Cardiometabolic diseases. / Doenças cardiometabólicas.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiometabolic diseases are prevalent in populations and are among the leading causes of death. Objective: This sub-study of the Health, Well-being and Aging (SABE) study describes the self-reported prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) for its three waves (2000, 2006, and 2010). It also analyses the associations with selected risk factors. METHODS: Logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS: Predominance of women and average age (68 years) were maintained in all the waves. During the period, there was a general tendency of increasing prevalence of hypertension (53.1 to 66.7%), DM (16.7 to 25.0%), and CVD (23.0 to 27.2%); and stabilization of the CVD prevalence rate occurred only from 2006 to 2010. Women, with body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m2, and ex-smokers had consistently higher risk of self-reported hypertension across the three waves. BMI >27kg/m2 was also associated with a higher probability of DM in the three waves, whereas with ex-smokers this occurred only in 2010. Ex-smokers presented higher risk of CVD in all the waves, but not excess weight. Wave pairs were analyzed to test changes in prevalence, and it was found a significant increase in diseases rates across the years. CONCLUSION: In summary, self-reported DM, hypertension, and CVD had high prevalence rates for participants of SABE Study, in São Paulo. The association of elevated BMI with cardiometabolic diseases suggests that body adiposity might favor their occurrence, although the study design does not guarantee a cause and effect relationship. Increased rates of affected individuals from the first to the third wave may reflect improvement in diagnostic conditions and/or control of these diseases' mortality during that period.

INTRODUÇÃO: Doenças cardiometabólicas são prevalentes nas populações, estando entre as principais causas de morte. Objetivos: Este subestudo do Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (Sabe) descreve as prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão, diabete mellitus (DM) e doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica (DCV) nas suas três ondas (2000, 2006 e 2010) e analisa a associação com fatores de risco selecionados. MÉTODOS: Empregou-se regressão logística. RESULTADOS: O predomínio de mulheres e a idade (68 anos) foram mantidos nas três ondas. No período, verificou-se tendência geral de aumento nas prevalências de hipertensão (53,1 a 66,7%), DM (16,7 a 25%) e DCV (23,0 a 27,2%) - estabilização da prevalência de DCV apenas de 2006 a 2010. Indivíduos do sexo feminino, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 27 kg/m2 e ex-fumantes tenderam consistentemente à maior probabilidade de hipertensão autorreferida ao longo das ondas. Apresentar IMC > 27 kg/m2 associou-se à maior probabilidade de referir DM nas três ondas, enquanto com ex-fumantes isso aconteceu apenas em 2010. Ter sido fumante também se associou à DCV nas ondas, mas não o excesso de peso. Averiguando-se pares de ondas para testar alterações nas prevalências, viu-se que em geral houve elevação significativa nos percentuais das doenças com o tempo. CONCLUSÃO: Em suma, DM, hipertensão e DCV autorreferidos ocorreram com elevadas prevalências nos participantes do Sabe em São Paulo. A associação de IMC elevado com doenças cardiometabólicas sugere que adiposidade corporal pode favorecê-las, embora esta análise não permita assegurar relação causa × efeito. É possível que o aumento dos percentuais de doentes da primeira para a terceira onda reflita melhora nas condições de diagnóstico e/ou no controle dessas doenças no período.

