Predictors and Prevalence of Alcohol and Cannabis Co-use Among Filipino Adolescents: Evidence From a School-based Student Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the prevalence and predictors of alcohol and cannabis co-use among 9263 Filipino adolescents, using data from the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the GSHS, targeting adolescents aged 13-17 years and excluding cases with incomplete data on alcohol and cannabis use. Our analysis employed the bivariate chi-square test of independence and multivariable logistic regression using Stata version 18 to identify significant predictors of co-use, with a p-value threshold set at 0.05. RESULTS: The weighted prevalence of co-users was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to 5.3). Significant predictors included male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.50; 95% CI, 3.31 to 6.10; p<0.001) and being in a lower academic year, specifically grade 7 (aOR, 4.08; 95% CI, 2.39 to 6.99; p<0.001) and grade 8 (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.30 to 3.72; p=0.003). Poor sleep quality was also a significant predictor (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.44; p<0.001), as was a history of attempted suicide (aOR, 5.31; 95% CI, 4.00 to 7.06; p<0.001). Physical inactivity was associated with lower odds of co-use (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.62; p<0.001). Additionally, non-attendance of physical education classes (aOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.05; p=0.021), infrequent unapproved parental checks (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.80; p=0.024), and lower parental awareness of free-time activities (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.87; p=0.005) were associated with higher odds of co-use. Factors not significantly linked to co-use included age group, being in grade 9, always feeling lonely, having no close friends, being bullied outside school, and whether a parent or guardian understood the adolescent's worries. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the critical need for comprehensive interventions in the Philippines, addressing not only physical inactivity and parental monitoring but also focusing on sex, academic grade, participation in physical education classes, sleep quality, and suicide attempt history, to effectively reduce alcohol and cannabis co-use among adolescents.

Norway's Battery Electric Vehicles and Public Health- Findings From the Literature.

The transportation sector is among the highest contributors to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions in European nations, with private cars emerging as the primary source. Although reducing emissions presents a formidable challenge, the emergence of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offers a promising and sustainable avenue toward achieving zero greenhouse gases within the transportation infrastructure. Since the 1990s, the Norwegian parliament has fervently supported this transition, leveraging public awareness campaigns and a range of financial incentives for its users nationwide. The widespread utilization of BEVs promises substantial health benefits, including ensuring cleaner air for all citizens regardless of their socioeconomic status and fostering improvements in public health outcomes. This transition potentially curtails hundreds of thousands of annual deaths attributed to climate change, enhances the quality of life, bolsters civilian productivity, and fuels economic and population growth. The adoption of BEVs offers a myriad of advantages, including reduced health risks and premature mortality, as well as a quieter environment with diminished noise pollution. Nonetheless, the integration of BEVs necessitates robust road infrastructure with considerable maintenance costs, alongside limitations on driving range for users. Concerns arise regarding potential particle emissions from BEV tire wear due to the increased weight of batteries compared to conventional vehicles. Rapid acceleration capabilities may accelerate tire degradation, contributing to higher particle emissions, of which only 10% to 20% remain suspended in the air, whereas the majority settles on road surfaces, posing a threat to nearby aquatic ecosystems when washed into water bodies and soils. While BEVs hold promise for valuable benefits, successful policy creation and implementation require a detailed awareness of their limitations and challenges to ensure a comprehensive approach to sustainable mobility and public health improvement. Therefore, more research on the limitations of BEVs can help inform improved tactics for maximizing their benefits while limiting potential disadvantages.

A swift transition to electric vehicles is a good public health intervention that benefits the quality of the air and climate systems. It is expedient to know that this new technology will not solve all problems caused by transportation systems, as there will always be some unwanted and unexpected side effects as usual with new technologies. We suggest more advanced research on EVs shortcomings for better understanding and usage.

