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Despite developing new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines, treating tuberculosis (TB) remains challenging. Monitoring inflammatory markers can contribute to more precise diagnostics of TB, identifying its active and latent forms, or monitoring its treatment success. We assessed alterations in plasma levels of 48 cytokines in 20 patients (17 males) with active pulmonary TB compared to age-matched healthy controls (n = 18). Blood samples were collected from individuals hospitalised with TB prior to commencing antibiotic therapy, after the first week, and following the third week. The majority of patients received treatment with a combination of four first-line antituberculosis drugs: rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Plasmatic cytokine levels from patients three times and controls were analyzed using a Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine Screening Panel. The results showed significantly higher levels of 31 cytokines (p<0.05) than healthy controls. Three-week therapy duration showed significantly decreased levels of nine cytokines: interferon alpha-2 (IFN-α2), interleukin (IL) 1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-17, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Out of these, only levels of IL-1α and IL-6 remained significantly elevated compared to controls. Moreover, we have found a negative correlation of 18 cytokine levels with BMI of the patients but no correlation with age. Our results showed a clinical potential for monitoring the levels of specific inflammatory markers after a short treatment duration. The reduction in cytokine levels throughout the course of therapy could indicate treatment success but should be confirmed in studies with more individuals involved and a longer observation period.
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Antituberculeux , Cytokines , Humains , Mâle , Cytokines/sang , Femelle , Antituberculeux/usage thérapeutique , Antituberculeux/administration et posologie , Adulte , Adulte d'âge moyen , Études cas-témoins , Tuberculose pulmonaire/traitement médicamenteux , Tuberculose pulmonaire/sang , Tuberculose pulmonaire/immunologie , Tuberculose/traitement médicamenteux , Tuberculose/sang , Jeune adulte , Marqueurs biologiques/sang , Sujet âgéRÉSUMÉ
A thin film of pulmonary surfactant lines the surface of the airways and alveoli, where it lowers the surface tension in the peripheral lungs, preventing collapse of the bronchioles and alveoli and reducing the work of breathing. It also possesses a barrier function for maintaining the blood-gas interface of the lungs and plays an important role in innate immunity. The surfactant film covers the epithelium lining both large and small airways, forming the first line of defense between toxic airborne particles/pathogens and the lungs. Furthermore, surfactant has been shown to relax airway smooth muscle (ASM) after exposure to ASM agonists, suggesting a more subtle function. Whether surfactant masks irritant sensory receptors or interacts with one of them is not known. The relaxant effect of surfactant on ASM is absent in bronchial tissues denuded of an epithelial layer. Blocking of prostanoid synthesis inhibits the relaxant function of surfactant, indicating that prostanoids might be involved. Another possibility for surfactant to be active, namely through ATP-dependent potassium channels and the cAMP-regulated epithelial chloride channels [cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators (CFTRs)], was tested but could not be confirmed. Hence, this review discusses the mechanisms of known and potential relaxant effects of pulmonary surfactant on ASM. This review summarizes what is known about the role of surfactant in smooth muscle physiology and explores the scientific questions and studies needed to fully understand how surfactant helps maintain the delicate balance between relaxant and constrictor needs.
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Muscles lisses , Surfactants pulmonaires , Humains , Surfactants pulmonaires/métabolisme , Muscles lisses/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Muscles lisses/métabolisme , Animaux , Tonus musculaire/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Poumon/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Poumon/métabolisme , Protéine CFTR/métabolismeRÉSUMÉ
Relationship between depressive disorder and autonomic nervous system has been already discussed. Reduced emotional regulation is supposed to be associated with prefrontal hypofunction and subcortical hyperactivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vortioxetine on heart rate variability (HRV), a parameter of cardiac autonomic regulation, in depressed hospitalized paediatric patients and assess the clinical effectiveness of the drug in this population. We performed repeated polysomnography analyses at admission and after a short treatment in hospital (15.2 days on average) and measured various HRV parameters (RRi, pNN50, RMSSD, LF-HRV, HF-HRV) during wakefulness, N3 and REM sleep stages. Out of 27 study subjects, 67% have improved depression symptoms as well as anxiety and subjective sleep quality after short vortioxetine treatment. We have found a significant decrease in parasympathetic parameters pNN50, RMSSD and HF-HRV during N3 sleep phase, though not exclusively among vortioxetine responders. The anticipated increase in cardiovagal regulation after vortioxetine treatment was not demonstrated in this pilot study, possibly due to the drug's multimodal mechanism and impact on the nucleus tractus solitarii, particularly its antagonism on 5HT-3 receptors. Application of selective drugs could further explain the effect of vortioxetine on HRV in depressed patients.