Doenças cardiometabólicas / Cardiometabolic diseases

RESUMO: Introdução: Doenças cardiometabólicas são prevalentes nas populações, estando entre as principais causas de morte. Objetivos: Este subestudo do Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (Sabe) descreve as prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão, diabete mellitus (DM) e doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica (DCV) nas suas três ondas (2000, 2006 e 2010) e analisa a associação com fatores de risco selecionados. Métodos: Empregou-se regressão logística. Resultados: O predomínio de mulheres e a idade (68 anos) foram mantidos nas três ondas. No período, verificou-se tendência geral de aumento nas prevalências de hipertensão (53,1 a 66,7%), DM (16,7 a 25%) e DCV (23,0 a 27,2%) - estabilização da prevalência de DCV apenas de 2006 a 2010. Indivíduos do sexo feminino, com índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 27 kg/m2 e ex-fumantes tenderam consistentemente à maior probabilidade de hipertensão autorreferida ao longo das ondas. Apresentar IMC > 27 kg/m2 associou-se à maior probabilidade de referir DM nas três ondas, enquanto com ex-fumantes isso aconteceu apenas em 2010. Ter sido fumante também se associou à DCV nas ondas, mas não o excesso de peso. Averiguando-se pares de ondas para testar alterações nas prevalências, viu-se que em geral houve elevação significativa nos percentuais das doenças com o tempo. Conclusão: Em suma, DM, hipertensão e DCV autorreferidos ocorreram com elevadas prevalências nos participantes do Sabe em São Paulo. A associação de IMC elevado com doenças cardiometabólicas sugere que adiposidade corporal pode favorecê-las, embora esta análise não permita assegurar relação causa × efeito. É possível que o aumento dos percentuais de doentes da primeira para a terceira onda reflita melhora nas condições de diagnóstico e/ou no controle dessas doenças no período.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Cardiometabolic diseases are prevalent in populations and are among the leading causes of death. Objective: This sub-study of the Health, Well-being and Aging (SABE) study describes the self-reported prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) for its three waves (2000, 2006, and 2010). It also analyses the associations with selected risk factors. Methods: Logistic regression models were performed. Results: Predominance of women and average age (68 years) were maintained in all the waves. During the period, there was a general tendency of increasing prevalence of hypertension (53.1 to 66.7%), DM (16.7 to 25.0%), and CVD (23.0 to 27.2%); and stabilization of the CVD prevalence rate occurred only from 2006 to 2010. Women, with body mass index (BMI) > 27 kg/m2, and ex-smokers had consistently higher risk of self-reported hypertension across the three waves. BMI >27kg/m2 was also associated with a higher probability of DM in the three waves, whereas with ex-smokers this occurred only in 2010. Ex-smokers presented higher risk of CVD in all the waves, but not excess weight. Wave pairs were analyzed to test changes in prevalence, and it was found a significant increase in diseases rates across the years. Conclusion: In summary, self-reported DM, hypertension, and CVD had high prevalence rates for participants of SABE Study, in São Paulo. The association of elevated BMI with cardiometabolic diseases suggests that body adiposity might favor their occurrence, although the study design does not guarantee a cause and effect relationship. Increased rates of affected individuals from the first to the third wave may reflect improvement in diagnostic conditions and/or control of these diseases' mortality during that period.

Pragmatic criteria of the definition of neonatal near miss: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the validity of the pragmatic criteria of the definitions of neonatal near miss, extending them throughout the infant period, and to estimate the indicators of perinatal care in public maternity hospitals. METHODS: A cohort of live births from six maternity hospitals in the municipalities of São Paulo, Niterói, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out in 2011. We carried out interviews and checked prenatal cards and medical records. We compared the pragmatic criteria (birth weight, gestational age, and 5' Apgar score) of the definitions of near miss of Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al., and Silva et al. We calculated sensitivity, specificity (gold standard: infant mortality), percentage of deaths among newborns with life-threatening conditions, and rates of near miss, mortality, and severe outcomes per 1,000 live births. RESULTS: A total 7,315 newborns were analyzed (completeness of information > 99%). The sensitivity of the definition of Pileggi-Castro et al. was higher, resulting in a higher number of cases of near miss, Souza et al. presented lower value, and Pileggi et al. and de Silva et al. presented intermediate values. There is an increase in sensitivity when the period goes from 0-6 to 0-27 days, and there is a decrease when it goes to 0-364 days. Specificities were high (≥ 97%) and above sensitivities (54% to 77%). One maternity hospital in São Paulo and one in Niterói presented, respectively, the lowest and highest rates of infant mortality, near miss, and frequency of births with life-threatening conditions, regardless of the definition. CONCLUSIONS: The definitions of near miss based exclusively on pragmatic criteria are valid and can be used for monitoring purposes. Based on the perinatal literature, the cutoff points adopted by Silva et al. were more appropriate. Periodic studies could apply a more complete definition, incorporating clinical, laboratory, and management criteria, including congenital anomalies predictive of infant mortality.