Predictors and Prevalence of Alcohol and Cannabis Co-use Among Filipino Adolescents: Evidence From a School-based Student Health Survey / 예방의학회지

Objectives@#This study explored the prevalence and predictors of alcohol and cannabis co-use among 9263 Filipino adolescents, using data from the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). @*Methods@#We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the GSHS, targeting adolescents aged 13-17 years and excluding cases with incomplete data on alcohol and cannabis use. Our analysis employed the bivariate chi-square test of independence and multivariable logistic regression using Stata version 18 to identify significant predictors of co-use, with a p-value threshold set at 0.05. @*Results@#The weighted prevalence of co-users was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to 5.3). Significant predictors included male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.50; 95% CI, 3.31 to 6.10; p<0.001) and being in a lower academic year, specifically grade 7 (aOR, 4.08; 95% CI, 2.39 to 6.99; p<0.001) and grade 8 (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.30 to 3.72; p=0.003). Poor sleep quality was also a significant predictor (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.44; p<0.001), as was a history of attempted suicide (aOR, 5.31; 95% CI, 4.00 to 7.06; p<0.001). Physical inactivity was associated with lower odds of co-use (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.62; p<0.001). Additionally, non-attendance of physical education classes (aOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.05; p=0.021), infrequent unapproved parental checks (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.80; p=0.024), and lower parental awareness of free-time activities (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.87; p=0.005) were associated with higher odds of co-use. Factors not significantly linked to co-use included age group, being in grade 9, always feeling lonely, having no close friends, being bullied outside school, and whether a parent or guardian understood the adolescent’s worries. @*Conclusions@#The findings highlight the critical need for comprehensive interventions in the Philippines, addressing not only physical inactivity and parental monitoring but also focusing on sex, academic grade, participation in physical education classes, sleep quality, and suicide attempt history, to effectively reduce alcohol and cannabis co-use among adolescents.

Hidden aryl-exchange processes in stable 16e RhIII [RhCp*Ar2] complexes, and their unexpected transmetalation mechanism.

Experiments mixing the stable 16e 5-coordinate complexes [RhCp*Ar2] (Cp* = C5Me5; Ar = C6F5, C6F3Cl2-3,5) uncover fast aryl transmetalations. Unexpectedly, as supported computationally, these exchanges are not spontaneous, but catalyzed by minute amounts of 18e (µ-OH)2[RhCp*Ar]2 as a source of 16e [RhCp*Ar(OH)]. The OH group is an amazingly efficient bridging partner to diminish the activation barrier of transmetalation.

Investigating quantum metrology in noisy channels.

Quantum entanglement lies at the heart of quantum information and quantum metrology. In quantum metrology, with a colossal amount of quantum Fisher information (QFI), entangled systems can be ameliorated to be a better resource scheme. However, noisy channels affect the QFI substantially. This research work seeks to investigate how QFI of N-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state is affected when subjected to decoherence channels: bit-phase flip (BPF) and generalize amplitude damping (GAD) channels, which can be induced experimentally. We determine the evolution under these channels, deduce the eigenvalues, and then derive the QFI. We found that when there is no interaction with the environment, the Heisenberg limit can be achieved via rotations along the z direction. It has been shown that in BPF channel, the maximal mean QFI of the N-qubit GHZ state ([Formula: see text]) dwindles as decoherence rate (p B ) increases due to flow of information from the system to the environment, until p B = 0.5, then revives to form a symmetric around p B = 0.5. Thus, p B > 0.5 leads to a situation where more noise yields more efficiency. We found that in GAD channel, at finite temperature, QFIs decay more rapidly than at zero temperature. Our results also reveal that QFI can be enhanced by adjusting the temperature of the environment.

Edge reactivity and water-assisted dissociation on cobalt oxide nanoislands.

Transition metal oxides show great promise as Earth-abundant catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in electrochemical water splitting. However, progress in the development of highly active oxide nanostructures is hampered by a lack of knowledge of the location and nature of the active sites. Here we show, through atom-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy and computational modelling, how hydroxyls form from water dissociation at under coordinated cobalt edge sites of cobalt oxide nanoislands. Surprisingly, we find that an additional water molecule acts to promote all the elementary steps of the dissociation process and subsequent hydrogen migration, revealing the important assisting role of a water molecule in its own dissociation process on a metal oxide. Inspired by the experimental findings, we theoretically model the oxygen evolution reaction activity of cobalt oxide nanoislands and show that the nanoparticle metal edges also display favourable adsorption energetics for water oxidation under electrochemical conditions.

