Conceptions of Hegemonic Masculinity as a Mediator of Sexism Directed at Women / Concepções de Masculinidade Hegemônica como Mediadora do Sexismo Direcionado às Mulheres

ABSTRACT This article analyses the relationship between masculine identity and ambivalent sexism, considering concepts of masculinity and culture of honour as mediating variables in this relationship. For this purpose, two studies were carried out with male participants from two regions of Brazil, Midwest (119 participants) and Northeast (117 participants). The results indicated that the concepts of masculinity are mediators of the relationship between masculine identity and ambivalent sexism. In contrast, the culture of honour did not remain significant in the mediation model. We conclude that the conception of masculinity based on hegemonic precepts of gender restates masculine superiority in detriment to the feminine, naturalizes sexism and violent behaviour for maintenance of masculine identity.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a relação entre identidade masculina e sexismo ambivalente, tomando as concepções de masculinidade e a cultura da honra como variáveis mediadoras dessa relação. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram realizados dois estudos com participantes homens de duas regiões do país, Centro-oeste (119 participantes) e Nordeste (117 participantes). Os resultados indicaram que as concepções de masculinidade são mediadoras da relação entre identidade masculina e o sexismo ambivalente. Em contraste, a cultura da honra não se manteve significativa no modelo da mediação. Conclui-se que a concepção de uma masculinidade, baseada em preceitos hegemônicos de gênero, reafirma a superioridade masculina em detrimento à feminina, e naturaliza práticas de sexismo e comportamentos violentos em defesa da manutenção da identidade masculina.

Evolocumab on top of empagliflozin improves endothelial function of individuals with diabetes: randomized active-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improve endothelial dysfunction and reduce cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9i) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Whether the addition of PCSK9i to SGLT2i treatment adds benefits is not known. OBJECTIVES: To assess the PCSK9-i effect on the endothelial function of T2D individuals under treatment with SGLT2-i. METHODS: Individuals with T2D were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to a 16-week treatment with either empagliflozin (E) or empagliflozin plus evolocumab (EE). The primary endpoint was post-treatment change from baseline in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at 1-min. Secondary outcomes included changes in plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites and isoprostane. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients were enrolled, the mean age was 58 years, and 71% were men. The median post-treatment change in FMD at 1-min was 2.7% (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.9%) and 0.4% (IQR: 0.9%) in the EE and E groups, respectively (p < 0.001). There was a greater increase in plasma levels of nitrate [5.9 (16.5) vs. 2.6 (11.8); p = 0.001] and nitrite [0.14 (0.72) vs. 0.02 (0.74); p = 0.025] in the EE group than in the E group, respectively. Isoprostane reduction was more pronounced in the EE group when compared to the E group [-1.7 (5.9) vs. -1.1 (5.3); p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with T2D, the addition of evolocumab on top of empagliflozin improves endothelial function.

O surgimento de líderes autoritários: significados das posições direita-esquerda e sentimento de anomia / The emergence of authoritarian leaders: meanings of right-left positions and sense of anomie / El surgimiento de líderes autoritarios: significados de las posiciones derecha-izquierda y sentimiento de anomia

Analisa-se, em dois estudos, a relação entre o sentimento de anomia, os significados das posições políticas e o desejo por líderes autoritários. No estudo 1 (n = 230; idade média = 20,99; 50,9% de sexo masculino), os resultados indicaram que o voto em Jair Bolsonaro se correlacionou com o desejo por um líder autoritário, menor anomia política e um posicionamento mais à Direita no espectro político. No estudo 2 (n = 181; idade média = 29,1; 59,1% de sexo masculino), verificamos que a Direita é significada como "liberalismo-conservador"; enquanto a Esquerda foi associada ao "Comunismo/Socialismo", pelos de Direita e Centro, ou à defesa das minorias, pelos demais. Concluímos sugerindo a necessidade de maior atenção, científica e política, ao surgimento de populismos constitucionais e à existência de semelhança semântica nas visões dos participantes de Direita, Centro e dos sem posição política em relação à Esquerda.