Pragmatic criteria of the definition of neonatal near miss: a comparative study / Critérios pragmáticos da definição de near miss neonatal: um estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the validity of the pragmatic criteria of the definitions of neonatal near miss, extending them throughout the infant period, and to estimate the indicators of perinatal care in public maternity hospitals. METHODS A cohort of live births from six maternity hospitals in the municipalities of São Paulo, Niterói, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was carried out in 2011. We carried out interviews and checked prenatal cards and medical records. We compared the pragmatic criteria (birth weight, gestational age, and 5' Apgar score) of the definitions of near miss of Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al., and Silva et al. We calculated sensitivity, specificity (gold standard: infant mortality), percentage of deaths among newborns with life-threatening conditions, and rates of near miss, mortality, and severe outcomes per 1,000 live births. RESULTS A total 7,315 newborns were analyzed (completeness of information > 99%). The sensitivity of the definition of Pileggi-Castro et al. was higher, resulting in a higher number of cases of near miss, Souza et al. presented lower value, and Pileggi et al. and de Silva et al. presented intermediate values. There is an increase in sensitivity when the period goes from 0-6 to 0-27 days, and there is a decrease when it goes to 0-364 days. Specificities were high (≥ 97%) and above sensitivities (54% to 77%). One maternity hospital in São Paulo and one in Niterói presented, respectively, the lowest and highest rates of infant mortality, near miss, and frequency of births with life-threatening conditions, regardless of the definition. CONCLUSIONS The definitions of near miss based exclusively on pragmatic criteria are valid and can be used for monitoring purposes. Based on the perinatal literature, the cutoff points adopted by Silva et al. were more appropriate. Periodic studies could apply a more complete definition, incorporating clinical, laboratory, and management criteria, including congenital anomalies predictive of infant mortality.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Testar a validade dos critérios pragmáticos de definições de near miss neonatal, estendendo-as para todo o período infantil, e estimar indicadores de assistência perinatal em maternidades públicas. MÉTODOS Constituiu-se uma coorte de nascidos vivos de seis maternidades dos municípios de São Paulo, Niterói e Rio de Janeiro em 2011. Foram realizadas entrevistas e consultas aos cartões de pré-natal e prontuários. Critérios pragmáticos (peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e escore de Apgar 5') das definições de near miss de Pileggi et al., Pileggi-Castro et al., Souza et al. e Silva et al. foram comparados. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade (padrão-ouro: óbito infantil), percentual de óbitos entre recém-nascidos com ameaça à vida e taxas de near miss, mortalidade e desfechos graves por 1.000 nascidos vivos. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 7.315 recém-nascidos (completude das informações > 99%). A sensibilidade da definição de Pileggi-Castro et al. foi maior, resultando em um maior número de casos de near miss; a de Souza et al. apresentou menor valor, e as de Pileggi et al. e de Silva et al. apresentaram valores intermediários. Há um aumento da sensibilidade quando se estende o período de 0-6 para 0-27 dias, e um declínio quando se amplia para 0-364 dias. Especificidades foram elevadas (≥ 97%) e superiores às sensibilidades (54% a 77%). Uma maternidade de São Paulo e outra de Niterói apresentaram, respectivamente, as menores e as maiores: taxas de mortalidade infantil, near miss, e frequência de nascimentos em situação de ameaça à vida, independentemente da definição. CONCLUSÕES As definições de near miss baseadas exclusivamente em critérios pragmáticos são válidas e podem ser utilizadas para fins de monitoramento. Com base na literatura perinatal, os pontos de corte adotados por Silva et al. foram mais adequados. Estudos periódicos poderiam aplicar uma definição mais completa, com incorporação de critérios clínicos, laboratoriais e de manejo, incluindo as anomalias congênitas preditoras do óbito infantil.

