Avaliação morfo-histológica e morfo-histométrica de feridas cutâneas tratadas com Sphagneticola trilobata (L) Pruski em ratos / [Morphohistological and morphohistometric evaluation of skin wounds treated with Sphagneticola trilobata (L) Pruski in rats]

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar macro e microscopicamente a atividade cicatrizante da Sphagneticola trilobata em feridas cutâneas induzidas em ratos, a partir da aplicação de creme contendo extrato hidroalcoólico bruto de folhas da planta. A análise fitoquímica apresentou terpenos e flavonoides como compostos majoritários. Sessenta ratos foram divididos em três grupos experimentais (n=20): grupo tratado (GT), grupo controle (GC) e grupo controle absoluto (GCA). Quatro feridas excisionais de 0,8cm de diâmetro foram realizadas no dorso dos animais, tratadas diariamente e avaliadas nos tempos três, sete, 14 e 21 dias de pós-operatório (PO) quanto à contração e à avaliação macroscópica, morfo-histológica e morfo-histométrica. Macroscopicamente, não houve diferença estatística na contração das feridas entre os grupos testados. Na avaliação morfológica e na morfométrica, o GT apresentou menor concentração de células inflamatórias, maior e melhor preenchimento do tecido de granulação pelas fibras colágenas e melhor vascularização das feridas. Não houve diferença entre o GC e o GCA. Conclui-se que o creme à base do extrato hidroalcoólico bruto das folhas de Sphagneticola trilobata contribui positivamente para o processo de cicatrização das feridas em pele de ratos.(AU)

The objective of this work was to macro and microscopically evaluate the healing activity of Sphagneticola trilobata in rat-induced skin wounds by applying cream containing crude hydroalcoholic extract from plant leaves. The phytochemical analysis showed terpenes and flavonoids as major compounds. Sixty rats were divided into three experimental groups (n=20): treated group (GT), control group (CG) and absolute control group (GCA). Four 0.8cm diameter excision wounds were performed on the back of the animals, treated daily and evaluated at the three, seven, 14 and 21 postoperative days (PO) for contraction, macroscopic, morphologic and morphologic evaluation. The TG presented smaller scar area at 21 postoperative days (P<0.05). In the morphological and morphometric evaluation, the WG presented lower inflammation, greater and better filling of granulation tissue by collagen fibers and better wound vascularization. There was no difference between GC and GCA. It was concluded that the cream based on the crude hydroalcoholic extract of Sphagneticola trilobata leaves contribute positively to the healing process of the skin wounds of rats.(AU)

Morfologia do sistema ocular dos animais domésticos / Morphology of ocular system of domestic animals

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as estruturas que compõem o sistema ocular dos animais domésticos. O bulbo ocular é um órgão especializado cuja função primária consiste em captar e focalizar a luz sobre a retina fotossensível. É formado por três túnicas dispostas concentricamente: a camada externa ou túnica fibrosa, que consiste em esclera e córnea; a camada média ou túnica vascular, constituída pela coróide, pelo corpo ciliar e pela íris; e a camada interna ou túnica nervosa, que é formada pela retina. Além desses envoltórios, há o cristalino ou lente e as estruturas que protegem e move o bulbo do olho, que são as fáscias orbitárias, os músculos oculares, as pálpebras, a conjuntiva e o aparelho lacrimal. Cada componente pode ser acometido por afecções diversas, as quais o médico veterinário deve estar apto a intervir, a fim de preservar esse importante órgão do sentido.(AU)

A literature review on the structures that compose the ocular system of domestic animals is presented in this study. The eyeball is a specialized organ whose primary function is to capture and focus the light onto the photosensitive retina. It comprises three concentrically arranged layers: an outer layer or fibrous tunic, containing the sclera and cornea; a middle coat or vascular layer, comprising the choroid, ciliary body and iris; and the inner coat or nervous layer, which is formed by the retina. In addition, there are the lens and the structures that protect and move the eyeball, such as the orbital fascia, ocular muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus. Each component can be affected by various diseases, which the veterinarian should be able to intervene in order to preserve this important sense organ.(AU)

