PTSS and HRQoL.

Efficacy and moderators of efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapies with a trauma focus in children and adolescents: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: Existing clinical trials of cognitive behavioural therapies with a trauma focus (CBTs-TF) are underpowered to examine key variables that might moderate treatment effects. We aimed to determine the efficacy of CBTs-TF for young people, relative to passive and active control conditions, and elucidate putative individual-level and treatment-level moderators. METHODS: This was an individual participant data meta-analysis of published and unpublished randomised studies in young people aged 6-18 years exposed to trauma. We included studies identified by the latest UK National Institute of Health and Care Excellence guidelines (completed on Jan 29, 2018) and updated their search. The search strategy included database searches restricted to publications between Jan 1, 2018, and Nov 12, 2019; grey literature search of trial registries ClinicalTrials.gov and ISRCTN; preprint archives PsyArXiv and bioRxiv; and use of social media and emails to key authors to identify any unpublished datasets. The primary outcome was post-traumatic stress symptoms after treatment (<1 month after the final session). Predominantly, one-stage random-effects models were fitted. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019151954. FINDINGS: We identified 38 studies; 25 studies provided individual participant data, comprising 1686 young people (mean age 13·65 years [SD 3·01]), with 802 receiving CBTs-TF and 884 a control condition. The risk-of-bias assessment indicated five studies as low risk and 20 studies with some concerns. Participants who received CBTs-TF had lower mean post-traumatic stress symptoms after treatment than those who received the control conditions, after adjusting for post-traumatic stress symptoms before treatment (b=-13·17, 95% CI -17·84 to -8·50, p<0·001, τ2=103·72). Moderation analysis indicated that this effect of CBTs-TF on post-traumatic stress symptoms post-treatment increased by 0·15 units (b=-0·15, 95% CI -0·29 to -0·01, p=0·041, τ2=0·03) for each unit increase in pre-treatment post-traumatic stress symptoms. INTERPRETATION: This is the first individual participant data meta-analysis of young people exposed to trauma. Our findings support CBTs-TF as the first-line treatment, irrespective of age, gender, trauma characteristics, or carer involvement in treatment, with particular benefits for those with higher initial distress. FUNDING: Swiss National Science Foundation.

Assessing the fidelity of a behavioural intervention involving academic detailing in general practice: a sub-study of the 'Implementing work-related Mental health guidelines in general PRacticE' (IMPRovE) trial.

BACKGROUND: Assessing the fidelity of intervention components enables researchers to make informed judgements about the influence of those components on the observed outcome. The 'Implementing work-related Mental health guidelines in general PRacticE' (IMPRovE) trial is a hybrid III trial aiming to increase adherence to the 'Clinical Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of work-related mental health conditions in general practice'. IMPRovE is a multifaceted intervention, with one of the central components being academic detailing (AD). This study describes the fidelity to the protocol for the AD component of the IMPRovE intervention. METHOD: All AD sessions for the trial were audio-recorded and a sample of 22% were randomly selected for fidelity assessment. Fidelity was assessed using a tailored proforma based on the Modified Conceptual Framework for fidelity assessment, measuring duration, coverage, frequency and content. A descriptive analysis was used to quantify fidelity to the protocol and a content analysis was used to elucidate qualitative aspects of fidelity. RESULTS: A total of eight AD sessions were included in the fidelity assessment. The average fidelity score was 89.2%, ranging from 80 to 100% across the eight sessions. The sessions were on average 47 min long and addressed all of the ten chapters in the guideline. Of the guideline chapters, 9 were frequently discussed. The least frequently discussed chapter related to management of comorbid conditions. Most general practitioner (GP) participants used the AD sessions to discuss challenges with managing secondary mental conditions. In line with the protocol, opinion leaders who delivered the AD sessions largely offered evidence-based strategies aligning with the clinical guideline recommendations. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The IMPRovE AD intervention component was delivered to high fidelity. The sessions adhered to the intended duration, coverage, frequency, and content allowing participating GPs to comprehend the implementation of the guideline in their own practice. This study also demonstrates that the Modified Conceptual Fidelity Framework with a mixed methods approach can support the assessment of implementation fidelity of a behavioural intervention in general practice. The findings enhance the trustworthiness of reported outcomes from IMPRovE and show that assessing fidelity is amenable for AD and should be incorporated in other studies using AD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN 12620001163998, November 2020.