The study of the mother-child binomium: description and general results.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the characteristics of women during pregnancy/immediate postpartum cycles and the product of their pregnancy. METHOD: Data collection was conducted for a period of three months in 2011, in six maternity hospitals in the State of São Paulo. The data were obtained in an interview with the women after the end of the pregnancy and collected from hospital records. The sample included 7,058 women hospitalized for abortion or childbirth in five hospitals from SUS (Unified Health System) and from only one hospital for private health insurance patients and their 6,602 conceptuses (live births and stillborns). Statistical analysis was based on χ2 tests, with a significance level of α = 5%. RESULTS: It was observed that 6,530 women gave birth and 528 showed interruption of pregnancy. Regarding age, 1,448 were teenagers (20.5%). There were no deaths during hospitalization and 99.8% of women received a medical discharge. Maternal morbidity in the current pregnancy was analyzed, showing urinary tract infection, anemia and excessive vomiting as the main problems. The rate of cesarean sections accounted for 31.1% and complications in childbirth and postpartum were shown, respectively, by 834 (12.8%) and 265 (4.1%) women. The characteristics of the conceptuses were also studied: gestation length (9.3% of preterm among live births, and 68% among the stillborn); birth weight (underweight in 8.2% among live births, and 66% among the stillborn) and morbidity, measured by congenital anomalies and other diseases; these diseases were responsible for ICU stay, transfers to better-equipped hospitals (10 cases) and 37 deaths. Thirteen live births were still hospitalized at the end of the investigation.

The study of the mother-child binomium: description and general results / O estudo do binômio mãe-filho: descrição e resultados gerais

The present study investigated the characteristics of women during pregnancy/immediate postpartum cycles and the product of their pregnancy.

A pesquisa estudou as características de mulheres no ciclo gravídico/puerperal imediato e do produto de sua gestação.

FEV1 is a better predictor of mortality than FVC: the PLATINO cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the presence of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and reduction of lung function parameters were predictors of mortality in a cohort. MATERIALS/PATIENTS AND METHODS: Population based cohorts were followed in Montevideo, Santiago and Sao Paulo during 5, 6 and 9 years, respectively. Outcomes included all-cause, cardiovascular, respiratory and cancer mortality; exposures were COPD, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Cox regression was used for analyses. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, receiver operator characteristics curves and Youden's index were calculated. RESULTS: Main causes of death were cardiovascular, respiratory and cancer. Baseline COPD was associated with overall mortality (HR = 1.43 for FEV1/FVC

[Gestational weight gain and birth weight of the newborn: a cross-sectional study in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil]. / Ganho de peso gestacional e peso ao nascer do concepto: estudo transversal na região de Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight, pre-pregnancy and gestational obesity and verify the association with the birth weight of the newborn. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 712 pregnant women admitted for delivery at the School of Medicine of Jundiaí hospital. The variables studied were socio-demographics, pregnancy, pre-pregnancy weight, prenatal care, total gestational weight gain and birth weight of the newborn. The majority (99.7%) had a pre-natal and 84.6% > 6 visits. The prevalence of pre-pregnancy overweight was 34.7%, and excessive total weight gain was 36.9%. A significant association was observed between the pregnant women's BMI classification and the newborn's weight (NB) classification and between total weight gain classification of the mother and the newborn's weight classification. In pregnant women with excessive weight a higher prevalence of newborns with appropriate weight was observed. In contrast, women with insufficient weight gain had 2.15 times higher risk of underweight newborns and 2.85 times higher risk of low weight newborns. Although a significant percentage of overweight pregnant women was observed, this influenced the insufficient weight of the pregnant woman though not the birth weight of the newborns.