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Système nerveux autonome , Rythme cardiaque , Vortioxétine , Humains , Vortioxétine/pharmacologie , Rythme cardiaque/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Enfant , Adolescent , Mâle , Femelle , Système nerveux autonome/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Système nerveux autonome/physiopathologie , Antidépresseurs/pharmacologie , Antidépresseurs/usage thérapeutique , Polysomnographie , Dépression/traitement médicamenteux , Dépression/physiopathologie , Projets pilotesRÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND: The war in Ukraine has led to significant migration to neighboring countries, raising public health concerns. Notable tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates in Ukraine emphasize the immediate requirement to prioritize approaches that interrupt the spread and prevent new infections. METHODS: We conducted a prospective genomic surveillance study to assess migration's impact on TB epidemiology in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Ukrainian war refugees and migrants, collected from September 2021 to December 2022 were analyzed alongside 1574 isolates obtained from Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. RESULTS: Our study revealed alarming results, with historically the highest number of Ukrainian tuberculosis patients detected in the host countries. The increasing number of cases of multidrug-resistant TB, significantly linked with Beijing lineage 2.2.1 (p < 0.0001), also presents substantial obstacles to control endeavors. The genomic analysis identified the three highly related genomic clusters, indicating the recent TB transmission among migrant populations. The largest clusters comprised war refugees diagnosed in the Czech Republic, TB patients from various regions of Ukraine, and incarcerated individuals diagnosed with pulmonary TB specialized facility in the Kharkiv region, Ukraine, pointing to a national transmission sequence that has persisted for over 14 years. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed that most infections were likely the result of reactivation of latent disease or exposure to TB before migration rather than recent transmission occurring within the host country. However, close monitoring, appropriate treatment, careful surveillance, and social support are crucial in mitigating future risks, though there is currently no evidence of local transmission in EU countries.
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Tuberculosis is a major global health issue, with approximately 10 million people falling ill and 1.4 million dying yearly. One of the most significant challenges to public health is the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. For the last half-century, treating tuberculosis has adhered to a uniform management strategy in most patients. However, treatment ineffectiveness in some individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis presents a major challenge to the global tuberculosis control initiative. Unfavorable outcomes of tuberculosis treatment (including mortality, treatment failure, loss of follow-up, and unevaluated cases) may result in increased transmission of tuberculosis and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Treatment failure may occur due to drug-resistant strains, non-adherence to medication, inadequate absorption of drugs, or low-quality healthcare. Identifying the underlying cause and adjusting the treatment accordingly to address treatment failure is important. This is where approaches such as artificial intelligence, genetic screening, and whole genome sequencing can play a critical role. In this review, we suggest a set of particular clinical applications of these approaches, which might have the potential to influence decisions regarding the clinical management of tuberculosis patients.
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Objectives: Rapidly diagnosing drug-resistant TB is crucial for improving treatment and transmission control. WGS is becoming increasingly accessible and has added value to the diagnosis and treatment of TB. The aim of the study was to perform WGS to determine the rate of false-positive results of phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) and characterize the molecular mechanisms of resistance and transmission of mono- and polyresistant Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis. Methods: WGS was performed on 53 monoresistant and 25 polyresistant M. tuberculosis isolates characterized by pDST. Sequencing data were bioinformatically processed to infer mutations encoding resistance and determine the origin of resistance and phylogenetic relationship between isolates studied. Results: The data showed the variable sensitivity and specificity of WGS in comparison with pDST as the gold standard: isoniazid 92.7% and 92.3%; streptomycin 41.9% and 100.0%; pyrazinamide 15% and 94.8%; and ethambutol 75.0% and 98.6%, respectively. We found novel mutations encoding resistance to streptomycin (in gidB) and pyrazinamide (in kefB). Most isolates belonged to lineage 4 (80.1%) and the overall clustering rate was 11.5%. We observed lineage-specific gene variations encoding resistance to streptomycin and pyrazinamide. Conclusions: This study highlights the clinical potential of WGS in ruling out false-positive drug resistance following phenotypic or genetic drug testing, and recommend this technology together with the WHO catalogue in designing an optimal individualized treatment regimen and preventing the development of MDR TB. Our results suggest that resistance is primarily developed through spontaneous mutations or selective pressure.
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N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used because of its mucolytic effects, taking part in the therapeutic protocols of cystic fibrosis. NAC is also administered as an antidote in acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdosing. Thanks to its wide antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, NAC may also be of benefit in other chronic inflammatory and fibrotizing respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, idiopathic lung fibrosis, or lung silicosis. In addition, NAC exerts low toxicity and rare adverse effects even in combination with other treatments, and it is cheap and easily accessible. This article brings a review of information on the mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress in selected chronic respiratory diseases and discusses the use of NAC in these disorders.