Pharmacological and Safety Profile of Dexlansoprazole: A New Proton Pump Inhibitor - Implications for Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the Asia Pacific Region.

Although gastroesophageal reflux disease is not as common in Asia as in western countries, the prevalence has increased substantially during the past decade. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is associated with considerable reductions in subjective well-being and work productivity, as well as increased healthcare use. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are currently the most effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, there are limitations associated with these drugs in terms of partial and non-response. Dexlansoprazole is the first PPI with a dual delayed release formulation designed to provide 2 separate releases of medication to extend the duration of effective plasma drug concentration. Dexlansoprazole has been shown to be effective for healing of erosive esophagitis, and to improve subjective well-being by controlling 24-hour symptoms. Dexlansoprazole has also been shown to achieve good plasma concentration regardless of administration with food, providing flexible dosing. Studies in healthy volunteers showed no clinically important effects on exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel or clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition, with no dose adjustment of clopidogrel necessary when coprescribed. This review discusses the role of the new generation PPI, dexlansoprazole, in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia.

Dramatic mechanistic switch in Sn/Au(I) group exchanges: transmetalation vs. oxidative addition.

The mechanism of Ph/X exchange in reactions involving SnPh(n)Bu3 and [AuXL] complexes switches dramatically from the usual concerted mechanism involving Ar/X mixed bridges when X = Cl, to an unexpected oxidative addition/reductive elimination pathway via an Au(III) intermediate when X = vinyl.

Pharmacological and Safety Profile of Dexlansoprazole: A New Proton Pump Inhibitor - Implications for Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the Asia Pacific Region

Although gastroesophageal reflux disease is not as common in Asia as in western countries, the prevalence has increased substantially during the past decade. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is associated with considerable reductions in subjective well-being and work productivity, as well as increased healthcare use. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are currently the most effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, there are limitations associated with these drugs in terms of partial and non-response. Dexlansoprazole is the first PPI with a dual delayed release formulation designed to provide 2 separate releases of medication to extend the duration of effective plasma drug concentration. Dexlansoprazole has been shown to be effective for healing of erosive esophagitis, and to improve subjective well-being by controlling 24-hour symptoms. Dexlansoprazole has also been shown to achieve good plasma concentration regardless of administration with food, providing flexible dosing. Studies in healthy volunteers showed no clinically important effects on exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel or clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition, with no dose adjustment of clopidogrel necessary when coprescribed. This review discusses the role of the new generation PPI, dexlansoprazole, in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia.

Commissioning the neutron production of a Linac: development of a simple tool for second cancer risk estimation.

PURPOSE: Knowing the contribution of neutron to collateral effects in treatments is both a complex and a mandatory task. This work aims to present an operative procedure for neutron estimates in any facility using a neutron digital detector. METHODS: The authors' previous work established a linear relationship between the total second cancer risk due to neutrons (TR(n)) and the number of MU of the treatment. Given that the digital detector also presents linearity with MU, its response can be used to determine the TR(n) per unit MU, denoted as m, normally associated to a generic Linac model and radiotherapy facility. Thus, from the number of MU of each patient treatment, the associated risk can be estimated. The feasibility of the procedure was tested by applying it in eight facilities; patients were evaluated as well. RESULTS: From the reading of the detector under selected irradiation conditions, m values were obtained for different machines, ranging from 0.25 × 10(-4)% per MU for an Elekta Axesse at 10 MV to 6.5 × 10(-4)% per MU for a Varian Clinac at 18 MV. Using these values, TR(n) of patients was estimated in each facility and compared to that from the individual evaluation. Differences were within the range of uncertainty of the authors' methodology of equivalent dose and risk estimations. CONCLUSIONS: The procedure presented here allows an easy estimation of the second cancer risk due to neutrons for any patient, given the number of MU of the treatment. It will enable the consideration of this information when selecting the optimal treatment for a patient by its implementation in the treatment planning system.