Tendência de mortalidade de idosos por doenças crônicas no município de Marília-SP, Brasil: 1998 a 2000 e 2005 a 2007 / Chronic disease-related elderly mortality trends in the city of Marilia - SP, Brazil: 1998-2000 and 2005-2007

Objetivo: descrever a mortalidade de idosos por doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias e neoplasias no município de Marília-SP, Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo da mortalidade pelos grupos de três doenças segundo a Décima Revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-10), nos períodos 1998-2000 e 2005-2007; utilizaram-se registros do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (Sim) e calcularam-se os coeficientes de mortalidade por idade e sexo. Resultados: doenças do aparelho circulatório lideraram as causas de mortalidade dos idosos (39,25 por cento); houve declínio da mortalidade por neoplasias em ambos os sexos e na faixa etária de 60-69 anos, câncer da próstata nos homens (-83,36 por cento) e de mama nas mulheres (-70,96 por cento); óbitos por doenças do aparelho respiratório aumentaram aos 80 e mais anos, em homens (+39,31 por cento) e mulheres (+57,92 por cento). Conclusão: a mortalidade dos idosos por doenças cardiovasculares e neoplasias apresentou declínio, enquanto aumentou por doenças respiratórias na faixa etária =80 anos.

Objective: to describe elderly mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and neoplasms in Marilia (SP). Methods: this is a descriptive study of mortality from three diseases as defined by the 10th International Classification of Diseases, between 1998-2000 and 2005-2007. Mortality Information System records were used. Mortality rates by age and sex were calculated. Results: circulatory diseases were the main causes of death among the elderly (39.25 per cent). Neoplasm decline was noticed in both sexes and in those aged 60-69, particularly prostate cancer in men (-83.86 per cent) and breast cancer (-70.96 per cent) in this age group. Deaths from respiratory diseases increased in patients aged 80 and older: 39.31 per cent in men and 57.92 per cent in women. Conclusion: mortality from circulatory diseases and neoplasms among the elderly showed a decline, with increased mortality from respiratory system problems in patients 80 years of age and older.

Características das gestações de adolescentes internadas em maternidades do estado de São Paulo, 2011 / Characteristics of teenage pregnancies hospitalized in maternity hospitals in São Paulo state, Brazil, 2011

Objetivo: descrever as características das gestantes adolescentes internadas em hospitais no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em seis maternidades públicas e privadas durante três meses de 2001, com adolescentes gestantes de 10 a 19 anos de idade, mediante entrevistas e consultas aos prontuários e cadernetas de pré-natal. Resultados: foram incluídas 1.448 gestantes adolescentes; houve 71 abortos, 16 natimortos e nove óbitos entre os 1.367 nascidos vivos (0,7 por cento); a maioria das gestantes (79,8 por cento) era primigesta, 11,7 por cento referiram ter fumado, 8,8 por cento consumiram álcool e 1,2 por cento informaram uso de drogas ilícitas durante a gestação; a proporção de adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos que iniciaram o pré-natal ao terceiro trimestre (9,3 por cento) foi maior do que aquela entre 15 e 19 anos (3,3 por cento). Conclusão: observou-se elevada prevalência de fatores de risco gestacional entre as adolescentes, como tabagismo, consumo de álcool e início tardio do pré-natal.

Objective: to describe the characteristics of the pregnancy-puerperal cycle of hospitalized teenagers in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in five public and one private maternity hospitals over a three month period in 2011 with teenagers aged 10-19, through interviews and consulting medical records and antenatal care forms. Results: 1,448 pregnant teenagers were included in the study. There were 71 miscarriages and 16 stillbirths. Nine of the 1,367 live births died. 23.5 per cent had Caesarean sections. For the majority (79.8 per cent) it was their first pregnancy 11.7 per cent reporting smoking, 8.8 per cent alcohol use and 1.2 per cent illicit drug use during pregnancy. The proportion of those aged 10-14 starting antenatal care in the third trimester of pregnancy (9.3 per cent) was higher than among those aged 15-19 (3.3 per cent). Conclusion: the results show the importance of the problem of teenage pregnancy and changes in their reproductive health care are recommended.

