Long-Term Weight Changes After Starting Anti-IL-5/5Ra Biologics in Severe Asthma: The Role of Oral Corticosteroids.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with severe asthma are overweight or obese, often attributed to unintentional weight gain as a side effect of oral corticosteroids (OCSs). Anti-IL-5/5Ra biologics significantly reduce OCS use, but their long-term effects on weight are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To examine (1) weight change up to 2 years after anti-IL-5/5Ra initiation in subgroups on the basis of maintenance OCS use at start of treatment and (2) whether cumulative OCS exposure before or changes in OCS exposure during treatment are related to weight change. METHODS: Real-world data on weight and cumulative OCS dose from adults included in the Dutch Registry of Adult Patients with Severe asthma for Optimal DIsease management before and at least 2 years after starting anti-IL-5/5Ra were analyzed using linear mixed models and linear regression analyses. RESULTS: For the included 389 patients (55% female; mean body mass index, 28 ± 5 kg/m2; 58% maintenance OCS), mean weight decreased -0.27 kg/y (95% CI, -0.51 to -0.03; P = .03), with more weight loss in patients with maintenance OCS use than in those without maintenance OCS use (-0.87 kg/y [95% CI, -1.21 to -0.52; P < .001] vs +0.54 kg/y [0.26 to 0.82; P < .001]). Greater weight loss at 2 years was associated with higher cumulative OCS dose in the 2 years before anti-IL-5/5Ra initiation (ß = -0.24 kg/g; 95% CI, -0.38 to -0.10; P < .001) and, independently, greater reduction in cumulative OCS dose during follow-up (ß = 0.27 kg/g; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.43; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-IL-5/5Ra therapy is associated with long-term weight reduction, especially in patients with higher OCS exposure before treatment and those able to reduce OCS use during treatment. However, the effect is small and does not apply to all patients, and so additional interventions seem necessary if weight change is desired.

Real-World Effectiveness of IL-5/5Ra Targeted Biologics in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma With Comorbid Bronchiectasis.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis is a common comorbidity in patients with asthma and is associated with increased disease severity. In patients with severe eosinophilic asthma, biologics targeting IL-5/5Ra have beneficial effects on oral corticosteroid (OCS) use and exacerbation frequency. However, how coexisting bronchiectasis affects the response to such treatments is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the real-world effectiveness of anti-IL-5/5Ra therapy in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and comorbid bronchiectasis on exacerbation frequency and daily maintenance and cumulative OCS dose. METHODS: This real-world study evaluated data from 97 adults with severe eosinophilic asthma and computed tomography-confirmed bronchiectasis from the Dutch Severe Asthma Registry, who initiated anti-IL5/5Ra biologics (mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab) and had follow-up data for 12 months or greater. The analysis was performed for the total population and subgroups with or without maintenance OCS use. RESULTS: Anti-IL-5/5Ra therapy significantly reduced exacerbation frequency in patients with maintenance OCS use as well as in those without it. In the year before biologic initiation, 74.5% of all patients had two or more exacerbations, which decreased to 22.1% in the follow-up year (P < .001). The proportion of patients on maintenance OCS decreased from 47% to 30% (P < .001), and in the OCS-dependent patients (n = 45) maintenance OCS dose decreased from median (interquartile range) of 10.0 mg/d (5-15 mg/d) to 2.5 mg/d (0-5 mg/d) after 1 year (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This real-world study shows that anti-IL-5/5Ra therapy reduces exacerbation frequency and daily maintenance as well as the cumulative OCS dose in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and comorbid bronchiectasis. Although it is an exclusion criterion in phase 3 trials, comorbid bronchiectasis should not preclude anti-IL-5/5Ra therapy in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.

Real-World Effectiveness of Reslizumab in Patients With Severe Eosinophilic Asthma - First Initiators and Switchers.

BACKGROUND: Reslizumab, a biologic targeting IL-5, has been shown to reduce asthma exacerbations and maintenance oral corticosteroid use in randomized controlled trials and pre-post studies in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. However, real-world effectiveness data of reslizumab are scarce, and it is unknown whether reslizumab has added value after switching from another type 2 biologic. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate (1) the real-world effectiveness of reslizumab on severe asthma exacerbations, maintenance oral corticosteroid use, and overall treatment response, both in biologic-naive patients who initiated reslizumab and in those who switched from another type 2 biologic; and (2) physicians' experience with reslizumab treatment. METHODS: This observational real-world study evaluated data from 134 adults with severe eosinophilic asthma included in the Dutch severe asthma registry (RAPSODI), who initiated reslizumab treatment (4-weekly infusions, 0.3 mg/kg) before April 2020 and had follow-up data for 6 months and greater. Clinical asthma experts completed surveys on their experience with reslizumab treatment. RESULTS: Overall, reslizumab reduced the exacerbation rate (odds ratio [95% CI] = 0.10 [0.05-0.21]; P < .001), oral corticosteroid use (OR [95% CI], 0.2 [0.0-0.5]; P < .001), and maintenance dose (median [CI], 5.0 [0.0-10.0] to 0.0 [0.0-5.0]; P < .001), with comparable results in biologic-naive reslizumab initiators and switchers. The overall response to reslizumab was graded good or excellent in 59.2% of patients. The additive effectiveness of reslizumab after switching from another biologic was reflected in physicians' surveys. CONCLUSIONS: Real-world data show that reslizumab reduces severe asthma exacerbations and oral corticosteroid use in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma, both in biologic-naive reslizumab initiators and in those who switched from another type 2 biologic. This additional value of reslizumab was recognized by clinical asthma experts.

