A Global Systematic Literature Review of Ecosystem Services in Reef Environments.

Ecosystem services (ES) embrace contributions of nature to human livelihood and well-being. Reef environments provide a range of ES with direct and indirect contributions to people. However, the health of reef environments is declining globally due to local and large-scale threats, affecting ES delivery in different ways. Mapping scientific knowledge and identifying research gaps on reefs' ES is critical to guide their management and conservation. We conducted a systematic assessment of peer-reviewed articles published between 2007 and 2022 to build an overview of ES research on reef environments. We analyzed the geographical distribution, reef types, approaches used to assess ES, and the potential drivers of change in ES delivery reported across these studies. Based on 115 articles, our results revealed that coral and oyster reefs are the most studied reef ecosystems. Cultural ES (e.g., subcategories recreation and tourism) was the most studied ES in high-income countries, while regulating and maintenance ES (e.g., subcategory life cycle maintenance) prevailed in low and middle-income countries. Research efforts on reef ES are biased toward the Global North, mainly North America and Oceania. Studies predominantly used observational approaches to assess ES, with a marked increase in the number of studies using statistical modeling during 2021 and 2022. The scale of studies was mostly local and regional, and the studies addressed mainly one or two subcategories of reefs' ES. Overexploitation, reef degradation, and pollution were the most commonly cited drivers affecting the delivery of provisioning, regulating and maintenance, and cultural ES. With increasing threats to reef environments, the growing demand for assessing the contributions to humans provided by reefs will benefit the projections on how these ES will be impacted by anthropogenic pressures. The incorporation of multiple and synergistic ecosystem mechanisms is paramount to providing a comprehensive ES assessment, and improving the understanding of functions, services, and benefits.

Low functional vulnerability of fish assemblages to coral loss in Southwestern Atlantic marginal reefs.

Marginal reefs sustain coral assemblages under conditions considered suboptimal for most corals, resulting in low coral abundance. These reefs are inhabited by numerous fishes with a generally unknown degree of association with corals that might lead to the assumption that corals play minor roles in determining fish occurrence, when corals could be actually sustaining diverse and resilient assemblages. Using site-occupancy models fitted to data of 113 reef fish species of different life stages (adults and juveniles) from 36 reefs distributed across the Southwestern Atlantic (0.87-27.6°S) we first assessed fish assemblage's response to coral and turf algal cover, and identified coral-associated fish. Then, we simulated the loss of coral-associated fishes and contrasted it with random losses, providing inferences on the resilience of fish assemblage's functional trait space to species loss. The entire fish assemblage responded more positively to coral than to turf algae, with 42 (37%) species being identified as coral-associated fish. The simulated loss of coral-associated fish reduced up to 5% the functional trait space and was not different from the random loss. These results reveal that marginal reefs of Southwestern Atlantic reefs host resilient fish assemblages that might preserve fundamental ecological functions and ecosystem services even with coral declines.

Bridging macroecology and macroevolution in the radiation of sigmodontine rodents.

Investigations of phenotypic disparity across geography often ignore macroevolutionary processes. As a corollary, the random null expectations to which disparity is compared and interpreted may be unrealistic. We tackle this issue by representing, in geographical space, distinct processes of phenotypic evolution underlying ecological disparity. Under divergent natural selection, assemblages in a given region should have empirical disparity higher than expected under an evolutionarily oriented null model, whereas the opposite may indicate constraints on phenotypic evolution. We gathered phylogenies, biogeographic distributions, and data on the skull morphology of sigmodontine rodents to discover which regions of the Neotropics were more influenced by divergent, neutral, or constrained phenotypic evolution. We found that regions with higher disparity than expected by the evolutionary-oriented null model, in terms of both size and shape, were concentrated in the Atlantic Forest, suggesting a larger role for divergent natural selection there. Phenotypic disparity in the rest of South America, mainly the Amazon basin, northeastern Brazil, and Southern Andes, was constrained-lower than predicted by the evolutionary model. We also demonstrated equivalence between the disparity produced by randomization-based null models and constrained-evolution null models. Therefore, including evolutionary simulations into the null modeling framework used in ecophylogenetics can strengthen inferences on the processes underlying phenotypic evolution.

Influences of the area, shape and connectivity of coastal lakes on the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in Southern Brazil

In this study we investigated the influence of landscape variables on the alpha taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in coastal lakes. We built an analytical framework that included possible causal connections among variables, which we analyzed using path analysis. We obtained landscape metrics for the area, shape and connectivity (estuary connectivity and primary connectivity to neighboring lakes) of 37 coastal lakes in the Tramandaí River Basin. We collected fish data from 49 species using standardized sampling with gillnets and obtained a set of traits related to dispersal abilities and food acquisition. The model that best explained the taxonomic diversity and functional richness took into account the shape of the lakes. Functional richness was also explained by estuary connectivity. Functional evenness and dispersion were not predicted by area or connectivity, but they were influenced by the abundant freshwater species. This indicates that all lakes support most of the regional functional diversity. The results highlight the importance of the dispersal process in this lake system and allow the conclusion that considering multiple diversity dimensions can aid the conservation of local and regional fish communities.(AU)

