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Background: Prior prelabor cesarean delivery (CD) was associated with an increase in the risk of placenta previa (PP) in a second delivery, whether it may impact postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) independent of abnormal placentation. This study aimed to assess the risk of PPH stratified by abnormal placentation following a first CD before the onset of labor (prelabor) or intrapartum CD. Methods: This multicenter, historical cohort study involved singleton, pregnant women at 28 weeks of gestation or greater with a CD history between January 2017 and December 2017 in 11 public tertiary hospitals within 7 provinces of China. PPH was analyzed in the subsequent pregnancy between women with prior prelabor CD and women with intrapartum CD. Furthermore, PPH was analyzed in pregnant women stratified by complications with PP alone [without placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders], complications with PP and PAS, complications with PAS alone (without PP), and normal placentation. We performed multivariate logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% CI controlling for predefined covariates. Results: Out of 10,833 pregnant women, 1,197 (11%) women had a history of intrapartum CD and 9,636 (89%) women had a history of prelabor CD. Prior prelabor CD increased the risk of PP (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.40-2.60), PAS (aOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.11-2.24), and PPH (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.02-1.75) in a subsequent pregnancy. After stratification by complications with PP alone, PP and PAS, PAS alone, and normal placentation, prior prelabor CD only increased the risk of PPH (aOR 3.34, 95% CI 1.35-8.23) in a subsequent pregnancy complicated with PP and PAS. Conclusion: Compared to intrapartum CD, prior prelabor CD increased the risk of PPH in a subsequent pregnancy only when complicated by PP and PAS.
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This paper was aimed to establish the HPLC fingerprint of Terminalia chebular Retz The analysis was performed on Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq C18 column (4.6×250 mm, 5 μm) . The mobile phase was 0.1％ phosphate watermethanol solution with gradient elution. The flow rate was 1 mL·min-1. The temperature was maintained at 35℃. The detection wavelength was 270 nm. The injection volume was 20 μL. The chromatographic data of 10 samples was analyzed by similarity of chromatographic data, SPSS software and SIMCA software. The results showed that there were17 common peaks in the diagram. The similarity of 10 samples was between 0.984 and 0.999, which showed that there was no significant difference among these chemical components. The samples were classified into four types according to cluster analysis, which shared the similar results as the principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least sq uares analysis (PLS-DA) . VIP analysis result showed that peak 5 (methyl gallate), 11 and 1 (gallic acid), 10, 12 may be the main chromatographic peaks to identify the samples. It was concluded that chemometrics analysis could be used to analyze, find and distinguish the marker ingredients of Terminalia chebular Retz. This method was accurate and stable, which can provide a reference for the quality control and evaluation of Terminalia chebular Retz.
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The spectrophotometric method was established for the determination of total tannin content in gardenia medicinal materials and tannins, and HPLC method was applied to simultaneously determine gallic acid, punical glucoside A, methyl gallate, punny glucoside B, corilagin, pentagalloyl glucose and the content of ellagic acid. Taking gallic acid as a reference substance, a phosphomolybdate tungstic acid colorimetric method (Pharmacopoeia method) was used to determine the total tannin content. With the chromatographic column Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 microns), mobile phase for phosphoric acid (0.1％), methanol, water flow rate of 1 ml/min, column temperature 30℃, detection wavelength of 270 nm, gradient elution, 7 kinds of component contents in myrobalan medicinal materials were measured at the same time. The result showed that the average content of total tannins of Radix Scutellariae was 30.31％, RSD was 0.55％; the average recovery rate was 99.70％, and the RSD was 21.97％ (n = 6) . In the scorpion medicinal materials, gallic acid, punical glucoside A, punny glucoside B, methyl gallate, punny glucoside B, creatin, pentagalloglucose and ellagic acid have a good linear relationship in their respective ranges. The recovery rate of the sample is between100.10％ and 102.77％. The establishment of the determination method of total tannin, gallic acid, punical glucoside, methyl gallate, corridain, pentagalloglucose and ellagic acid in the scorpion medicinal materials is simple and accurate, which has strong specificity and can be used for quality control of Terminalia chebular.