Ganho de peso gestacional e peso ao nascer do concepto: estudo transversal na região de Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil / Gestational weight gain and birth weight of the newborn: a cross-sectional study in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade pré-gravídica e gestacional e verificar a associação com o peso ao nascer do concepto. Estudo descritivo, transversal, quantitativo, realizado com 712 gestantes internadas para o parto no hospital da Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí. Variáveis estudadas: perfil sociodemográfico, gestacional, peso pré-gravídico, assistência pré-natal, ganho de peso gestacional total e peso ao nascer do concepto. A maioria (99,7%) realizou pré-natal, 84,6% > seis consultas. Prevalência de excesso de peso pré-gravídico (34,7%) e de ganho de peso total excessivo (36,9%). Associação significativa foi observada entre classificação do IMC inicial da gestante e classificação do peso do recém-nascido (RN) e entre classificação do ganho de peso total da gestante e classificação do peso do RN. Nas gestantes com peso excessivo observou-se maior prevalência de RN com peso adequado, em contrapartida, gestantes com ganho de peso insuficiente tiveram 2,15 vezes mais risco de RN com peso insuficiente e 2,85 vezes mais risco de RN com baixo peso. Conclui-se que embora observado importante percentual de gestantes com excesso de peso, este, não influenciou no peso ao nascer do concepto e sim, o peso insuficiente da gestante.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight, pre-pregnancy and gestational obesity and verify the association with the birth weight of the newborn. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 712 pregnant women admitted for delivery at the School of Medicine of Jundiaí hospital. The variables studied were socio-demographics, pregnancy, pre-pregnancy weight, prenatal care, total gestational weight gain and birth weight of the newborn. The majority (99.7%) had a pre-natal and 84.6% > 6 visits. The prevalence of pre-pregnancy overweight was 34.7%, and excessive total weight gain was 36.9%. A significant association was observed between the pregnant women's BMI classification and the newborn's weight (NB) classification and between total weight gain classification of the mother and the newborn's weight classification. In pregnant women with excessive weight a higher prevalence of newborns with appropriate weight was observed. In contrast, women with insufficient weight gain had 2.15 times higher risk of underweight newborns and 2.85 times higher risk of low weight newborns. Although a significant percentage of overweight pregnant women was observed, this influenced the insufficient weight of the pregnant woman though not the birth weight of the newborns.

A importância das anomalias congênitas ao nascer / The importance of congenital malformations at birth

INTRODUÇÃO: Os países que superaram as taxas de mortalidade infantil mostram, hoje em dia, a concentração de mortes no período neonatal e, dentro dele, principalmente na primeira semana de vida (após neonatais precoces). Dentre as causas de morte, como algumas doenças começaram a ser controladas, foi verificado um aumento proporcional significativo da participação das malformações congênitas. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de malformações congênitas (AC) ao nascer em conceptos (natimortos e nascidos vivos) de mulheres internadas em instituições localizadas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em quatro hospitais da cidade de São Paulo durante três meses no segundo semestre de 2011...

INTRODUCTION: Countries that have overcome high infant mortality rates show, nowadays, concentration of deaths in the neonatal period and, within it, mainly in the first week of life (early neonatal deaths). Regarding causes of death, as some diseases have started to be controlled, a significant proportional increase in the participation of congenital malformations has been verified. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of congenital malformations (CM) at birth in conceptuses (stillbirths and live births) of women hospitalized in institutions located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out at 4 hospitals in the city of São Paulo during 3 months in the 2nd semester of 2011...