MORPHOLOGY OF OCULAR SYSTEM OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS / Morfologia do sistema ocular dos animais domésticos.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as estruturas que compõem o sistema ocular dos animais domésticos. O bulbo ocular é um órgão especializado cuja função primária consiste em captar e focalizar a luz sobre a retina fotossensível. É formado por três túnicas dispostas concentricamente: a camada externa ou túnica fibrosa, que consiste em esclera e córnea; a camada média ou túnica vascular, constituída pela coróide, pelo corpo ciliar e pela íris; e a camada interna ou túnica nervosa, que é formada pela retina.  Além desses envoltórios, há o cristalino ou lente e as estruturas que protegem e move o bulbo do olho, que são as fáscias orbitárias, os músculos oculares, as pálpebras, a conjuntiva e o aparelho lacrimal. Cada componente pode ser acometido por afecções diversas, as quais o médico veterinário deve estar apto a intervir, a fim de preservar esse importante órgão do sentido. SUMMARYA literature review on the structures that compose th

Morfologia do sistema ocular dos animais domésticos / Morphology of ocular system of domestic animals

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as estruturas que compõem o sistema ocular dos animais domésticos. O bulbo ocular é um órgão especializado cuja função primária consiste em captar e focalizar a luz sobre a retina fotossensível. É formado por três túnicas dispostas concentricamente: a camada externa ou túnica fibrosa, que consiste em esclera e córnea; a camada média ou túnica vascular, constituída pela coróide, pelo corpo ciliar e pela íris; e a camada interna ou túnica nervosa, que é formada pela retina. Além desses envoltórios, há o cristalino ou lente e as estruturas que protegem e move o bulbo do olho, que são as fáscias orbitárias, os músculos oculares, as pálpebras, a conjuntiva e o aparelho lacrimal. Cada componente pode ser acometido por afecções diversas, as quais o médico veterinário deve estar apto a intervir, a fim de preservar esse importante órgão do sentido.

A literature review on the structures that compose the ocular system of domestic animals is presented in this study. The eyeball is a specialized organ whose primary function is to capture and focus the light onto the photosensitive retina. It comprises three concentrically arranged layers: an outer layer or fibrous tunic, containing the sclera and cornea; a middle coat or vascular layer, comprising the choroid, ciliary body and iris; and the inner coat or nervous layer, which is formed by the retina. In addition, there are the lens and the structures that protect and move the eyeball, such as the orbital fascia, ocular muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus. Each component can be affected by various diseases, which the veterinarian should be able to intervene in order to preserve this important sense organ.

MORPHOLOGY OF OCULAR SYSTEM OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS / Morfologia do sistema ocular dos animais domésticos

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre as estruturas que compõem o sistema ocular dos animais domésticos. O bulbo ocular é um órgão especializado cuja função primária consiste em captar e focalizar a luz sobre a retina fotossensível. É formado por três túnicas dispostas concentricamente: a camada externa ou túnica fibrosa, que consiste em esclera e córnea; a camada média ou túnica vascular, constituída pela coróide, pelo corpo ciliar e pela íris; e a camada interna ou túnica nervosa, que é formada pela retina.  Além desses envoltórios, há o cristalino ou lente e as estruturas que protegem e move o bulbo do olho, que são as fáscias orbitárias, os músculos oculares, as pálpebras, a conjuntiva e o aparelho lacrimal. Cada componente pode ser acometido por afecções diversas, as quais o médico veterinário deve estar apto a intervir, a fim de preservar esse importante órgão do sentido. SUMMARYA literature review on the structures that compose th

Barriers to treatment of hepatitis C in HIV/HCV coinfected adults in Brazil.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of barriers to interferon treatment in a population of HIV/HCV coinfected patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at two AIDS Outpatient Clinics in Brazil. The study included all HIV infected patients followed at these institutions from January 2005 to November 2007. Medical records of 2,024 HIV-infected patients were evaluated. The prevalence of anti-HCV positive patients among them was 16.7%. Medical records of HCV/HIV coinfected patients were analyzed. 189 patients with the following characteristics were included in our study: mean age 43 years; male gender 65%; former IDUs (52%); HCV genotype 1 (66.4%); HCV genotype 3 (30.5%); median CD4+ T cell count was 340 cells/mm³. Among 189 patients included in the analyses, only 75 (39.6%) were considered eligible for HCV treatment. The most frequent reasons for non-treatment were: non-compliance during clinical follow-up (31.4%), advanced HIV disease (21.9%), excessive alcohol consumption or active drug use (18.7%), and psychiatric disorders (10.1%). CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, as in elsewhere, more than half of HIV/HCV coinfected patients (60.4%) have been considered not candidates to received anti-HCV treatment. The main reasons may be deemed questionable: non-adherence, drug abuse, and psychiatric disease. Our results highlight the importance of multidisciplinary teams to optimize the access of coinfected patients to HCV treatment.