We analyzed the relationship between the sense of anomie, the meanings of political positions and the desire for authoritarian leaders in two studies. In study 1 (n = 230; mean age = 20.99; 50.9% male), the results indicated that voting for Jair Bolsonaro was correlated with a desire for an authoritarian leader, less political anomie and a position further to the Right on the political spectrum. In study 2 (n = 181; mean age = 29.1; 59.1% male), we found that the Right is meant as "conservative-liberalism"; while the Left was associated with "Communism/Socialism", by the Right and Center participants, or with the defense of minorities, by the others. We conclude suggesting the need for greater scientific and political attention to the emergence of constitutional populisms and the existence of semantic similarity in the views of participant from the Right, Center and those without a political position in relation to the Left.

Analizamos, en dos estudios, la relación entre la anomia, los significados de las posiciones políticas y el deseo de un líder autoritario. En el estudio 1 (n = 230; media de edad = 20,99; 50,9% masculino), el voto por Jair Bolsonaro se correlacionó con el deseo de un líder autoritario, menos anomia política y un posicionamiento de derecha en el espacio político. En el estudio 2 (n = 181; media de edad = 29,1; 59,1% hombres), encontramos que la Derecha es entendida como "liberal-conservador"; mientras que la Izquierda se asoció con el "comunismo/socialismo", por los participantes de la Derecha y del Centro, o la defensa de las minorías, por los demás. Concluimos sugiriendo la necesidad de una mayor atención científica y política a la aparición de populismos constitucionales y la existencia de similitudes semánticas en los puntos de vista de los de Derecha, Centro y sin posición política en relación con la Izquierda.

Rationale and design of the Brazilian diabetes study: a prospective cohort of type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Optimal control of traditional risk factors only partially attenuates the exceeding cardiovascular mortality of individuals with diabetes. Employment of machine learning (ML) techniques aimed at the identification of novel features of risk prediction is a compelling target to tackle residual cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study is to identify clinical phenotypes of T2D which are more prone to developing cardiovascular disease. METHODS: The Brazilian Diabetes Study is a single-center, ongoing, prospective registry of T2D individuals. Eligible patients are 30 years old or older, with a confirmed T2D diagnosis. After an initial visit for the signature of the informed consent form and medical history registration, all volunteers undergo biochemical analysis, echocardiography, carotid ultrasound, ophthalmologist visit, dual x-ray absorptiometry, coronary artery calcium score, polyneuropathy assessment, advanced glycation end-products reader, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A 5-year follow-up will be conducted by yearly phone interviews for endpoints disclosure. The primary endpoint is the difference between ML-based clinical phenotypes in the incidence of a composite of death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, and stroke. Since June/2016, 1030 patients (mean age: 57 years, diabetes duration of 9.7 years, 58% male) were enrolled in our study. The mean follow-up time was 3.7 years in October/2021. CONCLUSION: The BDS will be the first large population-based cohort dedicated to the identification of clinical phenotypes of T2D at higher risk of cardiovascular events. Data derived from this study will provide valuable information on risk estimation and prevention of cardiovascular and other diabetes-related events. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT04949152.

Hipossuficiência de vitamina D em pacientes atendidos em um laboratório de análises clínicas de Salvador, Bahia / Vitamin D hypo-sufficiency in patients attended in a clinical analysis laboratory in Salvador city, Bahia

Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de hipossuficiência em vitamina D em soteropolitanos atendidos em um laboratório de análises clínicas de Salvador entre os anos de 2015 e 2018. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, retrospectivo, com amostra de conveniência. Foram prospectados dados sobre a dosagem de 25-hidróxi-vitamina D (OH25) de pacientes atendidos no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software GraphPad Prism a partir da estratificação por níveis séricos de vitamina D, gênero, faixa etária e procedência do paciente. Os valores de referência utilizados na análise da vitamina D estão em consonância com as recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia. Resultados: Foram analisados 2.263 pacientes com idade entre 1 e 99 anos (mediana = 53; IQ= 35 e 64), sendo 82,39% do sexo feminino. Dentre as 1.863 mulheres analisadas, 602 (32,31%) desvelaram níveis deficientes e 731 (39,24%) insuficientes. Entre os homens, 105 (26,38%) foram categorizados como deficientes e 150 (37,69%) insuficientes. Crianças menores de 12 anos exibiram os maiores níveis de vitamina D (mediana = 32,69) e adultos com mais de 80 anos apresentaram os menores níveis (mediana = 20,95). Todos os grupos etários evidenciaram mais de 40% dos indivíduos com hipossuficiência em vitamina D. Conclusão: Os resultados deste trabalho ratificam um percentual elevado de hipovitaminose D em todas as faixas etárias, suscitando necessidade de reflexão pelos órgãos competentes sobre o ajuste dos valores de referência ou suplementação de vitamina D na população.

Objective: To assess the frequency of vitamin D hypo-sufficiency in patients at a clinical analysis laboratory in Salvador between the years 2015 and 2018. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample. Data on the dosage of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (OH25) from patients seen at the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of APAE were prospected. Statistical analyzes were performed using the GraphPad Prism software based on stratification by serum vitamin D levels, gender, age and origin of the patient. The reference values used in the analysis of vitamin D are in line with the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology. Results: 2,263 patients aged 1 to 99 years (median = 53; IQ = 35 and 64) were evaluated, 82.39% of whom were female. Among the 1,863 women analyzed, 602 (32.31%) revealed deficient levels and 731 (39.24%) insuficiente levels. Among men, 105 (26.38%) were categorized as deficient and 150 (37.69%) were insufficient. Children under 12 years old had the highest levels of vitamin D (median = 32.69) and adults over 80 years old had the lowest levels (median = 20.95). All age groups showed more than 40% of individuals with low vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: The studied sample showed a high percentage of hypovitaminosis D, to be revealing the need for reflection by organs competent of vitamin D supplementation in the general population or the adjustment of reference values.

Photo-selective shading screens as a cover for production of purple lettuce.

Photo-selective shading screens are emerging practices that aim to combine crop physical protection with different solar radiation filtration to achieve desired physiological responses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of photo-selective shading screens on the growth and physiology of purple lettuce for two transplanting seasons in tropical climate in Brazil. A 2 × 4 factorial arrangement was used, being considered the first factor, the transplanting season (spring and fall), and the second factor is the three 35% shading photo-selective shading screens (red, black and silver) and full sun control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The variables studied were: total fresh matter, total dry matter, leaf number, stem diameter, stem length, leaf area, SPAD chlorophyll index, nitrogen balance indexes, chlorophyll, flavonoids and anthocyanins. The photo-selective shading screens influenced the microclimate and the growth variables of purple lettuce, mainly when these plants were sown in the fall. Planting lettuce during spring may result in lower yields due to the higher investment of plants in secondary metabolites to defend against abiotic stress. According to the results, photo-selective shading screens are an appropriate agronomic technique to reduce phenolic compounds and improve lettuce cultivation conditions and can be implemented within protected cultivation practices to improve crop performance.

Intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition, and ingestive behavior of cows supplemented with byproducts from biodiesel industry.

This trial aimed to analyze the effects of including three byproducts from the biodiesel industry on the intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition, and feeding behavior of lactating cows. Eight crossbred Holstein-Zebu lactating cows with average body weight 525 ± 18.5 kg and average milk yield of 8 ± 1.45 kg day-1 were assigned to four treatments (diets) in a double-Latin square design, as follows: a diet based on corn- and soybean meal-based concentrate and three diets with 20% inclusion of byproducts from the biodiesel industry (cottonseed cake, sunflower meal, and castor bean cake) on a total dry matter basis. The cows were housed in individual covered stalls with concrete floor equipped with individual concrete troughs for feeding and automatic drinkers, and fed diets containing 60% sugarcane and 40% concentrate. The inclusion of the byproducts in the diet changed the intake, digestibility of some nutritional components, milk yield and composition, and feeding behavior of lactating cows. The use of cottonseed cake and sunflower meal in the diet increased milk yield, and fat-corrected milk yield; while the use of castor bean cake reduced the intake, digestibility of dry matter and total digestible nutrients, milk yield, and fat-corrected milk yield. The inclusion of byproducts from the biodiesel industry in the diets did not change the fat, lactose, total solids, and solids-not-fat of milk. Therefore, the cottonseed cake and sunflower meal can be included at up to 20% of the total diet.

