Diseño y puesta en marcha de un protocolo de tratamiento antimicrobiano domiciliario endovenoso en atención primaria: experiencia en un hospital de segundo nivel / Design and implementation of an outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy program in primary care: the experience at a second level hospital

Introducción. Los programas de tratamiento antimicrobiano domiciliario endovenoso (TADE) suponen una buena opción asistencial para una gran variedad de enfermedades infecciosas. Nuestro objetivo fue diseñar e implementar un programa TADE en el área de influencia de un hospital de segundo nivel, en el que no se dispone de una Unidad de Hospitalización a domicilio (UHD), siendo necesario la estrecha colaboración entre los equipos de atención hospitalaria y primaria, describir la cohorte de pacientes, analizar las pautas de tratamiento antimicrobiano y evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados al reingreso y la mortalidad. Métodos. Estudio de cohortes prospectivo de los pacientes incluidos en el TADE entre el 1 de Enero de 2012 al 31 mayo de 2015. Resultados. Se registraron un total de 98 episodios. La edad media fue 66 años. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue la inmunosupresión (33,67%), con una media global del índice de Charlson de 5,21 ± 3,09. El foco de infección más frecuente fue el respiratorio (33,67%). Se consiguió aislamiento microbiológico en 58 pacientes (59,18%), siendo Escherichia coli el más frecuentemente aislado (25%). La media de días de administración de antimicrobianos fue 10,42 (± 6,02 DE, rango 2-40), siendo los carbapenémicos (43,48%) los más usados. Ochenta y seis pacientes (87,75%) cumplimentaron el tratamiento. Treinta y dos pacientes (32,65%) reingresaron en los siguientes 30 días al alta y siete (7,14%) fallecieron. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa con el reingreso con las variables edad (p = 0,03), portador de reservorios (p = 0,04) e interrupción del tratamiento RI (p<0,05). Conclusiones. Este programa es pionero en España en la administración de TADE sin el soporte de una UHD, lo que podría permitir optimizar la red de recursos hospitalarios y de Atención Primaria disponibles. No obstante, los datos del proyecto piloto son pobres en optimización de la elección del antibiótico, secuenciación, desescalamiento y duración (AU)

Introduction. Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) programs are a good assistance option in a wide variety of infectious diseases. Our aim was to design and implement an OPAT program in the area of influence of a second-level hospital, with no Home Hospitalization Service available, being necessary close collaboration between hospitalization and Primary Care teams, describe our cohort, analyse the antimicrobial treatment indicated and evaluate the prognostic and risk factors associated with readmission and mortality. Material and methods. Prospective study cohorts of patients admitted to the OPAT programme, from 1 January 2012 to 31 May 2015. Results. During the period of study a total of 98 episodes were recorded. The average age of the cohort was 66 years. The most frequent comorbidity was immunosuppression (33.67 %), with an overall average of Charlson index of 5.21 ± 3.09. The most common source of infection was respiratory (33.67 %). Microbiological isolation was achieved in fifty-eight patients (59.18 %) being Escherichia coli the most frequently isolated (25%). The average number of days of antibiotics administration at home was 10.42 ± 6.02 (SD), being carbapenems (43.48%) the more administered. Eighty-six patients (87.75%) completed the treatment successfully. Thirty-two patients (32.65%) were readmitted within 30 days after being discharged and seven patients (7.14%) died. A statistically significant association was only found in the readmission with variables: elderly patients (p=0.03), being carriers of Porth-a-Cath (p=0.04) and treatment termination related with infection (p<0.05). Conclusions. This is the first programme of OPAT administration not dependent on Home Hospitalization Service in Spain, which could allow to optimize the hospital and primary care resources available. Nevertheless this pilot study results are poor in terms of optimization of antibiotics choice, transition to oral administration, de-escalation and duration (AU)

[Bacteraemia at a second level hospital: epidemiological study, analysis of pronostic factors associated to mortality and economic cost estimation]. / Bacteriemias en un hospital de segundo nivel: estudio epidemiológico, análisis de factores pronósticos asociados a mortalidad y estimación de su coste económico.