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The aim of this work was to identify and analyze the chemical constituents of Terminalia chebular Retz by establishing high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap/electrostatic field orbitrap combined high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) technique. With the application of C18 reverse phase column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), gradient elution was performed with methanol and water (0.2％ acetic acid) as mobile phase.In negative ionization mode, the data of LTQ-Orbitrap was collected. Accurate molecular mass of molecular ion peaks and fragment ions provided by the high-resolution mass spectrometry were compared with the literature and the reference substance to determine the possible structure of the compound. The results indicated that 62 compounds from the extract of Terminalia chebular Retz. were identified, including acids and hydrolysable tannins (60), triterpenoids (2) . There were14 compounds were detected from this specie for the first time. It is proved as an effective method to provide reference for Chemical composition mass spectrometry and the quality control in further phytochemical studies of Terminalia chebular Retz.
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This paper aimed at investigating the water-soluble constituents of Terminalia billirica (Gaert.) Roxb.Compounds were isolated and purified by Diaion HP-20, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40, MCI gel CHP 20 P and ODS column chromatographies. The chemical structures were elucidated according to spectral data and physicochemical properties. The results showed that ten compounds were isolated and identified as corilagin, salicoside, methyl-α-Darabinofuranoside, 1, 4-dimethyl-β-d-fructopyranose, β-fructopyranose, β-fructofuranose gallic acid, ellagic acid, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranonside, Chebulagic acid. Except compound 7 and 8, others compounds are separated from Terminalia billirica (Gaert.) Roxb for the first time, and except corilgin, the other compounds are separated from Terminalia for the first time.
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To determine there characteristic components content of Tibetan Medicine Triphala through establishing a HPLC method and its total tannin content through spectrophotometry. The chromatographic column of Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with methanol-0.1％ formic acid/water as the mobile phase, the flow rate 1 mL/min, and the detection wavelength 270 nm was applied to determine the Gallic acid, colijing and ellagic acid content in medicinal materials and the tannin parts of Tibetan Medicine Triphala. With the gallic acid as control group, total tannin content of Triphala and its tannin parts was determined through spectrophotometry. It revealed in the HPLC test that the linear range of gallic acid, coracine and ellagic acid was 0.91-4.55 μg, 0.274-1.368 μg and 0.329-2.634 μg respectively. It also showed that the average recovery rates of the three components in the medicinal materials were 101.06％, 101.72％and 100.27％ respectively. And the average recovery rates of the three components in the tannins were 100.4％, 100.85％and 101.70％ respectively. The result of spectrophotometry showed that gallic acid was linear in1.008-10.08 μg·mL-1, and that the recovery rate of medicinal materials and tannin parts were 100.25％ and 100.52％ respectively. The method is rapid, accurate and repeatable, and it can provide basis for the quality control of Tribescens and its tannins.
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Triphala consists of Terminalia chebula Retz, Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Phyllanthus emblica L, which are made into Dasanguo Powder. Triphala is rich in a variety of chemical components, including tannins, phenolic acids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. The content of tannin is abundant in Triphala, which are often used as the main indicators of analysis. Modern research found that Triphala has a variety of pharmacological activities such as prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor and so on. This paper briefly summarized the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Triphala, combining the relevant national and international literature in recent years to provide reference for the development and further study of Triphala.
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Objective To explore the clinical effects of single-cavity and COOK cervical ripening balloon in promoting full-term pregnancy cervical mature and inducing labour. Methods 126 puerpera who were expect-ant in the obstetrics department of our hospital were selected from January 2016 to June 2017,and all of the puer-pera were induced labor by cervical ripening balloon.In 61 of them,single-cavity balloon was used,and 65 cases were induced labor by COOK balloon. Determining the cervical ripening situation,the time needed for inducing efficient uterine contraction,the first stage of labor time,the total labor time,vaginal delivery rate,natural labor situation,postpartum hemorrhage,amniotic fluid turbidity,puerperal infection and newborn asphyxia of the two groups.Results the time needed for inducing efficient uterine contraction of the two groups were(16.39±2.68)h, (14.54 ± 3.30)h,and the two groups were statistically different(P<0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in other items of two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion single-cavity balloon and COOK balloon are sim-ilar in promoting full-term pregnancy cervical ripening.The difference is that the time needed for inducing efficient uterine contraction of the single-cavity balloon is longer than COOK balloon,but have no adverse effect to the puer-pera and the newborn.Both types of balloons are recommended to be used in promoting full-term pregnancy cervical ripening and inducing labor.