A importância das anomalias congênitas ao nascer / The importance of congenital malformations at birth

INTRODUÇÃO: Os países que superaram as taxas de mortalidade infantil mostram, hoje em dia, a concentração de mortes no período neonatal e, dentro dele, principalmente na primeira semana de vida (após neonatais precoces). Dentre as causas de morte, como algumas doenças começaram a ser controladas, foi verificado um aumento proporcional significativo da participação das malformações congênitas. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de malformações congênitas (AC) ao nascer em conceptos (natimortos e nascidos vivos) de mulheres internadas em instituições localizadas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em quatro hospitais da cidade de São Paulo durante três meses no segundo semestre de 2011...(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Countries that have overcome high infant mortality rates show, nowadays, concentration of deaths in the neonatal period and, within it, mainly in the first week of life (early neonatal deaths). Regarding causes of death, as some diseases have started to be controlled, a significant proportional increase in the participation of congenital malformations has been verified. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of congenital malformations (CM) at birth in conceptuses (stillbirths and live births) of women hospitalized in institutions located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out at 4 hospitals in the city of São Paulo during 3 months in the 2nd semester of 2011...(AU)

[The International Classification of Diseases, the Family of International Classifications, the ICD-11, and post-polio syndrome]. / A Classificação Internacional de Doenças, a Família de Classificações Internacionais, a CID-11 e a Síndrome Pós-Poliomielite.

The first International Classification of Diseases (ICD) was approved in 1893 and since then it has been periodically reviewed. The last, 10th revision (ICD-10), was approved in 1989. Since 1989, it was possible to update from ICD revisions, which did not happen before. The next revision (ICD-11) would probably be published in 2015. In 1989, mechanisms were established to update ICD-10, through the creation of the Morbidity Reference Group (MbRG) in 1997 and the Update and Revision Committee (URC) in 2000. The Morbidity Reference Group (MbRG) was created in 2007 to discuss in more detail the issues to update morbidity. A specific code in ICD was not included in the revision of ICD-10 in 1989 for the post-polio syndrome (PPS). However, the ICD new code G14 for PPS was included in ICD-10 since 2010.

[Racial/ethnic disparities in self-rated health: a multilevel analysis of 2,697 individuals in 145 Brazilian municipalities]. / Disparidades étnico-raciais em saúde autoavaliada: análise multinível de 2.697 indivíduos residentes em 145 municípios brasileiros.

Recent literature reviews have shown that studies analyzing racial/ethnic disparities in Brazil are still scarce. Multilevel approaches are necessary, since race is a socially constructed concept and can vary by area of residence. The analysis included 2,697 individuals from 145 Brazilian municipalities (counties), classified by race (white, black, or mixed). Multilevel models were fitted using Bayesian inference with Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. After including demographic, socioeconomic, and health access variables, black and mixed-race individuals showed higher odds of negative self-rated health (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.24; 2.37 and OR = 1.37; 95%CI: 1.10; 1.71, respectively). Characteristics of the area of residence did not significantly affect the association between race and self-rated health. Racial/ethnic disparities lost their statistical significance after re-categorization of the dependent variable. The results indicate that racial/ ethnic disparities in health in Brazil may be deeper and more complex than expected.

Maternal mortality due to hemorrhage in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the rates of maternal mortality due to hemorrhage identified in Brazil from 1997 to 2009. METHODS: the time series and population data from the Brazilian Health Ministry, Mortality Information System and Live Birth Information System were examined. From the Mortality Information System, we initially selected all reported deaths of women between 10 and 49 years old, which occurred from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2009 in Brazil, recorded as a "maternal death". RESULTS: during the research period, 22,281 maternal deaths were identified, among which 3,179 were due to hemorrhage, accounting for 14.26% of the total deaths. The highest rates of maternal mortality were found in the North and Northeast areas of Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: the Brazilian scenario shows regional inequalities regarding maternal mortality. It presents hemorrhaging as a symptom and not as a cause of death.