Feasibility of critical care ergometry: Exercise data of patients on mechanical ventilation analyzed as nine-panel plots.

Nine-panel plots are standard displays of cardiopulmonary exercise data, used in cardiac and pulmonary medicine to investigate the nature of exercise limitation. We explored whether this approach could be used to analyze the data of critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, capable of exercising actively. Patients followed an incremental exercise protocol using a bedside cycle ergometer. Respiratory gases were analyzed using indirect calorimetry, and blood gases were sampled from arterial catheters. Data of seven patients were combined into nine-panel plots. Systematic analysis clarified the nature of exercise limitation in six cases. Resting metabolic rate was increased in all patients, with a median oxygen uptake ( V˙O2 ) of 5.52 (IQR 4.29-6.31) ml/kg/min. Unloaded cycling increased the V˙O2 by 19.8% to 6.61 (IQR 5.99-7.08) ml/kg/min. Adding load to the ergometer increased the V˙O2 by another 20.0% to reach V˙O2peak at a median of 7.14 (IQR 6.67-10.75) ml/kg/min, corresponding to a median extrinsic workload of 7 W. This was accompanied by increased CO2 production, respiratory minute volume, heart rate, and oxygen pulse. Three patients increased their V˙O2 to >40% of predicted V˙O2max , two patients passed the anaerobic threshold. Dead space ventilation was 44%, decreasing to 42% and accompanied by lower ventilatory equivalents during exercise. Exercise produced no net change in alveolo-arterial PO2 difference. We concluded that diagnostic ergometry in mechanically ventilated patients was feasible. Analysis of the data as nine-panel plots provided insight into individual limitations to exercise.

Renin-angiotensin system intervention to prevent in-stent restenosis: an unclosed chapter.

The occurrence of in-stent restenosis is a major drawback of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent placement. Target vessel revascularization is necessary in 15% of patients who receive a stent. Recent advances in the development of drug-eluting stents have reduced these numbers tremendously. However refinement of antirestenotic therapies remains obligatory. The emerging interest in more physiological antirestenotic therapies might unchain an interest in the well-known inhibitors of the rennin-angiotensin system (RAS), the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and the angiotensin II type I receptor blockers. Contradictory results overshadow the discussion of whether intervention in the RAS could prevent in-stent restenosis. This review discusses the pathophysiology of in-stent restenosis, the role of the RAS in in-stent restenosis, and the possible role of RAS intervention in the prevention of in-stent restenosis.

Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates neointimal formation after stent implantation in the rat.

Angiotensin-(1-7) is an endogenous, biologically active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system with vasodilatory, antithrombotic, and antiproliferative properties. This study examined the effects of angiotensin-(1-7) infusion on neointimal formation after stent placement in the rat. Male Wistar rats underwent stent implantation in the abdominal aorta or sham surgery. Subsequently, an osmotic minipump was placed for angiotensin-(1-7) (24 microg/kg per hour) or saline administration. After 4 weeks, histomorphometric and histological analyses were performed, and the endothelial function was measured in isolated thoracic aortic rings. Stent implantation resulted in equal mean injury scores within the groups. The angiotensin-(1-7)-treated group displayed a significant reduction in neointimal thickness (112+/-8 versus 141+/-11 microm; P<0.05), neointimal area (0.51+/-0.05 versus 0.70+/-0.07 mm2; P<0.05), and percentage stenosis (10.4+/-1.0 versus 14.0+/-1.3%; P<0.05) compared with the saline-treated group. Furthermore, angiotensin-(1-7) infusion attenuated the stenting-induced impairment in endothelium-dependent relaxation (42.6+/-3.0 versus 64.5+/-6.0% of phenylephrine maximal contraction; P<0.001). In conclusion, angiotensin-(1-7) treatment attenuates neointimal formation after stent implantation in the rat, combined with an improvement of endothelial function.

Rat abdominal aorta stenting: a new and reliable small animal model for in-stent restenosis.

BACKGROUND: A high throughput animal model may enhance pathophysiological studies to mechanisms of in-stent restenosis (ISR). More and appropriate antibodies and transgenic and knockout strains are available in rats. Consequently, a model for ISR in the rat would be convenient for pathobiological studies. Here we present the full characteristics of a rat ISR model suitable for high throughput stent research. METHODS: The abdominal aorta of rats was separated from surrounding tissue and a BeStenttrade mark 2 or a Cyphertrade mark sirolimus-eluting stent was locally inserted. After 1, 3, 7, 28 and 56 days, the aortas were harvested, fixed, embedded and cut. Morphometric analysis was performed and inflammation scored. RESULTS: The neointimal area increased to a maximum after 28 days (0.55 +/- 0.08 mm(2)). Subsequently, the neointimal area slightly decreased. The injury score and the neointimal area were linearly correlated (r = 0.85, p < 0.01). Thrombus formation was present after 1 day. Leukocyte adherence was evident after 1 day, maximal after 3 days (93 +/- 21 cells/section) and decreased thereafter. The inflammation score increased after 3 days to a maximum after 7 days (1.37 +/- 0.06) and declined thereafter. After 28 days the Cypher sirolimus-eluting stent decreased the stenosis in comparison to the BeStent 2 (10.2 +/- 0.85 vs. 18.0 +/- 2.0%, respectively, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Stent deployment in the rat abdominal aorta results in thrombus formation, inflammation and neointimal formation. Moreover, there is a linear correlation between the injury score and the neointimal area. These responses resemble ISR events as seen in other animal models. Moreover, a known anti-restenotic stent also reduces neointimal formation in this model. Rat abdominal aorta stenting is a promising animal model for ISR, it is suitable for testing commercially manufactured stents and studying the pathophysiology of ISR.