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PK-PD binding model is a powerful tool to study the relationship between drug time-concentration,concentration-effect and time-effect,which is of great significance and widely used in guiding clinical medicine.The PK-PD binding model is applied to the study of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM),which is helpful to elucidate the basis of drug substance and its mechanism.It is of great significance to the development of TCM and its preparation.In this paper,recent applications of PK-PD binding model in the composition and effective part of TCM,single herbal medicine and TCM compound were made,which could provide references for future PK-PD study of chemical constituent.
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High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint technology is an important means of quality control of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations,which can reflect the whole process of raw materials as well as the whole process and quality of finished products.It has become the primary quality control method of modern TCM preparations.In this paper,recent advances in HPLC fingerprints and their combination techniques in the quality control of TCM preparations were reviewed,which provided the basis for quality control of TCM preparations.
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This study was aimed to optimize the extraction method for total polyphenol from Phyllanthus emblica through multi-target orthogonal experiment,in order to provide data reference for its industrial production.The comprehensive evaluation indexes included the extraction yield,extraction percentage of total polyphenol,chebulagic acid,gallic acid,mucic acid-2-O-gallate,were verified.The ethanol concentration,solid-liquid ratio and extraction time were crucial indexes for orthogonal design.The results showed that the best extraction process was using 10 times dosage 70％ ethanol,to extract the medical material three time,90 minutes for every time.It was concluded that the extraction technology was reliable.This method was stable,quick and simple.It laid a fundamental foundation for the extraction method exploration.
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This article was aimed to study the stability of tannin parts in Phyllanthus emblica L.in artificial gastric and intestinal juice,in order to provide a foundation for in vivo studies of Phyllanthus emblica L.HPLC-UV was used to determine the contents of main ingredients.The results showed that stability of main ingredients of tannin parts in Phyllanthus emblica L.,including gallic acid (GA),corilagin and ellagic acid (EA),in the artificial gastric juice.The content change was not obvious.The residual content was within 100％.The half-life was above 90 h.They were unstable in the artificial intestinal juice.The content was first increased and then decreased.The residual content was 100-300％.The half-life was above 10 h.It was concluded that the tannin parts in Phyllanthus emblica L.was stable in artificial gastric juice.And content changes of main components were not obvious.The tannin parts in Phyllanthus emblica L.were unstable in artificial intestinal juice.The main ingredients were first increased and then decreased.It was speculated that macromolecule can hydrolyze tannin part into small molecules.Hnwever,as time increases,all components may be decomposed.
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This paper was aimed to establish the HPLC fingerprint of T.Billerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.tannin fraction.The analysis was performed on Atlantic T3 (250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm) C18 column.The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.2％ glacial acetic acid aqueous solution with gradient elution.The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1.The injection size was 20 μL.The temperature was maintained at 30℃.Eleven batches of T.Billerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.tannin fraction of chromatographic data was analyzed by similarity of chromatographic data,SPSS software and SIMCA software.There were 20 common peaks in the diagram.The similarity analysis of 11 samples revealed that the similarities were between 0.832 and 0.973.Only the similarity of tannin parts from Xinjiang was below 0.9.The cluster analysis classified the tannin parts into 3 types,which shared the similar results as the principal components analysis (PCA).PLS-DA found that peak 1,13 and 14 may be the main chromatographic peaks to identify tannins fraction.The HPLC-MSn information of 14 compounds in T.billerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.was summarized.It was concluded that chemometrics analysis method can be used to analyze the HPLC fingerprint of T.billerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.tannin fraction.This method was rapid,simple,and reproducible.It can be used as one of the effective methods for the quality control of T.billerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.tannin fraction.
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Phyllanthus emblica L.,related to common Tibetan medicine,has a function on clearing heat and cooling blood,promoting digestion and invigorating stomach,and producing saliva and slaking thirst.The compound of Dasanguo,made of Phyllanthus emblica,F.terminalia billericae and F.chebula,was a widely used preparation in Tibetan medicine,and was also a basic formula in other prescriptions.This study summarized the untilization of Phyllanthus emblica in traditional Tibetan medicine and elucidated the effects of Phyllanthus emblica in the compounds of Tibetan medicine,which provided a reference for the studies of Tibetan medicine and its modern application.