The effect of a parental preparation video (Take5) on child and parent anxiety during anaesthetic induction: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Children undergoing anaesthetic induction experience peri-operative anxiety associated with negative outcomes including emergence delirium, short- and long-term maladaptive behaviour and increased postoperative analgesic requirements. This stems from children's limited ability to communicate, cope, and regulate intense emotions, leading to high dependency on parental emotional regulation. Previous interventions including video modelling, education and distraction techniques before and during anaesthetic induction have demonstrated significant reduction of anxiety levels. No existing interventions combines evidenced-based psychoeducation video with distraction techniques to support parents to moderate peri-operative anxiety. This study aims to test the efficacy of the Take5 video (now referred to as 'Take5'), a short and cost-efficient intervention for child peri-operative anxiety. METHODS: A randomised, controlled, superiority trial of Take5 compared to standard care. Take5 was developed by paediatric anaesthetists, child psychologists and a consumer panel of parents of children who had experienced surgery and anaesthesia. Children aged 3-10 years presenting for elective surgery at a quaternary paediatric facility will be randomly allocated to the intervention group or standard care. Intervention group parents will be shown Take5 prior to accompanying their child for anaesthesia induction. Primary outcomes include child and parent anxiety at induction, measured by the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale Short Form (mYPAS-SF), the Peri-operative Adult-Child Behavior Interaction Scale (PACBIS) and the Induction Compliance Checklist (ICC). Secondary outcomes include post-operative pain, emergence delirium, parental satisfaction, cost-effectiveness, parent and child psychological well-being at 3 months post procedure and video intervention acceptability. DISCUSSION: Perioperative anxiety is associated with negative outcome in children including higher pharmacological intervention, delayed procedures, and poor post-recovery outcomes resulting in financial burden on health systems. Current strategies minimising paediatric procedural distress are resource-intensive and have been inconsistent in reducing anxiety and negative postoperative outcomes. The Take5 video is an evidence-driven resource that is designed to prepare and empower parents. The success of Take5 will be evaluated by measuring differences in patient (acute and 3-month), family (satisfaction, acceptability), clinician (feasibility) and health service (cost) outcomes, with each anticipated to benefit children. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12621001337864) and Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/21/QCHQ/73894).

Caring for critically ill patients with a mental illness: A discursive paper providing an overview and case exploration of the delivery of intensive care to people with psychiatric comorbidity.

AIM: To address the need for additional education in the management of mental illness in the critical care setting by providing a broad overview of the interrelationship between critical illness and mental illness. The paper also offers practical advice to support critical care staff in managing patients with mental illness in critical care by discussing two hypothetical case scenarios involving aggressive and disorganised behaviour. People living with mental illness are over-represented among critically unwell patients and experience worse outcomes, contributing to a life expectancy up to 30 years shorter than their peers. Strategic documents call for these inequitable outcomes to be addressed. Staff working in intensive care units (ICUs) possess advanced knowledge and specialist skills in managing critical illness but have reported limited confidence in managing patients with comorbid mental illness. DESIGN & METHODS: A discursive paper, drawing on clinical experience and research of the authors and current literature. RESULTS: Like all people, patients with mental illnesses draw on their cognitive, behavioural, social and spiritual resources to cope with their experiences during critical illness. However, they may have fewer resources available due to co-morbid mental illness, a history of trauma and social disadvantage. By identifying and sensitively addressing patients' underlying needs in a trauma-informed way, demonstrating respect and maximising patient autonomy, staff can reduce distress and disruptive behaviours and promote recovery. Caring for patients who are distressed and/or display challenging behaviours can evoke strong and unpleasant emotional responses. Self-care is fundamental to maintaining a compassionate approach and effective clinical judgement. Staff should be enabled to accept and acknowledge emotional responses and access support-informally with peers and/or through formal mechanisms as needed. Organisational leadership and endorsement of the principles of equitable care are critical to creation of the environment needed to improve outcomes for staff and patients. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: ICU nurses hold an important role in the care of patients with critical illnesses and are ideally placed to empower, advocate for and comfort those patients also living with mental illness. To perform these tasks optimally and sustainably, health services have a responsibility to provide nursing staff with adequate education and training in the management of mental illnesses, and sufficient formal and informal support to maintain their own well-being while providing this care. PATIENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT: This paper is grounded in accounts of patients with mental illness and clinicians providing care to patients with mental illness in critical care settings but there was no direct patient or public contribution.