Influences of the area, shape and connectivity of coastal lakes on the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in Southern Brazil

In this study we investigated the influence of landscape variables on the alpha taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in coastal lakes. We built an analytical framework that included possible causal connections among variables, which we analyzed using path analysis. We obtained landscape metrics for the area, shape and connectivity (estuary connectivity and primary connectivity to neighboring lakes) of 37 coastal lakes in the Tramandaí River Basin. We collected fish data from 49 species using standardized sampling with gillnets and obtained a set of traits related to dispersal abilities and food acquisition. The model that best explained the taxonomic diversity and functional richness took into account the shape of the lakes. Functional richness was also explained by estuary connectivity. Functional evenness and dispersion were not predicted by area or connectivity, but they were influenced by the abundant freshwater species. This indicates that all lakes support most of the regional functional diversity. The results highlight the importance of the dispersal process in this lake system and allow the conclusion that considering multiple diversity dimensions can aid the conservation of local and regional fish communities.

Nest site selection by Hypsiboas faber(Anura, Hylidae) in Southern Brazil / Seleção de sítio para nidificação de Hypsiboas faber (Anura, Hylidae) no sul do Brasil

Male gladiator frogs of Hypsiboas Wagler, 1830 build nests on available substrate surrounding ponds and streams where female spawn eggs during the breeding period. Although gladiator frogs seem to show plasticity in the way they construct their nests, there is no study reporting if these species present preferences about microhabitat conditions for nest-building (mainly under subtropical climate). Predation pressure and environmental conditions have been considered major processes shaping the great diversity of reproductive strategies performed by amphibians, but microhabitat conditions should explain where to build a nest as well as how nest looks. This study aimed to test nest site selection for nest-building by Hypsiboas faber(Wied-Neuwied, 1821), determining which factors are related to nest site selection and nest features. The survey was conducted at margins of two permanent ponds in Southern Brazil. Habitat factors were evaluated in 18 plots with nest and 18 plots in the surrounding without nest (control), describing vegetation structure and heterogeneity, and substrate characteristics. Water temperature was measured inside the nest and in its adjacency. Nest features assessed were area, depth and temperature. Habitat characteristics differed between plots with and without nest. Microhabitat selected for nest-building was characterized by great vegetation cover and height, as well as shallower water and lower cover of organic matter in suspension than in plots without nest. Differences between temperature inside nest and in its adjacency were not observed. No relationship between nest features and habitat descriptors was evidenced. Results revealed that Hypsiboas faber does not build nests anywhere. Males seem to prefer more protected habitats, probably avoiding predation, invasion of conspecific males and inclement weather. Lack of differences between temperature inside- and outside-nest suggest that nest do not improve this condition for eggs and tadpole development. Nest architecture was not related to habitat characteristics, which may be determined by other factors, as nest checking by females before amplexus. Nest site selection should increase offspring survival as well the breeding success of Hypsiboas faber.(AU)

Machos de espécies de Hypsiboas Wagler, 1830 constroem ninhos no substrato disponível no entorno de corpos d'água; as fêmeas depositam os ovos no interior destes ninhos durante a reprodução da espécie. Embora estes machos apresentem plasticidade na escolha de sítios para construção dos ninhos, ainda não existem avaliações de preferências por condições específicas de microhabitat para a nidificação (principalmente em clima subtropical). A pressão de predação e as condições ambientais são consideradas os principais processos moldando a diversidade de estratégias reprodutivas em anfíbios. Entretanto, condições de microhábitat deveriam determinar tanto onde construir um ninho quanto as variações na arquitetura do ninho. Neste estudo testamos hipóteses de seleção de microhábitats para a nidificação por sapos-ferreiros Hypsiboas faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821), determinando características de hábitat relacionados à seleção de sítios e à arquitetura dos ninhos. O estudo foi conduzido nas margens de duas lagoas permanentes no sul do Brasil. Variáveis caracterizando o substrato e a estrutura e heterogeneidade da vegetação foram medidas em 18 parcelas com ninho e 18 parcelas adjacentes sem ninho (controle). A temperatura da água foi medida dentro do ninho e na adjacência. Atributos do ninho foram a área, a profundidade e a temperatura. Resultados demonstraram diferenças nas características de hábitat entre parcelas com e sem ninho. Parcelas com ninhos apresentaram maior cobertura e altura da vegetação, lâmina de água pouca profunda e com pouca matéria orgânica em suspensão em relação às parcelas sem ninho. Não foi observada diferença entre a temperatura dentro e fora do ninho, bem como relação entre os atributos do ninho e os descritores do habitat. Os resultados evidenciaram a seleção de hábitat para a construção de ninhos por Hypsiboas faber. Os machos parecem utilizar habitats mais protegidos, provavelmente para evitar predação, a invasão de machos coespecíficos e a ação de intempéries climáticas. A ausência de diferença entre a temperatura dentro e fora do ninho sugere que o ninho não melhora condições para o desenvolvimento dos ovos e dos girinos. A arquitetura do ninho não teve relação com fatores ambientais; comportamentos como a checagem do ninho pela fêmea antes do amplexo podem estar envolvidos. A seleção de determinados sítios para a construção de ninho deve aumentar a chance de sobrevivência da prole e o sucesso reprodutivo de Hypsiboas faber.(AU)

