RÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND: Metabolomics data is often complex due to the high number of metabolites, chemical diversity, and dependence on sample preparation. This makes it challenging to detect significant differences between factor levels and to obtain accurate and reliable data. To address these challenges, the use of Design of Experiments (DoE) techniques in the setup of metabolomic experiments is crucial. DoE techniques can be used to optimize the experimental design space, ensuring that the maximum amount of information is obtained from a limited sample space. AIM OF REVIEW: This review aims at providing a baseline workflow for applying DoE when generating metabolomics data. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: The review provides insights into the theory of DoE. The review showcases the theory being put into practice by highlighting different examples DoE being applied in metabolomics throughout the literature, considering both targeted and untargeted metabolomic studies in which the data was acquired using both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques. In addition, the review presents DoE concepts not currently being applied in metabolomics, highlighting these as potential future prospects.
Sujet(s)
Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique , Spectrométrie de masse , Métabolomique , Plan de recherche , Métabolomique/méthodes , Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique/méthodes , Spectrométrie de masse/méthodes , HumainsRÉSUMÉ
Ultra-low temperature (ULT) freezers are used to store perishable biological contents and are among the most energy-intensive equipment in laboratory buildings, biobanks, and similar settings. To ensure reliable and efficient operation, it is essential to implement data-driven fault detection and diagnostic algorithms, along with energy optimization techniques. This study presents labelled and long-term ULT-freezer performance dataset, the first of its kind, derived from 53 ULT freezers featuring two different control strategies. The dataset comprises high-resolution historical operation data spanning up to 10 years. More than 10 attributes are recorded from the freezing chamber and critical locations in the refrigeration systems. The dataset is labelled with regular events, such as door openings, as well as fault events obtained from 46 service reports. A scalable data pipeline, consisting of extraction, transformation, and loading processes, is developed to convert the raw data into a format ready for analysis. The dataset can be utilized to support the development of data-driven models and algorithms that advance the intelligent digital operation of ULT freezers.
RÉSUMÉ
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Evaluations of improvements in long chronic-patient pathways must include both short- and long-term effects on patients; that is, effects on the full patient pathway. Otherwise, costs might be cut without considering the long-term effects and, consequently, the overall cost of the pathway could increase. Unfortunately, current methods of evaluation present several issues: (1) they do not provide valid insights regarding the effects of a given improvement effort until several years later, (2) they provide imprecise and biased results, and (3) the aggregated results are not useful for identifying and disseminating the best practices that lead to an improvement. In this article, the accelerated longitudinal design with decomposition of total costs (ALDD) method is applied to evaluate the effects of improvement efforts on inpatient utilization for long cardiac pathways at a Danish hospital. The results show that the ALDD method can deliver valid results much faster than traditional methods and can uncover hidden improvements in the local work processes of clinical teams. Application of the ALDD method at a hospital in Denmark identified a significant reduction (15.4%) in the mean total bed utilization per cardiac pathway and revealed that this reduction was caused by improvements in the work processes.
Sujet(s)
Programme clinique/normes , Amélioration de la qualité , Analyse coût-bénéfice/méthodes , Programme clinique/économie , Danemark , Humains , Études longitudinales , Études de cas sur les organisations de santé , Plan de rechercheRÉSUMÉ
Online model predictive control (MPC) of water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) requires simple and fast models to improve the operation of energy-demanding processes, such as aeration for nitrogen removal. Selected elements of the activated sludge model number 1 modelling framework for ammonium and nitrate removal were included in discretely observed stochastic differential equations in which online data are assimilated to update the model states. This allows us to produce model-based predictions including uncertainty in real time while it also reduces the number of parameters compared to many detailed models. It introduces only a small residual error when used to predict ammonium and nitrate concentrations in a small recirculating WRRF facility. The error when predicting 2 min ahead corresponds to the uncertainty from the sensors. When predicting 24 hours ahead the mean relative residual error increases to â¼10% and â¼20% for ammonium and nitrate concentrations respectively. Consequently this is considered a first step towards stochastic MPC of the aeration process. Ultimately this can reduce electricity demand and cost for water resource recovery, allowing the prioritization of aeration during periods of cheaper electricity.
Sujet(s)
Composés d'ammonium/analyse , Modèles chimiques , Nitrates/analyse , Élimination des déchets liquides/méthodes , Pollution de l'eau/statistiques et données numériques , Azote , Eaux d'égout , Élimination des déchets liquides/statistiques et données numériques , Ressources en eau , Alimentation en eau/statistiques et données numériquesRÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND: Currently, no consensus exists on a model describing endogenous glucose production (EGP) as a function of glucagon concentrations. Reliable simulations to determine the glucagon dose preventing or treating hypoglycemia or to tune a dual-hormone artificial pancreas control algorithm need a validated glucoregulatory model including the effect of glucagon. METHODS: Eight type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients each received a subcutaneous (SC) bolus of insulin on four study days to induce mild hypoglycemia followed by a SC bolus of saline or 100, 200, or 300 µg of glucagon. Blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of glucagon, insulin, and glucose. We fitted pharmacokinetic (PK) models to insulin and glucagon data using maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori estimation methods. Similarly, we fitted a pharmacodynamic (PD) model to glucose data. The PD model included multiplicative effects of insulin and glucagon on EGP. Bias and precision of PD model test fits were assessed by mean predictive error (MPE) and mean absolute predictive error (MAPE). RESULTS: Assuming constant variables in a subject across nonoutlier visits and using thresholds of ±15% MPE and 20% MAPE, we accepted at least one and at most three PD model test fits in each of the seven subjects. Thus, we successfully validated the PD model by leave-one-out cross-validation in seven out of eight T1D patients. CONCLUSIONS: The PD model accurately simulates glucose excursions based on plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations. The reported PK/PD model including equations and fitted parameters allows for in silico experiments that may help improve diabetes treatment involving glucagon for prevention of hypoglycemia.
Sujet(s)
Glycémie/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Simulation numérique , Diabète de type 1/traitement médicamenteux , Glucagon/administration et posologie , Hypoglycémie/traitement médicamenteux , Hypoglycémiants/administration et posologie , Insuline/administration et posologie , Modèles biologiques , Adulte , Marqueurs biologiques/sang , Glycémie/métabolisme , Diabète de type 1/sang , Diabète de type 1/diagnostic , Calcul des posologies , Femelle , Glucagon/effets indésirables , Glucagon/pharmacocinétique , Humains , Hypoglycémie/sang , Hypoglycémie/induit chimiquement , Hypoglycémie/diagnostic , Hypoglycémiants/effets indésirables , Hypoglycémiants/pharmacocinétique , Injections sous-cutanées , Insuline/effets indésirables , Insuline/pharmacocinétique , Mâle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Reproductibilité des résultats , Résultat thérapeutique , Jeune adulteRÉSUMÉ
In the present study, bacterial growth in a rich media is analysed in a Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) framework. It is demonstrated that the SDE formulation and smoothened state estimates provide a systematic framework for data driven model improvements, using random walk hidden states. Bacterial growth is limited by the available substrate and the inclusion of diffusion must obey this natural restriction. By inclusion of a modified logistic diffusion term it is possible to introduce a diffusion term flexible enough to capture both the growth phase and the stationary phase, while concentration is restricted to the natural state space (substrate and bacteria non-negative). The case considered is the growth of Salmonella and Enterococcus in a rich media. It is found that a hidden state is necessary to capture the lag phase of growth, and that a flexible logistic diffusion term is needed to capture the random behaviour of the growth model. Further, it is concluded that the Monod effect is not needed to capture the dynamics of bacterial growth in the data presented.