Implementation of a risk-stratified, guideline-based clinical pathway of care to improve health outcomes following whiplash injury (Whiplash ImPaCT): a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial.

ABSTRACT: Current pathways of care for whiplash follow a "stepped care model," result in modest treatment outcomes and fail to offer efficient management solutions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a risk-stratified clinical pathway of care (CPC) compared with usual care (UC) in people with acute whiplash. We conducted a multicentre, 2-arm, parallel, randomised, controlled trial in primary care in Australia. Participants with acute whiplash (n = 216) were stratified for risk of a poor outcome (low vs medium/high risk) and randomised using concealed allocation to either the CPC or UC. In the CPC group, low-risk participants received guideline-based advice and exercise supported by an online resource, and medium-risk/high-risk participants were referred to a whiplash specialist who assessed modifiable risk factors and then determined further care. The UC group received care from their primary healthcare provider who had no knowledge of risk status. Primary outcomes were neck disability index (NDI) and Global Rating of Change (GRC) at 3 months. Analysis blinded to group used intention-to-treat and linear mixed models. There was no difference between the groups for the NDI (mean difference [MD] [95% confidence interval (CI)] -2.34 [-7.44 to 2.76]) or GRC (MD 95% CI 0.08 [-0.55 to 0.70]) at 3 months. Baseline risk category did not modify the effect of treatment. No adverse events were reported. Risk-stratified care for acute whiplash did not improve patient outcomes, and implementation of this CPC in its current form is not recommended.

The Australian and New Zealand brain injury lifespan cohort protocol: Leveraging common data elements to characterise longitudinal outcome and recovery.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive, behavioural, academic, mental health and social impairments are common following paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, studies are often reliant on small samples of children drawn from narrow age bands, and employ highly variable methodologies, which make it challenging to generalise existing research findings and understand the lifetime history of TBI. METHOD AND ANALYSIS: This study will synthesise common data sets from national (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland) and international (New Zealand) collaborators, such that common data elements from multiple cohorts recruited from these four sites will be extracted and harmonised. Participant-level harmonised data will then be pooled to create a single integrated data set of participants including common cognitive, social, academic and mental health outcome variables. The large sample size (n=1816), consisting of participants with mild, moderate and severe TBI, will provide statistical power to answer important questions that cannot be addressed by small, individual cohorts. Complex statistical modelling, such as generalised estimation equation, multilevel and latent growth models, will be conducted. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH), Melbourne (HREC Reference Number 2019.168). The approved study protocol will be used for all study-related procedures. Findings will be translated into clinical practice, inform policy decisions, guide the appropriate allocation of limited healthcare resources and support the implementation of individualised care.

Australian guidelines for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Updates in the third edition.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the development of the third edition of the National Health and Medical Research Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and Complex posttraumatic stress disorder, highlighting key changes in scope, methodology, format and treatment recommendations from the previous 2013 edition of the Guidelines. METHOD: Systematic review of the international research was undertaken, with GRADE methodology used to assess the certainty of the evidence, and evidence to decision frameworks used to generate recommendations. The Guidelines are presented in an online format using MAGICApp. RESULTS: Key changes since the publication of the 2013 Guidelines include a new conditional recommendation for Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention for children and adolescents with symptoms within the first 3 months of trauma, and a strong recommendation for trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy for the child alone or with a caregiver, for those with diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder. For adults with posttraumatic stress disorder, strong recommendations are made for specific types of trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy and conditional recommendations are made for five additional psychological interventions. Where medication is indicated for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder, venlafaxine is now conditionally recommended alongside sertraline, paroxetine or fluoxetine. CONCLUSION: These Guidelines, based on systematic review of the international literature, are intended to guide decision making for practitioners, service planners, funders and those seeking treatment for trauma related mental health concerns. For an Australian Guideline, a critical limitation is the absence of research on the treatment of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The new online format of the Australian posttraumatic stress disorder Guidelines means that they can be updated as sufficient new evidence becomes available.