Unmet treatment needs of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia: gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia Pacific survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Data on patient satisfaction with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are scarce in Asia. The perspectives of Asian patients with GERD and their satisfaction with PPI therapy were investigated. METHODS: The GERD in Asia Pacific Survey (GAPS) was conducted from December 2011 to March 2012. Patients aged 21-55 years with self-reported doctor-diagnosed GERD, who had experienced symptoms in the previous 12 months, and were currently taking PPIs were enrolled. After a pilot study, a questionnaire was completed by respondents from six Asian countries during face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: A total of 450 patients with GERD participated in the GAPS. Although the respondents generally complied with treatment, response to therapy was only partially successful. Most respondents indicated that PPIs eliminated pain (72%), took effect within 30 min (76%), provided sustained relief (73%), and provided nocturnal relief (77%). However, 45% of respondents reported limited improvement in nocturnal symptoms, and 49% continued to take adjunctive therapy to manage their symptoms. After treatment, respondent's "well-being" had improved. However, GERD still had a negative impact on well-being for 76% of respondents after treatment, compared with 94% before treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Asian patients reported a negative impact of GERD on their daily lives. Many respondents continued to experience symptoms despite reporting good compliance with PPI therapy, emphasizing the shortcomings of currently available therapy for GERD. This survey is the first to highlight Asian patients' perspectives of GERD and PPI therapy, and provides a platform for further evaluation.

Construction of a WMR for trajectory tracking control: experimental results.

This paper reports a solution for trajectory tracking control of a differential drive wheeled mobile robot (WMR) based on a hierarchical approach. The general design and construction of the WMR are described. The hierarchical controller proposed has two components: a high-level control and a low-level control. The high-level control law is based on an input-output linearization scheme for the robot kinematic model, which provides the desired angular velocity profiles that the WMR has to track in order to achieve the desired position (x∗, y∗) and orientation (φ∗). Then, a low-level control law, based on a proportional integral (PI) approach, is designed to control the velocity of the WMR wheels to ensure those tracking features. Regarding the trajectories, this paper provides the solution or the following cases: (1) time-varying parametric trajectories such as straight lines and parabolas and (2) smooth curves fitted by cubic splines which are generated by the desired data points {(x1∗, y1∗),..., (x(n)∗, y(n)∗)}. A straightforward algorithm is developed for constructing the cubic splines. Finally, this paper includes an experimental validation of the proposed technique by employing a DS1104 dSPACE electronic board along with MATLAB/Simulink software.

Erosive esophagitis in the Philippines: a comparison between two time periods.

BACKGROUND: In Asia, the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosed through endoscopy has increased from 3-9% to 14-16% in the last decade. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of erosive esophagitis (EE) over a span of 10 years in a tertiary care facility in the Philippines. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with EE from 1994 to 1997 (period A) and from 2000 to 2003 (period B) were included in the study. The modified Savary-Miller and Los Angeles classifications were used to grade EE for periods A and B, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 15 981 upper endoscopies were evaluated for this study. There was no significant difference in the male: female ratio (period A 1.43:1 vs period B 1.25:1, P = 0.459) and in the mean age of patients with EE (period A 46.4 vs period B 47.5, P = 0.395). The prevalence of EE was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in period B (6.3%) as compared to period A (2.9%). However, despite a higher prevalence, more patients had mild esophagitis in period B as compared to period A. Conversely, there were more patients with esophageal ulcers (18.6%vs 5.9%, P < 0.001), esophageal strictures (2.3%vs 0%, P = 0.003), and hiatal hernia (15.8%vs 7.5%, P = 0.001) in period A. The presence of concomitant Barrett's esophagus was not significantly different between the two time periods (period A 3.2%vs period B 5%, P = 0.367). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of EE was higher in 2000-2003 than in 1994-1997, although the complications associated with the disease diminished. The prevalence of concomitant Barrett's esophagus remained stable.