Barriers to treatment of hepatitis C in HIV/HCV coinfected adults in Brazil

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of barriers to interferon treatment in a population of HIV/HCV coinfected patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at two AIDS Outpatient Clinics in Brazil. The study included all HIV infected patients followed at these institutions from January 2005 to November 2007. Medical records of 2,024 HIV-infected patients were evaluated. The prevalence of anti-HCV positive patients among them was 16.7 percent. Medical records of HCV/HIV coinfected patients were analyzed. 189 patients with the following characteristics were included in our study: mean age 43 years; male gender 65 percent; former IDUs (52 percent); HCV genotype 1 (66.4 percent); HCV genotype 3 (30.5 percent); median CD4+ T cell count was 340 cells/mm³. Among 189 patients included in the analyses, only 75 (39.6 percent) were considered eligible for HCV treatment. The most frequent reasons for non-treatment were: non-compliance during clinical follow-up (31.4 percent), advanced HIV disease (21.9 percent), excessive alcohol consumption or active drug use (18.7 percent), and psychiatric disorders (10.1 percent). CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, as in elsewhere, more than half of HIV/HCV coinfected patients (60.4 percent) have been considered not candidates to received anti-HCV treatment. The main reasons may be deemed questionable: non-adherence, drug abuse, and psychiatric disease. Our results highlight the importance of multidisciplinary teams to optimize the access of coinfected patients to HCV treatment.

Tuberculous brain abscess in AIDS patients: report of three cases and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical description of tuberculous brain abscess in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHODS: Clinical case report and review of the literature from January 1981 to January 2003 using the MEDLINE database. RESULTS: The authors report three cases of tuberculous brain abscess in AIDS patients and review nine similar cases. The mean age was 30 years (range: 18-56 years) with seven patients being male. Five (42%) were intravenous drug users, had prior history of extra-cerebral tuberculosis, and presented alterations on chest radiograph. Tuberculin skin test was anergic in six (75%) of eight patients. Three patients of nine had a CD4+ cell count higher than 200 cells/microL, and three had a CD4+ cell count lower than 100 cells/microl. All but one patient had a brain computerized tomography scan with a single lesion. All patients received anti-tuberculous treatment and underwent surgical procedures. Most patients (75%) showed appropriate clinical responses. CONCLUSION: Tuberculous brain abscess must be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial mass in AIDS patients. A careful epidemiological, clinical and laboratory evaluation may guide a diagnostic suspicion. Surgery combined with specific anti-tuberculosis treatment seems to determine a good outcome.

Polycythemia vera in a patient with the human immunodeficiency virus: a case report.

It has been suggested that HIV plays a role in the generation of myeloproliferative disorders, including polycythemia vera (PV). Seven cases of polycythemia in HIV patients have been described in the literature, but only 3 of these met criteria for determining a primary origin (vera) of polycythemia. We report a case of PV in a patient infected with HIV. A 45 year old non-smoking homosexual male presented with 15.7 g/dl hemoglobin in 1991, and was diagnosed with HIV. After 7 years, he presented with plethora, splenomegaly, an erythrocyte mass of 71 ml/kg, and an oxygen saturation of 93.9% (the latter three constituting the major criteria for the diagnosis of PV). Erythrocytes 7.35 x 10(6)/ml hemoglobin, 21.4 g/dl, hematocrit 63%, leukocytes 12,400, erythropoietin < 5 nmoll/ml. These values are all compatible with a diagnosis of PV. The CD4 count was 321 cells/mm(3) and HIV viral load was undetectable. The patient was initially treated with zidovudine. He was then treated with didanosine, lamivudine, and saquinavir, but all of them failed to slow the increase in erythrocyte levels. After a diagnosis of PV, he was treated with hydroxyurea and phlebotomy, which normalized the hemogram. CD4 count rose to 474 cells/mm(3) and HIV viral load remained at undetectable levels. The patient remains in stable condition with combination treatment after 1 year. We suggest that this is a case of HIV infection which may have led to the emergence of polycythemia vera. Treatment of the HIV did not prevent the appearance of the myeloproliferative disorder.

Fixacao externa das fraturas de tibias. / External fixation of tibial fractures

Os principios basicos da fixacao externa sao conhecidos ha muitos anos. A infeccao e o maior obstaculo no tratamento de fraturas expostas e sua estabilizacao satisfatoria das fraturas na presenca de infeccao, sendo fundamentalmente importante a selecao dos casos, bem como o uso correto da tecnica cirurgica, devendo-se tomar muito cuidado para nao se causarem lesoes vasculares na perna. O fixador externo nao deve ser empregado num tratamento de rotina, seu uso e restrito, alem disso varios principios devem orientar sua utilizacao