Midazolam exposure in the paediatric intensive care unit predicts acute post-traumatic stress symptoms in children.

BACKGROUND: Clinically significant post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) have been reported in up to a quarter of paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) survivors. Ongoing PTSS negatively impacts children's psychological development and physical recovery. However, few data regarding associations between potentially modifiable PICU treatment factors, such as analgosedatives and invasive procedures, and children's PTSS have been reported. OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the medical treatment factors associated with children's PTSS after PICU discharge. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted in two Australian tertiary referral PICUs. Children aged 2-16 y admitted to the PICU between June 2008 and January 2011 for >8 h and <28 d were eligible for participation. Biometric and clinical data were obtained from medical records. Parents reported their child's PTSS using the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge. Logistic regression was used to assess potential associations between medical treatment and PTSS. RESULTS: A total of 265 children and their parents participated in the study. In the 12-month period following PICU discharge, 24% of children exhibited clinically elevated PTSS. Median risk of death (Paediatric Index of Mortality 2 [PIM2]) score was significantly higher in the PTSS group (0.31 [IQR 0.14-1.09] v 0.67 [IQR 0.20-1.18]; p = 0.014). Intubation and PICU and hospital length of stay were also significantly associated with PTSS at 1 month, as were midazolam, propofol, and morphine. After controlling for gender, reason for admission, and PIM2 score, only midazolam was significantly and independently associated with PTSS and only at 1 month (adjusted odds ration (aOR) 3.63, 95% CI 1.18, 11.12, p = 0.024). No significant relationship was observed between the use of medications and PTSS after 1 month. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated PTSS were evident in one quarter (24%) of children during the 12 months after PICU discharge. One month after discharge, elevated PTSS were most likely to occur in children who had received midazolam therapy.

Comparative Effectiveness of Parent-Based Interventions to Support Injured Children.

OBJECTIVES: A comparative effectiveness trial tested 2 parent-based interventions in improving the psychosocial recovery of hospitalized injured children: (1) Link for Injured Kids (Link), a program of psychological first aid in which parents are taught motivational interviewing and stress-screening skills, and (2) Trauma Education, based on an informational booklet about trauma and its impacts and resources. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 4 children's hospitals in the Midwestern United States. Children aged 10 to 17 years admitted for an unintentional injury and a parent were recruited and randomly assigned to Link or Trauma Education. Parents and children completed questionnaires at baseline, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months posthospitalization. Using an intent-to-treat analysis, changes in child-reported posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, quality of life, and child behaviors were compared between intervention groups. RESULTS: Of 795 injured children, 314 children and their parents were enrolled into the study (40%). Link and Trauma Education was associated with improved symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and pediatric quality of life at similar rates over time. However, unlike those in Trauma Education, children in the Link group had notable improvement of child emotional behaviors and mild improvement of conduct and peer behaviors. Compared with Trauma Education, Link was also associated with improved peer behaviors in rural children. CONCLUSION: Although children in both programs had reduced posttrauma symptoms over time, Link children, whose parents were trained in communication and referral skills, exhibited a greater reduction in problem behaviors.