Disparidades étnico-raciais em saúde autoavaliada: análise multinível de 2.697 indivíduos residentes em 145 municípios brasileiros / Racial/ethnic disparities in self-rated health: a multilevel analysis of 2,697 individuals in 145 Brazilian municipalities / Disparidades etno-raciales en la autopercepción de salud: un análisis multinivel de 2.697 personas que viven en 145 municipios brasileños

Revisões recentes da literatura indicam que o número de estudos sobre disparidades étnicoraciais no Brasil é escasso. A análise multinível torna-se necessária já que o conceito de raça/cor é socialmente construído e pode variar segundo local de residência. Foram analisados 2.697 indivíduos residentes em 145 municípios brasileiros, segundo raça (branca, preta e parda). Foram ajustados modelos multinível utilizando inferência bayesiana pelo método Monte Carlo via Cadeias de Markov. Após a inclusão de variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de acesso a serviços de saúde, indivíduos de raça preta e parda tiveram maior razão de chances de avaliarem sua saúde como negativa (RC = 1,71; IC95%: 1,24; 2,37 e RC = 1,37; IC95%: 1,10; 1,71, respectivamente). Características do local de residência não alteraram significativamente a relação entre raça/cor e saúde autoavaliada. Após a recategorização da variável dependente, as características étnico-raciais perderam significância estatística. O presente estudo indica que as disparidades raciais em saúde podem ser mais complexas do que o esperado.

Recent literature reviews have shown that studies analyzing racial/ethnic disparities in Brazil are still scarce. Multilevel approaches are necessary, since race is a socially constructed concept and can vary by area of residence. The analysis included 2,697 individuals from 145 Brazilian municipalities (counties), classified by race (white, black, or mixed). Multilevel models were fitted using Bayesian inference with Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. After including demographic, socioeconomic, and health access variables, black and mixed-race individuals showed higher odds of negative self-rated health (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.24; 2.37 and OR = 1.37; 95%CI: 1.10; 1.71, respectively). Characteristics of the area of residence did not significantly affect the association between race and self-rated health. Racial/ethnic disparities lost their statistical significance after re-categorization of the dependent variable. The results indicate that racial/ ethnic disparities in health in Brazil may be deeper and more complex than expected.

Las revisiones bibliográficas recientes muestran que los estudios que analizan las disparidades etno-raciales en Brasil siguen siendo escasos. Es necesario un enfoque multinivel, debido a que el concepto de raza es una construcción social, y es susceptible de variar según la zona de residencia. El presente análisis incluyó a 2.697 personas de 145 municipios brasileños, separados por raza (blanco, negro y mestizos). Se ajustaron modelos multinivel, usando la inferencia bayesiana con métodos Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Después de incluir las variables demográficas, socioeconómicas y de acceso a la salud como controles, las personas identificadas como negros y mestizos tuvieron un odds ratio más elevado al juzgar su salud en términos negativos (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,24; 2,37 y OR = 1,37; 95%CI: 1,10; 1,71, respectivamente). Después de la recategorización de la variable dependiente, las disparidades etno-raciales perdieron significación estadística. Los resultados indican que las disparidades etno-raciales en salud en Brasil pueden ser más complejas y profundas de lo esperado.

[Disaggregation of differences in life expectancy between the States of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, Brazil]. / Decomposição da diferença da expectativa de vida de Minas Gerais em relação ao Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Brasil.

Comparisons between States of Brazil are still rare in public health. The States of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro have adequate mortality registry coverage and are geographically similar, thus making comparison appropriate for identifying possible interventions in public health. Meanwhile, the three States show important socioeconomic differences, consistently worse for Minas Gerais. The study analyzed the disaggregation of differences in life expectancy in Minas Gerais as compared to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro for 1996, 2000, and 2010, using the Arriaga methodology. Minas Gerais had a higher life expectancy than the two other States for the entire period, in both men and women. Advanced age and chronic illness, especially cancer and ischemic heart disease, were the most important factors in this difference. Differences in lifestyle and physical exercise (better for Minas Gerais than for São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) could help explain the apparent inconsistency between socioeconomic indicators and life expectancy.