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of tannins extracted from Tibetan medicine Phyllanthi Fructus on cytochrome P450 enzyme of liver microsomes in rats.Cocktail probe substrates were incubated with liver microsomes in vitro.Metabolic elimination percentages of the six probe substrates,including dapsone,dextromethorphan hydrobromide,coumarin,phenacetin,chlorzoxazone and tolbutamide,were determined by HPLC.The effects of tannins extracted from Tibetan medicine Phyllanthi Fructus on the enzymatic activity of rat liver microsomal P450s was evaluated.It was found that tannins extracted from Phyllanthi Fructus did not impact P450 enzymes.The IC50 values of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 were over 200 μg·mL-1,while the IC50 value of CYP2C9 was superior to 500 tg·mL-1.In conclusion,Tannins extracted from Tibetan medicine Phyllanthi Fructus did not significantly affect cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Phyllanthus emblica L.has a long history and is abundant in the world.It was used for treating various diseases in nearly twenty countries or nations in regard to traditional medicine system.By retrieving Tibetan medicine in classical books,recent literatures and clinical studies,the application of Phyllanthus emblica in traditional Tibetan medicine system was introduced,including its utilization in hypertension,indigestion,abdominal distension,cough and arthralgia and their related diseases.In the sight of modern pharmacological research,the theory Tibetan medicine of explained Phyllanthus emblica scientifically.Its related researches and development prospects were also deliberated for further researches and various applications,which demonstrated the value of the development of new drugs and health products.
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Phyllanthus emblica L.and Terminalia chebula Retz.were the most common Tibetan medicines.The combination of Phyllanthus emblica L.,Terminalia chebula Retz.and Term inalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.was known as Triphala,which was the basis of the most frequently-used prescriptions.The present study summarized and made a further comparison between Phyllanthus emblica L.and Terminalia chebula Retz.over chemical constituents and pharmacological activities,which provided evidence for their clinical use and the basic theory.
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Phyllanthus emblica L.is related to traditional tibetan medicine,containing diversified pharmacological and physiological functions,such as anti-tumor effects,anti-inflammatory effects,anti-oxidation funtions,slow down in glycemia and blood pressure and the prevention of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases,etc.In this study,the research progress on the anti-tumor efficacy of monomer compounds and the extraction of Phyllanthus emblica L.were reviewed,providing references for the anti-tumor studies of Phyllanthus emblica L.
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Objective To establish an HPLC method for the content determination of protodioscin and diosgenin in Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma from different habitats.Methods The chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5μm) with mobile phase of acetonitrile-water solution with gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min; the detection wavelength was 208 nm; the column temperature was 30℃; the injection volume was 20μL.Results Protodioscin showed a good linear relationship among the range of 1.73–8.64 μg (r=0.999 6), with the average recovery of 101.98% (RSD=1.53%); Diosgenin showed a good linear relationship among the range of 1.03–8.20μg (r=0.999 1), with the average recovery of 101.60% (RSD=2.41%). The contents of protodioscin and diosgenin in Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma from 10 different habitats were in the range of 0.89%–2.24% and 0.75%–3.22%, respectively.Conclusion The method is simple, accurate and with repeatability, which can be used as quality control method of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma.
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Objective To establish an HPLC method for determination and comparison of the content of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid in Prunella vulgaris from different habitat. Methods The determination was carried out with Waters Zorbax SunFire C18 (4.6 mm?150 mm, 5 ?m), gradient MeOH-0.1% acetic acid solution was taken as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was at 330 nm. Results The linear range of caffeic acid was 0.099 2～0.496 0 ?g (r=0.999 9). The average recovery rate of caffeic acid was 99.75% (RSD=2.27%, n=5). The content of caffeic acid in Prunella vulgaris from different habitat ranged from 0.02% to 0.05%. The linear range of rosmarinic acid was 0.828 8～4.144 0 ?g (r=0.999 8), The average recovery rate of rosmarinic acid was 101.37% (RSD=1.19%, n=5). The content of rosmarinic acid in Prunella vulgaris from different habitat ranged from 0.09% to 0.20%. Conclusion The content of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid in Prunella vulgaris from different habitat varied greatly.