Implementing work-related Mental health guidelines in general PRacticE (IMPRovE): a protocol for a hybrid III parallel cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Work-related Mental Health Conditions in General Practice (the Guideline) was published in 2019. The objective of this trial is to implement the Guideline in general practice. TRIAL DESIGN: Implementing work-related Mental health conditions in general PRacticE is a hybrid III, parallel cluster randomised controlled trial undertaken in Australia. Its primary aim is to assess the effectiveness of a complex intervention on the implementation of the Guideline in general practice. Secondary aims are to assess patient health and work outcomes, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the trial, and to develop a plan for sustainability. METHODS: A total of 86 GP clusters will be randomly allocated either to the intervention arm, where they will receive a complex intervention comprising academic detailing, enrolment in a community of practice and resources, or to the control arm, where they will not receive the intervention. GP guideline concordance will be assessed at baseline and 9 months using virtual simulated patient scenarios. Patients who meet the eligibility criteria (>18years, employed, and receiving care from a participating GP for a suspected or confirmed work-related mental health condition) will be invited to complete surveys about their health and work participation and provide access to their health service use data. Data on health service use and work participation compensation claim data will be combined with measures of guideline concordance and patient outcomes to inform an economic evaluation. A realist evaluation will be conducted to inform the development of a plan for sustainability. RESULTS: We anticipate that GPs who receive the intervention will have higher guideline concordance than GPs in the control group. We also anticipate that higher concordance will translate to better health and return-to-work outcomes for patients, as well as cost-savings to society. CONCLUSIONS: The trial builds on a body of work defining the role of GPs in compensable injury, exploring their concerns, and developing evidence-based guidelines to address them. Implementation of these guidelines has the potential to deliver improvements in GP care, patient health, and return-to-work outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12620001163998 , November 2020.

Topical Review: Medical Trauma During Early Childhood.

OBJECTIVE: Early childhood is a high-risk period for exposure to traumatic medical events due to injury/illness. It is also one of the most important and vulnerable periods due to rapid development in neurobiological systems, attachment relationships, cognitive and linguistic capacities, and emotion regulation. The aim of this topical review is to evaluate empirical literature on the psychological impact of medical trauma during early childhood (0-6 years) to inform models of clinical care for assessing, preventing, and treating traumatic stress following injury/illness. METHODS: Topical review of empirical and theoretical literature on pediatric medical traumatic stress (PMTS) during early childhood. RESULTS: There are important developmental factors that influence how infants and young children perceive and respond to medical events. The emerging literature indicates that up to 30% of young children experience PMTS within the first month of an acute illness/injury and between 3% and 10% develop posttraumatic stress disorder. However, significant knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of psychological outcomes for infants and young children, identification of risk-factors and availability of evidence-based interventions for medical trauma following illness. CONCLUSIONS: This topical review on medical trauma during early childhood provides: (a) definitions of key medical trauma terminology, (b) discussion of important developmental considerations, (c) summary of the empirical literature on psychological outcomes, risk factors, and interventions, (d) introduction to a stepped-model-of-care framework to guide clinical practice, and (e) summary of limitations and directions for future research.

Accuracy of delirium assessments in critically ill children: A prospective, observational study during routine care.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study was to explore the accuracy of the Cornell Assessment for Pediatric Delirium (CAP-D), Pediatric Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (pCAM-ICU), and Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (psCAM-ICU) when implemented in routine care as delirium screening tools, and to assess patient characteristics and clinical variables that may affect their validity. DESIGN: This is a prospective observational study. SETTING: The study was conducted in a 36-bed, mixed paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at an Australian tertiary hospital. PATIENTS: The study included critically ill children developmentally aged 6 months to 17 years, with a PICU length of stay >18 h. INTERVENTIONS: No interventions were provided in the study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were screened for delirium by their bedside nurse (CAP-D and pCAM-ICU/psCAM-ICU) once daily, for up to 5 d. Delirium status identified using screening instruments was compared with delirium diagnosis using the diagnostic criteria for delirium (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition). In this sample, the CAP-D retained its high sensitivity (91.3%) and good specificity (75.2%), whereas the psCAM-ICU and pCAM-ICU had moderate sensitivity (58.8% and 75.0%, respectively) and excellent specificity (89.8% and 84.9%, respectively). There was moderate agreement between the CAP-D and the psCAM-ICU (κ = 0.52, p < .001) and good agreement between the CAP-D and the pCAM-ICU (κ = 0.80, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Although the CAP-D, psCAM-ICU, and pCAM-ICU all appear promising in their validation studies, when implemented in routine care, their performance can be variable. The CAP-D performed well in routine clinical practice, but follow-up diagnosis is required to confirm delirium. The psCAM-ICU and pCAM-ICU both provide valuable, objective assessments of delirium in critically ill children; however, further evaluation of their implementation in routine clinical practice is needed.