Conteúdo dos Estereótipos e Preconceito Racial: Efeitos da Cordialidade e da Competência / Content of Stereotypes and Racial Prejudice: Effects of Cordiality and Competence

Resumo Utilizando o Modelo do Conteúdo dos Estereótipos (MCE), analisou-se, em dois estudos, as relações das dimensões de cordialidade e competência com as expressões de preconceito racial. No Estudo 1, participaram 169 universitários (M idade=21,7 anos, 47% pardos). Verificou-se a existência de preconceito implícito, a maior atribuição de competência aos brancos que aos negros e a relação positiva entre racismo moderno e atribuição de competência aos brancos. No Estudo 2, participaram 143 universitários (M idade=25,4 anos, 64,9% pardos). Verificou-se que negros descritos como malsucedidos-amáveis receberam maior estereotipia de competência do que brancos malsucedidos-frios. Concluiu-se que: 1) a dimensão da cordialidade não se aplicou aos negros e 2) existe uma relação entre o MCE e a expressão do preconceito racial.

Abstract Using the Stereotype Content Model (SCT), we analyzed in two studies the relationship between the dimensions of warmth and competence of stereotypes with the racial prejudice expressions. In the first study, 169 undergraduates participated (M age=21.7 years, 47% brown skin). We found implicit prejudice, greater attribution of competence to whites than to blacks and a relationship between modern racism and attribution of competence to whites. In the second study, 143 undergraduates took part (M age=25.4, 64.9% brown skin). We found that blacks described as incompetent-friendly received greater competence stereotyping than whites incompetent-cold. We concluded that: 1) the dimension of warmth did not apply to blacks and 2) there is a relationship between SCT and racial prejudice expressions.

Construção e validação da Escala de Racismo Revitimizador / Construction and validation of Revitimizer Racism Scale / Construcción y validación de la Escala de Racismo Y revitimizador

O racismo apresenta duas características centrais: persistência e adaptação. Considerando as mudanças sociais e políticas do Brasil na atualidade, hipotetizase que ele atue mediante atribuição de culpa às minorias pela existência do próprio racismo, numa lógica de revitimização. Neste artigo procedemos a construção e validação de uma Escala de Racismo Revitimizador (ERR). Foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro (n = 121, 50,4% do sexo feminino, idade média = 25,3, DP=10,2) procedeu a uma análise de conteúdo de posts na internet para a construção e confirmação da ERR. O segundo (n = 104, 54,8% de sexo masculino, idade média = 22,9, DP=7,3) procedeu a validação convergente com o racismo moderno e discriminativa com o autoritarismo, bem como Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e correlações com a motivação interna/externa para responder sem preconceito. Os resultados demonstram que a ERR é menos obstrutiva que a escala de racismo moderno e apresenta validade convergente e discriminativa.

Racism presents two central features: persistence and adaptation. Considering social and political changes of Brazil nowadays, it is hypothesized that acts by attributing blame to minorities for the existence of racism itself, in a logic of revictimization. This article proceeds the construction and validation of a Revictimize Racism Scale (RRS). Two studies were carried out. The first (n = 121, 50,4% female, mean age = 25,3, SD=10,2) dealt with the RRS construction, based on racist content the analysis of Internet. The second (n = 104, 54.8% male, mean age = 22.9, SD=7.2) proceeds to convergent validation with modern racism and discriminative with authoritarianism, such as Factorial Confirmatory Analysis and correlations with internal/external motivation to respond without prejudice. The general results allow us to conclude that the RRS is less obstructive than that of modern racism and has satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity (AU).