INTRODUCTION: Bacteraemia (B) accounts for a considerable proportion (0.36%) of all hospital admissions due to infections diseases and it is associated to increased hospital costs. The aim of this study is to describe a cohort of patients with bacteraemia at a second level hospital, to analyze factors associated to mortality and its economical impact during hospital admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational study of a cohort of adult patients with bacteraemia admitted at a second level hospital during 2010. Data collection from clinical records has been done according to a standard protocol: epidemiological and clinical variables and factors associated to mortality were analysed. Total economical cost per patient was estimated. RESULTS: 148 patients were included: 80 community B (55.4%), 23 health care associated B (15.5%) and 45 nosocomial B (28.5%). The incidence was 9 cases 10.000 persons/year. Mean age was 69 years and the global mortality was 24%. In bivariate analysis smoking, diabetes mellitus, McCabe Jackson score type I-II, Pitt Index ≥ 3, APACHE ≥ 20, Glasgow ≤ 9, shock, respiratory distress, invasive procedures, nosocomial bacteraemia and inadequate empiric or definitive antibiotic treatment were associated to mortality (p<0.05). Factors associated to mortality in multivariate analysis included McCabe Jackson score type I-II (OR 4.95; 95% CI 1.095-22.38), haemodialysis during acute stage (OR 7.8; 95% CI 2.214-27.773) and inadequate empiric antibiotic treatment (OR 7.68; 95% CI 19.82-29.77). Admission economic cost per patient was 9,459 € for community acquired bacteriemia, 5,656 € for health care associated bacteraemia and 41,680€ for nosocomial bacteraemia. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity, inadequate empiric antibiotic treatment and haemodialysis during acute phase are statistically significantly in our cohort of patients with bacteraemia.

Bacteriemias en un hospital de segundo nivel: Estudio epidemiológico, análisis de factores pronósticos asociados a mortalidad y estimación de su coste económico / Bacteraemia at a second level hospital: epidemiological study, analysis of pronostic factors associated to mortality and economic cost estimation

Introducción. Las bacteriemias (B) representan el 0,36% de los ingresos por patología infecciosa y generan un gasto sanitario importante. El objetivo es analizar una cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemia ingresados en un hospital de segundo nivel: determinar las características epidemiológicas y los factores asociados a mortalidad y estimar su coste. Pacientes y Métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes adultos ingresados con bacteriemia verdadera en un hospital de segundo nivel durante el año 2010. Se recopilaron los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de los pacientes y se analizaron los factores asociados a mortalidad. Se estimó el coste económico del ingreso por paciente. Resultados. Se incluyeron 148 episodios: 80 B comunitarias (55,4%), 23 B asociadas a cuidados sanitarios (15,5%) y 45 B nosocomiales (28,5%). La incidencia fue de 9 casos 10.000 habitantes/ año. La edad media fue de 69 años y la mortalidad global del 24%. En el análisis bivariante se asociaron a mortalidad (p< 0,05): hábito tabaquico, diabetes mellitus, McCabe Jackson tipo I-II, índice de Pitt >= 3, APACHE >= 20, Glasgow <=9, shock, distress respiratorio, la necesidad de algún procedimiento invasivo, la bacteriemia nosocomial y el tratamiento antibiótico empírico o definitivo incorrecto. En el análisis multivariante se asociaron de forma estadísticamente significativa con la mortalidad: McCabe tipo I-II (OR 4,95; IC 95% 1,095-22,38), necesidad de hemodiálisis durante el proceso clínico (OR 7,8; IC 95% 2,214-27,773) y tratamiento empírico inadecuado (OR 7,68; IC 95% 19,82- 29,77). El coste estimado por paciente es de 9.459€ en el caso de las B comunitarias, 5.656€ para las B asociadas a los cuidados sanitarios y 41.680€ para las B nosocomiales. Conclusiones. La gravedad de la enfermedad de base, el tratamiento antibiótico empírico inadecuado y la necesidad de hemodiálisis durante el proceso clínico son los principales factores pronósticos de mortalidad en nuestra cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemia(AU)

Introduction. Bacteraemia (B) accounts for a considerable proportion (0.36%) of all hospital admissions due to infections diseases and it is associated to increased hospital costs. The aim of this study is to describe a cohort of patients with bacteraemia at a second level hospital, to analyze factors associated to mortality and its economical impact during hospital admission. Patients and Methods. Observational study of a cohort of adult patients with bacteraemia admitted at a second level hospital during 2010. Data collection from clinical records has been done according to a standard protocol: epidemiological and clinical variables and factors associated to mortality were analysed. Total economical cost per patient was estimated. Results. 148 patients were included: 80 community B (55.4%), 23 health care associated B (15.5%) and 45 nosocomial B (28.5%). The incidence was 9 cases 10.000 persons/year. Mean age was 69 years and the global mortality was 24%. In bivariate analysis smoking, diabetes mellitus, McCabe Jackson score type I-II, Pitt Index >=3, APACHE >= 20, Glasgow <=9, shock, respiratory distress, invasive procedures, nosocomial bacteraemia and inadequate empiric or definitive antibiotic treatment were associated to mortality (p<0.05). Factors associated to mortality in multivariate analysis included McCabe Jackson score type I-II (OR 4.95; 95% CI 1.095-22.38), haemodialysis during acute stage (OR 7.8; 95% CI 2.214-27.773) and inadequate empiric antibiotic treatment (OR 7.68; 95% CI 19.82- 29.77). Admission economic cost per patient was 9,459€ for community acquired bacteriemia, 5,656€ for health care associated bacteraemia and 41,680€ for nosocomial bacteraemia. Conclusions. Comorbidity, inadequate empiric antibiotic treatment and haemodialysis during acute phase are statistically significantly in our cohort of patients with bacteraemia(AU)