Social support and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Social support has long been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but there is no consistent evidence on the strength and direction of this relationship. Whereas the social causation model claims that social support buffers against PTSD, the social selection model states that PTSD reduces social support resources. As the first meta-analysis of the prospective relationships between social support and PTSD, this study synthesized the available longitudinal data (75 samples including 32,402 participants) on these two constructs with a random-effects model. In total, three hundred and fifty-five effect sizes (including cross-sectional, prospective and cross-lagged coefficients) were included in the meta-analysis. With prior levels of the relevant outcomes controlled for, results showed that social support and PTSD reciprocally predicted each other over time with similar effect sizes: Social support predicted PTSD with ß = -0.10; PTSD predicted social support with ß = -0.09. Moderator analyses suggested that the effects held across most sample characteristics and research designs except for several moderators (gender, time lag, publication year, source of support). These findings provided strong evidence for both the social causation and social selection models, suggesting that the link between social support and PTSD is symmetrically reciprocal and robust.

Parent and Clinician Communication During Paediatric Burn Wound Care: A Qualitative Study.

PURPOSE: To thematically describe parent-clinician communication during a child's first burn dressing change following emergency department presentation. DESIGN AND METHODS: An observational study of parent-clinician communication during the first burn dressing change at a tertiary children's hospital. Verbal communication between those present at the dressing change for 87 families, was audio recorded. The recordings were transcribed verbatim and transcripts were analysed within NVivo11 qualitative data analysis software using qualitative content analysis. FINDINGS: Three themes, underpinned by parent-clinician rapport-building, were identified. Firstly, knowledge sharing was demonstrated: Clinicians frequently informed the parent about the state of the child's wound, what the procedure will involve, and need for future treatment. Comparatively, parents informed the clinician about their child's temperament and coping since the accident. Secondly, child procedural distress management was discussed: Clinicians and parents had expectations about the likelihood of procedural distress, which was also related to communication about how to prevent and interpret procedural distress (i.e., pain/fear). Finally, parents communicated to clinicians about their own distress, worry and uncertainty, from the accident and wound care. Parents also communicated guilt and blame in relation to injury responsibility. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a description of parent-clinician communication during paediatric burn wound care. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results can assist healthcare professionals to be prepared for a range of conversations with parents during potentially distressing paediatric medical procedures.

A web-based educational intervention to implement trauma-informed care in a paediatric healthcare setting: protocol for a feasibility study using pre-post mixed methods design.

BACKGROUND: Adoption of responsive trauma-informed practices by staff in hospital-based paediatric care may help mitigate downstream costs associated with treatment delivery due to reduced pain and distress for children and care providers, improved health-related quality of life and increased satisfaction with care. A web-based education intervention (termed Responsive CARE) was developed to build self-efficacy of staff in a paediatric medical setting. This protocol paper describes a feasibility study (including preliminary effectiveness) of the implementation of Responsive CARE in a tertiary, outpatient burn clinical setting. METHODS: A pre-post, mixed methods design will be employed. Children and caregivers attending hospital for change of burn wound dressings or burn scar management during the 3-month control or 3-month intervention period will be eligible, with follow-up to 6-months post-baseline. All children and caregiver/s will receive "standard care" including burn interventions focused on wound healing, scar management, itch management (both pharmacological and non-pharmacological), counselling, age-appropriate procedural support and burn rehabilitation. Health professional participants will be those involved in the management of children with burns during the study period or their senior managers. Health professional participants who attend a weekly educational clinical meeting will be invited to complete the intervention during a 1-month timeframe between the control and intervention period (or upon their commencement in burn outpatients during the intervention period) using an individualised log-in process. A purposive sample of caregivers and health professionals will be sought for participation in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative data will be analysed using Framework analysis. Feasibility will be evaluated via interviews, digital records of intervention usage and technical assistance logs. The primary outcome measures of effectiveness (pain, itch and distress) will be measured using self-report or behavioural observation. Quantitative data will primarily be analysed descriptively and using generalised linear models. DISCUSSION: This study will provide insights into factors that impact upon the feasibility of a web-based trauma-informed care education intervention in a clinical practice setting. This knowledge may support other education approaches within healthcare settings related to improving and supporting patients to reduce the risk of healthcare interactions that result in paediatric medical traumatic stress.