Racismo presenta dos rasgos centrales: persistencia y adaptación. Considerando los reciente cambios sociales y políticos de Brasil, hipotetizamos que el racismo opera por la atribución de culpa a las minorías, afirmando que este actúa atribuyendo la culpa a las minorías por la existencia del racismo en sí, en una lógica de revictimización. Proponemos un instrumento para analizar el Racismo Revitimizador. Se realizaron dos estudios. El primero (n = 121, 50,4% mujeres, edad media = 25,3, DP=10,2) trató de la construcción del instrumento, partiendo del análisis de contenidos racistas en internet. El segundo (n = 104, 54,8% hombres, edad media= 22,9, DP=7,3) procede a la validación convergente con racismo moderno y discriminatorio con autoritarismo, a través de Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio y correlaciones con la motivación interna/externa para responder sin prejuicios. Los resultados indican que ERR es menos obstructiva que la de racismo moderno y presenta validez convergente y discriminativa (AU).

"Our Country Needs a Strong Leader Right Now": Economic Inequality Enhances the Wish for a Strong Leader.

Societal inequality has been found to harm the mental and physical health of its members and undermine overall social cohesion. Here, we tested the hypothesis that economic inequality is associated with a wish for a strong leader in a study involving 28 countries from five continents (Study 1, N = 6,112), a study involving an Australian community sample (Study 2, N = 515), and two experiments (Study 3a, N = 96; Study 3b, N = 296). We found correlational (Studies 1 and 2) and experimental (Studies 3a and 3b) evidence for our prediction that higher inequality enhances the wish for a strong leader. We also found that this relationship is mediated by perceptions of anomie, except in the case of objective inequality in Study 1. This suggests that societal inequality enhances the perception that society is breaking down (anomie) and that a strong leader is needed to restore order (even when that leader is willing to challenge democratic values).

Therapeutic Use of Scoparia dulcis Reduces the Progression of Experimental Osteoarthritis.

Pain is recognized as one of the main symptoms in knee osteoarthritis and is the main reason why patients seek medical attention. Scoparia dulcis has been popularly used to relieve discomfort caused by various painful conditions. The objective of the study is to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the crude extract of S. dulcis, in an experimental model of osteoarthritis. The experiment was performed with Wistar rats divided into 4 groups with 5 animals each: healthy, saline, crude extract, and meloxicam groups. Knee osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of sodium mono-iodoacetate. First, clinical parameters of pain were assessed at days 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 after induction. Second, the potential cyclooxygenase inhibition was evaluated, and the cytokines of the synovial fluid were quantified. An in silico test and Molecular Docking tests were performed. A histopathological evaluation was made on articular cartilage with safranin O staining. The results showed that a 15-day treatment with crude extract reduced edema, spontaneous pain, peripheral nociceptive activity, and proinflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid. The highest inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 in the crude extract occurred at 50 µg/mL. The crude extract of S. dulcis presents therapeutic potential for the treatment of osteoarthritis due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive action.

A norma de responsabilidade social e a discriminação da mulher negra no setor industrial / Social responsibility standard and the discrimination of black women in the industrial sector

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, de forma comparativa, os impactos da norma de responsabilidade social empresarial e a discriminação das mulheres negras, na indústria de transformação sergipana. Para tanto, foram utilizados os microdados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MET) de 2007/2008 e 2013/2014. A partir da análise dos dados, nota-se, em relação à discriminação de gênero, uma tendência à predominância masculina no setor da indústria de transformação sergipana. Os dados indicam também que não apenas o sexo feminino é aquele com menor presença no setor industrial, mas é a mulher de cor preta que possui os menores percentuais de inclusão no setor industrial sergipano. Esse cenário comparativo de discriminação de gênero e raça pouco se alterou com a introdução da norma de responsabilidade social empresarial, a partir da década de 1990. Os resultados são discutidos de acordo com as teorias do sexismo e do racismo.