Changing trends in peptic ulcer prevalence in a tertiary care setting in the Philippines: a seven-year study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The declining global prevalence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) might be because of the decreasing prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of PUD during a 7-year period and to investigate its relationship with the prevalence of Hp infection during the same period. METHODS: All upper gastrointestinal endoscopies carried out at Santo Tomas Hospital in Manila from January 1996 to December 2002 were evaluated. Endoscopies reporting gastric ulcers (GU) and duodenal ulcers (DU) with Hp status were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 15 341 endoscopies were evaluated. Overall, 2600 (16.95%) GU and 1575 (10.27%) DU were identified. There was a decreasing trend in the prevalence of GU (P < 0.0001) and DU (P < 0.0001) during the study period. Overall PUD prevalence declined from 35.87% in 1996 to 18.80% in 2002. This decline was seen for both GU and DU (20.05 vs 14.34%, and 15.83 vs 7.02%, respectively). The prevalence of Hp infection decreased significantly from 1996 to 2002 for both GU and DU (68.13 vs 33.48%, P < 0.0001; and 76.67 vs 36.50%, P < 0.0001, respectively). The decrease in Hp prevalence was significantly related to the decrease in ulcer prevalence (r = 0.97, P = 0.0004 for GU; r = 0.89, P = 0.0079 for DU; and r = 0.92, P = 0.0035 for all PUD). The prevalence of bleeding secondary to PUD remained stable during the 7-year period (P = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS: During the 7-year period, there was a significant decline in the prevalence of PUD. This decline in PUD prevalence was associated with a corresponding decrease in Hp prevalence.

Acute neck infections: prospective comparison between CT and MRI in 47 patients.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to assess the advantages and disadvantages of MRI versus CT in the initial evaluation of acute infections involving the neck. METHOD: We prospectively evaluated 47 patients with neck infections. All patients underwent CT and MRI with contrast of the area of interest using similar slice thickness. Final diagnosis was achieved by percutaneous aspiration, surgical exploration and drainage, or follow-up after successful antibiotic therapy in all patients. Two radiologists reviewed all imaging studies with special attention to lesion conspicuity, location, extension, bone involvement, source of infection (odontogenic versus nonodontogenic), and presence of gas and/or calcium in the lesions. A 3 point scale was used to grade these parameters, and statistical comparison was done using paired t test. RESULTS: As used in our population, MRI was superior to CT in regard to lesion conspicuity, number of anatomic spaces involved, extension, and source. Additionally, although not statistically significantly, MRI detected a greater number of abscess collections. CT was superior to MRI in the detection of intralesional gas and calcium and showed fewer motion artifacts. These advantages of CT were, however, not significantly better than those of MRI. CONCLUSION: As used in our study, MRI was considered superior to CT in the initial evaluation of neck infections. Our findings suggest that MRI may be used as the first and perhaps the only modality to initially evaluate patients with neck infections when clinically feasible.

[Validation and reliability of the 1,000 meter aerobic test]. / Validación y confiabilidad de la prueba aeróbica de 1,000 metros.

BACKGROUND: In humans, measurement of maximum oxygen uptake is important because it is related to cardiovascular health. In Mexico there is scanty information in nationals and unfortunately such a data has been gathered from laboratory and field indirect methods ignoring reliability, validation and cross validation. PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the validity and reliability of the 1,000 meters walk-run test in adults. METHODS: Fifty-one healthy subjects (31 men and 20 women) participated in four maximal tests; two in a laboratory on a treadmill for direct measurement of VO2max (L1 and L2) and twice in a track for distance walk-run time in 1,000 meters (C1 and C2). Values were analyzed by interclass correlation, Pearson product moment and "t" test. RESULTS: The VO2max in L1 y L2 were 2.67 and 2.70 L.min-1, (R = 0.97) and 44.2 and 46.2 mL.kg-1.min-1, meanwhile VO2max estimated from field were 44.2 and 46.2 mL.kg-1.min-1, (R = 0.98). Pearson correlation obtained from all subjects between laboratory and field test was of r = 0.88, without significant difference (P > 0.05). From those data we development the following equation: VO2max = 71.66-5.85 (t), where 71.66 and 5.85 are constants and t is the time employ in performing the test, R = -0.86, (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The 1,000 meters distance walk-run for time is highly reliable and valid test for estimation of VO2max in Mexican people. The test is safe, easy and short and can be administrated with a minimal amount of equipment. We propose its utilization in other population in order to perform cross validation.