Development of an international data repository and research resource: the Prospective studies of Acute Child Trauma and Recovery (PACT/R) Data Archive.

Background: Studies that identify children after acute trauma and prospectively track risk/protective factors and trauma responses over time are resource-intensive; small sample sizes often limit power and generalizability. The Prospective studies of Acute Child Trauma and Recovery (PACT/R) Data Archive was created to facilitate more robust integrative cross-study data analyses. Objectives: To (a) describe creation of this research resource, including harmonization of key variables; (b) describe key study- and participant-level variables; and (c) examine retention to follow-up across studies. Methods: For the first 30 studies in the Archive, we described study-level (design factors, retention rates) and participant-level (demographic, event, traumatic stress) variables. We used Chi square or ANOVA to examine study- and participant-level variables potentially associated with retention. Results: These 30 prospective studies (N per study = 50 to 568; overall N = 5499) conducted by 15 research teams in 5 countries enrolled children exposed to injury (46%), disaster (24%), violence (13%), traffic accidents (10%), or other acute events. Participants were school-age or adolescent (97%), 60% were male, and approximately half were of minority ethnicity. Using harmonized data from 22 measures, 24% reported significant traumatic stress ≥1 month post-event. Other commonly assessed outcomes included depression (19 studies), internalizing/externalizing symptoms (19), and parent mental health (19). Studies involved 2 to 5 research assessments; 80% of participants were retained for ≥2 assessments. At the study level, greater retention was associated with more planned assessments. At the participant level, adolescents, minority youth, and those of lower socioeconomic status had lower retention rates. Conclusion: This project demonstrates the feasibility and value of bringing together traumatic stress research data and making it available for re-use. As an ongoing research resource, the Archive can promote 'FAIR' data practices and facilitate integrated analyses to advance understanding of child traumatic stress.

Antecedentes: Los estudios que identifican niños luego de la exposición a trauma agudo y realizan un seguimiento prospectivo para identificar factores protectores o de riesgo, y respuestas al trauma en el tiempo requieren una gran cantidad de recursos; el tamaño pequeño de las muestras frecuentemente limita su poder y generalización. El Banco de Información de los Estudios Prospectivos sobre Trauma Agudo y Recuperación en el Niño (PACT/R por sus siglas en inglés) se creó para facilitar un análisis de datos más robusto e integrativo entre los estudios.Objetivos: a) Describir la creación de este recurso de investigación, incluyendo la armonización de variables clave; b) describir las variables clave a nivel de estudios y de participantes; y c) evaluar la permanencia del seguimiento en los estudios.Métodos: Describimos las variables 'nivel de estudio' (diseño, factores, tasas de permanencia) y 'nivel de participantes' (demografía, evento, estrés traumático) en los 30 primeros estudios del Banco. Empleamos Chi cuadrado o ANOVA para evaluar los niveles de estudio y de participante potencialmente asociados con la permanencia.Resultados: Estos 30 estudios prospectivos (N por estudio = 50 a 568; total N = 5499) realizados por 15 grupos de investigación en 5 países reclutaron niños expuestos a lesión (46%), desastre (24), violencia (13%), accidentes de tránsito (10%) u otros eventos agudos. Los participantes estaban en edad escolar o en la adolescencia (97%), 60% eran varones y, aproximadamente la mitad pertenecían a una minoría étnica. Empleando la armonización de datos para 22 mediciones, el 24% reportó estrés traumático significativo mayor o igual a un mes luego del evento. Otros desenlaces comúnmente evaluados incluyeron a la depresión (19 estudios), síntomas internalizantes y externalizantes (19), y salud mental de los padres (19). Los estudios incluyeron entre 2 y 5 evaluaciones de investigación; 80% de los participantes fueron mantenidos para dos o más evaluaciones. En el nivel de estudio, una mayor permanencia se asoció a un mayor número de evaluaciones planificadas. En el nivel de participantes, los adolescentes, los jóvenes pertenecientes a minorías, y aquellos en niveles socioeconómicos más bajos presentaron menores tasas de permanencia.Conclusión: Este proyecto demuestra la viabilidad y el valour de integrar la información sobre la investigación en estrés traumático y hacerla disponible para ser reutilizada. Como recurso de investigación en curso, el Banco puede promover el uso de prácticas de información 'FAIR' y facilitar el análisis integrado para generar progreso en la comprensión del estrés traumático infantil.