The aim of this study was to analyses comparatively the impact of social responsibility norm on black women discrimination in Sergipe's manufacturing industry, between 2007 and 2008 vs. 2013 and 2014. The data was collected from the Annual Report of Social Information (RAIS) of Ministry of Labor and Employment (MET). The results show a strong pattern of gender discrimination, indicating a male predominance in the Sergipe's manufacturing industry. The data also shows race discrimination, once the blacks were sub represented. Most important, was the intersection between gender and race, which demonstrates that black women had the lowest indexes of inclusion and salary in the industrial sector. This scenario of gender x race discrimination has changed little from 2007/08 to 2013/14, with the introduction of the social responsibility norm since the 1990s. The results were discussed in accordance to theories of sexism and racism.

No Evidence of Association Between Soccer Heading and Cognitive Performance in Professional Soccer Players: Cross-Sectional Results.

Although the scientific community has focused on the effects of concussions in contact sports, the role of subconcussive impacts, as it can occur during soccer heading, has recently gained attention, considering that it may represent an additional mechanism of cumulative brain injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of soccer heading on cognitive functioning in active professional soccer players. Male soccer players (n = 44), from two soccer teams that play in the Brazilian A Series Championship, and non-athletes (n = 47), comparable in age and education, were submitted to cognitive assessment, consisting of computerized and conventional neuropsychological testing (Neupsilin battery). In the computerized cognitive assessment, soccer players performed better than controls on reaction time measures in general motor coordination, executive functioning and memory tests, and on accuracy measures in executive functioning tests. There were no significant differences between groups on the Neupsilin battery. A comparison between two sub-groups of soccer players, based on the self-reported number of headings, did not show significant differences on tests performance. No significant correlations were found between an estimate of exposure to heading during professional soccer career and cognitive performance. Our data demonstrate no evidence of cognitive impairment in soccer players, compared to non-athletes, and no association between heading exposure and performance on neuropsychological tests. Longitudinal investigations, including neuroimaging assessment, will help to clarify whether soccer heading may be associated with brain injury and cognitive dysfunction.

Identidade nacional e confiança nas instituições em contexto de crise no Brasil / National identity and confidence in institutions in a crisis context in Brazil

Com o objetivo de analisar a identidade nacional e a confiança nas instituições do Brasil no contexto da crise econômica e política realizamos uma pesquisa junto a uma amostra de 595 pessoas de 16 estados da federação. A identidade nacional é entendida como conteúdo e como processo; sendo construída no contexto das relações sociais e consubstanciada por valores, crenças e representações sociais. Os participantes responderam a um questionário online entre outubro de 2015 e março de 2016, suas idades variaram de 16 a 78 anos (M = 31.9, DP = 12.1 anos), 56.6% eram do sexo feminino. Os resultados indicaram um elevado nível de identificação com o Brasil: eles se sentem brasileiros, gostam muito de ser e sentem relativo orgulho desse pertencimento. Em relação ao conteúdo ou os significados da identidade nacional, observamos que se estruturam em três representações sociais ambivalentes, estando a mais consensual delas carregada de conotação política negativa e sendo objetivada, sobretudo, pela palavra "corrupção". No que concerne ao nível de confiança nas instituições, verificamos que os participantes confiam apenas na instituição "Família" e desconfiam, principalmente, do poder executivo e dos partidos políticos. Observamos ainda que a identidade nacional se correlaciona positivamente com a confiança em todas as instituições políticas. Os resultados apontam para desafios à democracia representativa e para os efeitos dos processos de difusão, propagação e propaganda da mídia na construção das identidades e da confiança nas instituições nacionais. (AU)

National identity and the confidence in the institutions of Brazil in the context of the economic and political crisis were analyzed in this study. National identity is understood as content and as process; being constructed in the context of social relations and embodied by values, beliefs and social representations. The data were collected with a sample of 595 people from 16 states of the federation. Participants answered a questionnaire online between October 2015 and March 2016, their ages ranged from 16 to 78 years (M = 31.9, SD = 12.1 years), 56.6% were female. The results indicated a high level of identification with Brazil: they feel Brazilian, like to be and feel relatively proud of their belonging. The contents or meanings of the national identity were structured in three ambivalent social representations, the strongest of them being loaded with negative political connotations and objectified, above all, by the word "corruption". Concerning the level of trust in the institutions, we find that the participants trust only in the "Family" and distrust, mainly, the executive power and the political parties. We also note that national identity correlates positively with trust in all political institutions. The results point to challenges to representative democracy and to the effects of media diffusion, propagation and propaganda processes in the construction of identities and trust in national institutions. (AU)

Nimesulide inhibits pathogenic fungi: PGE2-dependent mechanisms.

Certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can inhibit fungal growth, fungal prostaglandin E2 production, and enzyme activation. This study aims to investigate the antifungal effect of nimesulide against pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast. The experiments detailed below were also designed to investigate whether the action is dependent on E2 fungal prostaglandins. Our data showed that nimesulide exhibited potent antifungal activity, mainly against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 2 and 62 µg/mL, respectively. This drug was also able to inhibit the growth of clinic isolates of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, and dermatophytes, such as T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, and M. gypseum, with MIC values ranging from 112 to 770 µg/mL. Our data also showed that the inhibition of fungal growth by nimesulide was mediated by a mechanism dependent on PGE2, which led to the inhibition of essential fungal enzymes. Thus, we concluded that nimesulide exerts a fungicidal effect against pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast, involving the inhibition of fungal prostaglandins and fungal enzymes important to the fungal growth and colonization.

Crime and Punishment: the Impact of Skin Color and Socioeconomic Status of Defendants and Victims in Jury Trials in Brazil.

Social judgments are often influenced by racism. Voluntary crimes against life, and in particular the crime of homicide, may be the most critical situations of the impact of racism in social judgments. We analyzed 114 homicide trials conducted by the 1st Jury Court, in a Brazilian judicial capital, concluded between 2003 and 2007, for the purpose of investigating the effects of skin color and the socioeconomic status of the defendant and the victim of homicides in the jury trial court's decision. The results indicate that the social and economic profile of defendants and victims of homicide is identical. They are almost all poor (more than 70%), with low education (more than 73%) and frequently non-Whites (more than 88%). We found that judges assign longer sentences to black (ß = .34, p = .01) and poor defendants (ß = .23, p < .05). We even verified that the poorer the defendant, the higher was the corresponding conviction rate (Wald's Test = 5.90, p < .05). The results are discussed based on theories of social psychology and criminological sociology, which consider the relationship between skin color and socioeconomic status in social judgments and in discrimination.

Revisiting the Measurement of Anomie.

Sociologists coined the term "anomie" to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as 'a state of society' and as a 'state of mind', we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the 'state of society'. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed.

A desumanização Presente nos Estereótipos de Índios e Ciganos / Dehumanization in the Stereotypes of Indigenous People and Gypsies

RESUMO Analisamos, em dois estudos realizados em Sergipe e Alagoas, a desumanização de duas minorias étnicas: índios e ciganos. Participaram 678 não indígenas de ambos os sexos. No primeiro estudo, foram 378 moradores de cinco cidades de Sergipe e uma de Alagoas, dos quais 104 viviam perto da única tribo indígena do estado de Sergipe. No segundo, participaram 300 não-ciganos, dos quais 153 viviam perto de comunidades ciganas. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais sobre as representações sociais e crenças coletivas acerca de ciganos e índios. Verificamos que os índios são representados como exóticos e invisíveis, predominando crenças coletivas neutras ou de exclusão moral. Quanto aos ciganos, o processo de desumanização foi mais flagrante, predominando a exclusão moral e a deslegitimação.

ABSTRACT We analyzed, in two studies carried out in Sergipe and Alagoas, the dehumanization of Gypsies and Indians. A total of 678 male and female subjects participated. In the first study 378 non-Indians from five cities in Sergipe and Alagoas collaborated, 104 of them living close to the only indigenous tribe in Sergipe. The second involved 300 non-gypsies, 153 of them living close to Gypsy communities. The studies consisted of individual interviews inquiring about social representations and neutral collective beliefs about Gypsies and Indigenous People. We found that indigenous people were represented as exotics and invisible, and neutral collective beliefs or moral exclusion predominated. In relation to gypsies, the dehumanization process was more blatant, predominating moral exclusion and delegitimization.