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Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are opportunistic human pathogens found worldwide, primarily in the environment. They predominantly affect the lungs, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. Recent studies suggest an increasing incidence of NTM disease; however, their actual clinical impact in Slovakia remains uncertain. In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis using a representative collection of NTM cases in the country. We searched the national database for patients with positive NTM cultures between January 2016 and December 2021. A total of 1355 NTM-positive cultures were identified in Slovakia, with no significant increase observed during the study period. Among these, 358 cases (26.4%) were confirmed as NTM disease. The incidence of the disease was notably higher in individuals over 55 years old (p < 0.0001). Moreover, women diagnosed with NTM disease exhibited a significantly higher average age than men (p = 0.0005). The majority of NTM disease cases were attributed to Mycobacterium (M.) intracellulare (39.9%) and M. avium (38.5%). Geographically, the highest incidence of NTM disease was observed in the Bratislava region (10.69 per 100,000 population).
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Infection due à Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare , Mycobactéries non tuberculeuses , Mâle , Humains , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Infection due à Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/épidémiologie , Infection due à Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/microbiologie , Complexe Mycobacterium avium , Études rétrospectives , Slovaquie/épidémiologieSujet(s)
Trouble dépressif majeur , microARN , Facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire de type A , Adolescent , Humains , Marqueurs biologiques/sang , Trouble dépressif majeur/sang , Trouble dépressif majeur/génétique , Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes , microARN/sang , microARN/génétique , Facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire de type A/sang , Facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire de type A/génétiqueRÉSUMÉ
Direct oral anticoagulants are widely used in many indications to prevent thromboembolic events. Routine therapeutic monitoring is not required; however, there is increasing evidence suggesting the benefit of plasma level measurement in some situations. In addition, laboratory monitoring might help improve patient and drug non-compliance and thus individualize therapy. In the present study, we developed a sensitive and high throughput ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban in human plasma. A one-step extraction procedure in 96-well formate for phospholipid and protein removal was used for sample pre-treatment, and analytes were separated using gradient elution over 4.2 min. Analytes were detected on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated according to the European Medicine Agency guideline for the selectivity, linearity, and lower limit of detection, precision and accuracy, matrix effects, extraction recovery, carryover, dilution integrity, and stability over a concentration range of 3.0-1000 ng/ml for all analytes. The validated method was applied to real clinical samples of patients treated with one of the drugs. Therefore, we can conclude that our method is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of direct oral anticoagulants.
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Anticoagulants , Spectrométrie de masse en tandem , Humains , Spectrométrie de masse en tandem/méthodes , Chromatographie en phase liquide/méthodes , Dabigatran , Rivaroxaban , Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance/méthodes , Reproductibilité des résultatsRÉSUMÉ
Inhalation of silica particles causes inflammatory changes leading to fibrotizing silicosis. Considering a lack of effective therapy, and a growing information on the wide actions of green tea polyphenols, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the aim of this study was to evaluate the early effects of EGCG on markers of inflammation and lung fibrosis in silicotic rats. The silicosis model was induced by a single transoral intratracheal instillation of silica (50 mg/mL/animal), while controls received an equivalent volume of saline. The treatment with intraperitoneal EGCG (20 mg/kg, or saline in controls) was initiated the next day after silica instillation and was given twice a week. Animals were euthanized 14 or 28 days after the treatment onset, and the total and differential counts of leukocytes in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), wet/dry lung weight ratio, and markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis in the lung were determined. The presence of collagen and smooth muscle mass in the walls of bronchioles and lung vessels was investigated immunohistochemically. Early treatment with EGCG showed some potential to alleviate inflammation, and a trend to decrease oxidative stress-induced changes, including apoptosis, and a prevention of fibrotic changes in the bronchioles and pulmonary vessels. However, further investigations should be undertaken to elucidate the effects of EGCG in the lung silicosis model in more detail. In addition, because of insufficient data from EGCG delivery in silicosis, the positive and eventual adverse effects of this herbal compound should be carefully studied before any preventive use or therapy with EGCG may be recommended.