The Course of Posttraumatic Stress in Children: Examination of Symptom Trajectories and Predictive Factors Following Admission to Pediatric Intensive Care.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated trauma symptom trajectories of children 2-16 years old following admission to pediatric intensive care and identified factors that predicted a child's trauma symptom trajectory. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal design. SETTING: Two tertiary care PICUs in Brisbane, Qld, Australia. PATIENTS: Children 2-16 years old admitted to PICU for longer than 8 hours. MEASUREMENTS MAIN RESULTS: Maternal reported child posttraumatic stress symptoms (n = 272) on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children were used to assess posttraumatic stress symptoms up to 12 months post admission. Semiparametric group-based trajectory analyses were completed to identify patterns over time. Age, gender, length of stay, premorbid functioning, maternal perceived threat to life, and maternal acute distress were assessed as potential risk factors. Three likely trajectory groups were identified. The majority of children were resilient (83.8%); however, a significant minority experienced chronic symptoms (12.9%) or elevated stress symptoms which resolved quickly (3.3%). After controlling for other variables, maternal report of premorbid internalizing behavior significantly predicted both chronic (odds ratio, 6.3) and recovery (odds ratio, 38.0) trajectories. Maternal acute distress significantly predicted child chronic symptom trajectories (odds ratio, 5.2). CONCLUSIONS: Children with elevated trauma symptoms postintensive care need timely and effective intervention. The majority of children with high levels of acute symptoms will continue to have chronic, ongoing posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, acute maternal distress and preexisting internalizing child behavior predict ongoing psychologic distress after discharge from the PICU. Screening in the acute period post-PICU admission may identify children likely to experience ongoing chronic posttraumatic distress symptoms and enable targeted treatment of children at risk. This is the first study to examine symptom trajectories in children following pediatric intensive care admission and includes a sample of very young children.

Feasibility and acceptability of conducting a partially randomised controlled trial examining interventions to improve psychological health after discharge from the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Interventions to support psychological recovery after critical illness, including information provision via an intensive care unit (ICU) diary or discharge summary, have been widely adopted in some regions, albeit without strong empirical evidence. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability, for patients, family members, and clinicians, of information provision via an ICU diary or discharge summary to support psychological recovery for critical illness survivors. METHODS: This was a pilot, partially randomised patient preference study in a mixed ICU in a tertiary hospital in Australia. Eligible patients were those in the ICU for >24 h and who were able to converse in English. Interventions were ICU diary or discharge summary compared with usual care. Feasibility was assessed throughout the study process, and acceptability assessed 3 and 6 months after hospital discharge, with data analysed descriptively and thematically. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients were recruited; 45 completed 3-month follow-up (74%), and 37 (61%), 6-month follow-up. Participants were medical (39%), surgical (30%), and trauma (31%) patients; aged 55 [interquartile range (IQR): 36-67] years; and stayed in the ICU for 7 [IQR: 3-13] days and hospital for 23 [IQR: 14-32] days. Within the partially randomised framework, 34 patients chose their intervention - four chose usual care, 10 ICU diary, and 20 discharge summary. The remaining 27 patients were randomised - nine usual care, 10 ICU diary, and seven discharge summary. The majority (>90%) considered each intervention helpful during recovery; however, a significant proportion of patients reported distress associated with reading the ICU diary (42%) or discharge summary (15%). Clinicians reported they were hesitant to make diary entries. CONCLUSIONS: When given a choice, more patients chose a discharge summary over the ICU diary or usual care. Participants considered both interventions acceptable. Given the reports of distress associated with information provision, clear empirical evidence is required to determine effectiveness, optimal timing, support needed, and for whom they should be used. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12615001079538.