Crime and punishment: the impact of skin color and socioeconomic status of defendants and victims in jury trials in Brazil

Social judgments are often influenced by racism. Voluntary crimes against life, and in particular the crime of homicide, may be the most critical situations of the impact of racism in social judgments. We analyzed 114 homicide trials conducted by the 1st Jury Court, in a Brazilian judicial capital, concluded between 2003 and 2007, for the purpose of investigating the effects of skin color and the socioeconomic status of the defendant and the victim of homicides in the jury trial court’s decision. The results indicate that the social and economic profile of defendants and victims of homicide is identical. They are almost all poor (more than 70%), with low education (more than 73%) and frequently non-Whites (more than 88%). We found that judges assign longer sentences to black (β = .34, p = .01) and poor defendants (β = .23, p < .05). We even verified that the poorer the defendant, the higher was the corresponding conviction rate (Wald’s Test = 5.90, p < .05). The results are discussed based on theories of social psychology and criminological sociology, which consider the relationship between skin color and socioeconomic status in social judgments and in discrimination (AU)

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Estereótipos sobre os idosos: dissociação entre crenças pessoais e coletivas / Stereotypes about the elderly: dissociation between personal and collective beliefs / Los estereotipos sobre las personas mayores: la disociación entre las creencias personales y colectivas

Os idosos são cada vez mais representativos na sociedade, seja no exterior ou em nosso país, e suscitam discussões sobre o modo como são concebidos. Este trabalho investiga os estereótipos sobre este grupo formados por estudantes universitários da cidade de Aracaju. Através do conceito de dissociação, buscou-se compreender como se organizam as crenças pessoais e as que são atribuídas à sociedade acerca dos idosos. Uma pesquisa foi realizada com 393 participantes de duas instituições, uma pública e uma privada, a partir de um instrumento autoaplicável que questionava sobre a visão da sociedade e a dos próprios participantes a respeito do grupo. Os resultados mostram uma dicotomia em que as crenças pessoais são majoritariamente positivas, enquanto as crenças coletivas são majoritariamente negativas. Eles são discutidos a partir do conceito de dissociação e das possíveis consequências do quadro, e servem para se pensar o modo como se lida com idosos no cotidiano, assim como sugerem futuras pesquisas...

The elderly are increasingly representative in society, whether abroad or in our country, and they raise discussions on how they are conceived. This paper investigates the stereotypes about this group formed by university students in the city of Aracaju. Through the concept of dissociation, we sought to understand how personal beliefs and those assigned to the society about the elderly are organized. A survey was conducted with 393 participants from two institutions, one public and one private, from a self-administered instrument that questioned about the society's and the participant's vision about the group. The results show a dichotomy in which personal beliefs are mostly positive, while the collective beliefs are mostly negative. These are discussed through the concept of dissociation and the possible consequences of this situation, and serve to think about how we deal with elderly people in daily life, besides suggesting future research...

Las personas mayores son cada vez más representativo en la sociedad, ya sea en el extranjero o en nuestro país, y generar debates sobre la forma en que se ven. Este trabajo investiga los estereotipos acerca de este grupo formado por estudiantes universitarios en la ciudad de Aracaju. A través del concepto de disociación, hemos tratado de entender la forma de organizar las creencias personales y los asignados a la sociedad sobre las personas mayores. Se realizó una encuesta con 393 participantes de dos instituciones, una pública y otra privada, a partir de un instrumento autoadministrado que cuestionó acerca de la visión de la sociedad y los propios participantes sobre el grupo. Los resultados muestran una dicotomía en la que las creencias personales son en su mayoría positivas, mientras que las creencias colectivas son en su mayoría negativos. Ellos se discuten desde el concepto de disociación y las posibles consecuencias de la tabla, y sirven para pensar acerca de cómo tratar con las personas de mayores en la vida diaria, y sugerir futuras investigaciones...