Nest site selection by Hypsiboas faber(Anura, Hylidae) in Southern Brazil / Seleção de sítio para nidificação de Hypsiboas faber (Anura, Hylidae) no sul do Brasil

Male gladiator frogs of Hypsiboas Wagler, 1830 build nests on available substrate surrounding ponds and streams where female spawn eggs during the breeding period. Although gladiator frogs seem to show plasticity in the way they construct their nests, there is no study reporting if these species present preferences about microhabitat conditions for nest-building (mainly under subtropical climate). Predation pressure and environmental conditions have been considered major processes shaping the great diversity of reproductive strategies performed by amphibians, but microhabitat conditions should explain where to build a nest as well as how nest looks. This study aimed to test nest site selection for nest-building by Hypsiboas faber(Wied-Neuwied, 1821), determining which factors are related to nest site selection and nest features. The survey was conducted at margins of two permanent ponds in Southern Brazil. Habitat factors were evaluated in 18 plots with nest and 18 plots in the surrounding without nest (control), describing vegetation structure and heterogeneity, and substrate characteristics. Water temperature was measured inside the nest and in its adjacency. Nest features assessed were area, depth and temperature. Habitat characteristics differed between plots with and without nest. Microhabitat selected for nest-building was characterized by great vegetation cover and height, as well as shallower water and lower cover of organic matter in suspension than in plots without nest. Differences between temperature inside nest and in its adjacency were not observed. No relationship between nest features and habitat descriptors was evidenced. Results revealed that Hypsiboas faber does not build nests anywhere. Males seem to prefer more protected habitats, probably avoiding predation, invasion of conspecific males and inclement weather. Lack of differences between temperature inside- and outside-nest suggest that nest do not improve this condition for eggs and tadpole development. Nest architecture was not related to habitat characteristics, which may be determined by other factors, as nest checking by females before amplexus. Nest site selection should increase offspring survival as well the breeding success of Hypsiboas faber.

Machos de espécies de Hypsiboas Wagler, 1830 constroem ninhos no substrato disponível no entorno de corpos d'água; as fêmeas depositam os ovos no interior destes ninhos durante a reprodução da espécie. Embora estes machos apresentem plasticidade na escolha de sítios para construção dos ninhos, ainda não existem avaliações de preferências por condições específicas de microhabitat para a nidificação (principalmente em clima subtropical). A pressão de predação e as condições ambientais são consideradas os principais processos moldando a diversidade de estratégias reprodutivas em anfíbios. Entretanto, condições de microhábitat deveriam determinar tanto onde construir um ninho quanto as variações na arquitetura do ninho. Neste estudo testamos hipóteses de seleção de microhábitats para a nidificação por sapos-ferreiros Hypsiboas faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821), determinando características de hábitat relacionados à seleção de sítios e à arquitetura dos ninhos. O estudo foi conduzido nas margens de duas lagoas permanentes no sul do Brasil. Variáveis caracterizando o substrato e a estrutura e heterogeneidade da vegetação foram medidas em 18 parcelas com ninho e 18 parcelas adjacentes sem ninho (controle). A temperatura da água foi medida dentro do ninho e na adjacência. Atributos do ninho foram a área, a profundidade e a temperatura. Resultados demonstraram diferenças nas características de hábitat entre parcelas com e sem ninho. Parcelas com ninhos apresentaram maior cobertura e altura da vegetação, lâmina de água pouca profunda e com pouca matéria orgânica em suspensão em relação às parcelas sem ninho. Não foi observada diferença entre a temperatura dentro e fora do ninho, bem como relação entre os atributos do ninho e os descritores do habitat. Os resultados evidenciaram a seleção de hábitat para a construção de ninhos por Hypsiboas faber. Os machos parecem utilizar habitats mais protegidos, provavelmente para evitar predação, a invasão de machos coespecíficos e a ação de intempéries climáticas. A ausência de diferença entre a temperatura dentro e fora do ninho sugere que o ninho não melhora condições para o desenvolvimento dos ovos e dos girinos. A arquitetura do ninho não teve relação com fatores ambientais; comportamentos como a checagem do ninho pela fêmea antes do amplexo podem estar envolvidos. A seleção de determinados sítios para a construção de ninho deve aumentar a chance de sobrevivência da prole e o sucesso reprodutivo de Hypsiboas faber.