Validación y confiabilidad de la prueba aeróbica de 1, 000 metros / Validation and confiability of aerobic test of 1000 meters

Introducción. En nuestro país existe escasa información acerca del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) de nuestra gente. La mayor parte de los datos provienen de pruebas indirectas de laboratorio y campo que no fueron validadas y se ignora su confiabilidad. Propósito. Determinar la validez y confiabilidad de la prueba aeróbica de 1,000 metros, con estudios de laboratorio y campo. Métodos. Participaron 51 sujetos, 31 hombres y 20 mujeres sin contraindicación a pruebas de ejercicio. Todos realizaron cuatro pruebas de ejercicio físico máximo; dos en el laboratorio para medición directa de VO2max sobre una banda sinfín (L1 y L2), y dos pruebas de caminar - correr 1,000 metros (C1 y C2). Los datos fueron analizados con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, coeficiente de correlación interclase, producto momento de Pearson y pruebas "t". Resultados. El en L1 y L2 fue de 2.67 y 2.70 litros minuto-1 (R = 0.97), y de 43.9 y 43.5 mL kg-1 min-1 (R = 0.97). Para C1 y C2 el VO2max fue de 44.2 y 46.2 mL kg-1 min-1 (R = 0.98). El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre las pruebas de laboratorio vs. campo fue de r = 0.88, (p < 0.05). De los datos generados se derivó la ecuación que se propone para estimar VO2max = 71.662 - 5.850 (t). Donde 71.662 y 5.850 son constantes y t = tiempo empleado en caminar - correr 1,000 metros. (P < 0.05). Conclusión. La prueba aeróbica de 1,000 metros es un procedimiento útil y sencillo para estimar el VO2max es la única prueba validada y confiable para mexicanos. Se propone su utilización para otros grupos poblacionales con mayor rango de edad y ambos géneros para validación cruzada.

[Acute suppurative thyroiditis secondary to fistula of the pyriform sinus]. / Tiroiditis aguda supurada secundaria a fístula del seno piriforme.

Acute suppurative thyroiditis is very rare and often related to congenital abnormalities of the branchial pouches or immunodeficiency. A case of acute thyroiditis due to fistula of the left pyriform sinus in a young man with no relevant history is reported. We review the embryology, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare entity.

[Parapharyngeal carcinoma of the larynx: current clinical and pathological aspects and reports of a clinical case]. / Schwanoma parafaríngeo: aspectos clinicopatológicos actuales y exposición de un caso clínico.

Schwannomas (neurilemmomas) are benign tumors of the nerve sheath arising from the Schwann cells in the neural sheath of cranial and spinal nerves. The most frequent sites are the peripheral nerves of the head and neck and the flexor surfaces of the upper extremities. Parapharyngeal schwannomas are rare, which makes them interesting for ear, nose and throat specialists. A new case of schwannoma of the parapharyngeal space is reported. Our experience with the clinical management and surgical treatment of cervical schwannomas is discussed and the literature is reviewed.

[Adenosquamous carcinoma of minor salivary glands. Reporting a case in the tongue]. / Carcinoma adenoescamoso de glándulas salivares menores. Exposición de un caso de localización lingual.

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the salivary glands is an unusual neoplasm not unanimously included in many classifications of salivary gland malignancies. A case sited in the oral cavity, within the tongue is reported. Clinical and histopathologic features are described together with a discussion about treatment and behaviour. We also include an updated of literature relating to this entity.