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Catéchine , Silicose , Rats , Animaux , Polyphénols/pharmacologie , Polyphénols/usage thérapeutique , Thé/composition chimique , Poumon/anatomopathologie , Silicose/traitement médicamenteux , Silicose/anatomopathologie , Fibrose , Inflammation/traitement médicamenteux , Inflammation/anatomopathologie , Catéchine/pharmacologie , Catéchine/usage thérapeutique , SiliceRÉSUMÉ
RATIONALE: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a challenging global infectious disease, mainly affecting the lungs. First-line anti-TB drugs play a crucial role in slowing down the rapid spread of TB. In addition, the patient might benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring since it has become an accepted clinical tool for optimizing TB treatment. METHODS: A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to monitor the plasma level of isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide in plasma samples. A one-step extraction procedure using an Ostro™ plate was applied, and extracts were analyzed by gradient elution followed by detection on a mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS: The analytes were separated within 4.2 min and over the concentration range of 0.2-10 µg/ml for isoniazid and ethambutol and 1-65 µg/ml for pyrazinamide. The method was successfully validated according to the European Medicine Agency guideline for the selectivity, linearity and lower limit of detection, precision and accuracy, matrix effect, extraction recovery, carryover, dilution integrity and stability, and applied for quantification of analytes in clinical samples from TB patients. CONCLUSIONS: The presented method allows sensitive and reproducible determination of selected anti-TB drugs with advantages such as low sample volume requirement, short run time of analysis, one-step sample preparation procedure with capabilities for phospholipids removal, and a low quantification limit as well as a high degree of selectivity.
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Éthambutol , Tuberculose , Humains , Éthambutol/analyse , Éthambutol/usage thérapeutique , Pyrazinamide/analyse , Pyrazinamide/usage thérapeutique , Isoniazide/usage thérapeutique , Chromatographie en phase liquide/méthodes , Spectrométrie de masse en tandem/méthodes , Antituberculeux , Tuberculose/traitement médicamenteux , Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance/méthodesRÉSUMÉ
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol of green tea that possesses a wide variety of actions. EGCG acts as a strong antioxidant which effectively scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibits pro-oxidant enzymes including NADPH oxidase, activates antioxidant systems including superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione, and reduces abundant production of nitric oxide metabolites by inducible nitric oxide synthase. ECGC also exerts potent anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, pro-apoptotic, anti-tumorous, and metabolic effects via modulation of a variety of intracellular signaling cascades. Based on this knowledge, the use of EGCG could be of benefit in respiratory diseases with acute or chronic inflammatory, oxidative, and fibrotizing processes in their pathogenesis. This article reviews current information on the biological effects of EGCG in those respiratory diseases or animal models in which EGCG has been administered, i.e., acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory infections, COVID-19, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung fibrosis, silicosis, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and lung embolism, and critically discusses effectiveness of EGCG administration in these respiratory disorders. For this review, articles in English language from the PubMed database were used.
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The emergence and spread of resistant tuberculosis (TB) pose a threat to public health, so it is necessary to diagnose the drug-resistant forms in a clinically short time frame and closely monitor their transmission. In this study, we carried out a first whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based analysis of multidrug resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis strains to explore the phylogenetic lineages diversity, drug resistance mechanisms, and ongoing transmission chains within the country. In total, 65 isolates phenotypically resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid collected in the Czech Republic in 2005-2020 were enrolled for further analysis. The agreement of the results obtained by WGS with phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) in the determination of resistance to isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, streptomycin, second-line injectables and fluoroquinolones was more than 80%. Phylogenetic analysis of WGS data revealed that the majority of MDR M. tuberculosis isolates were the Beijing lineage 2.2.1 (n = 46/65; 70.8%), while the remaining strains belonged to Euro-American lineage. Cluster analysis with a predefined cut-off distance of less than 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms between isolates showed 19 isolates in 6 clusters (clustering rate 29.2%), located mainly in the region of the capital city of Prague. This study highlights the utility of WGS as a high-resolution approach in the diagnosis, characterization of resistance patterns, and molecular-epidemiological analysis of resistant TB in the country.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose multirésistante , Tuberculose , Antituberculeux/pharmacologie , Antituberculeux/usage thérapeutique , République tchèque/épidémiologie , Multirésistance bactérienne aux médicaments/génétique , Génotype , Humains , Isoniazide , Tests de sensibilité microbienne , Mutation , Phylogenèse , Rifampicine , Tuberculose/traitement médicamenteux , Tuberculose multirésistante/diagnostic , Tuberculose multirésistante/traitement médicamenteux , Tuberculose multirésistante/épidémiologie , Séquençage du génome entier/méthodesRÉSUMÉ
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disease with a pathophysiology that is not yet fully clarified. An increasing number of studies show an association of MDD with energy metabolism alteration and the presence of oxidative stress. We aimed to evaluate plasma levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), NADH, myeloperoxidase, and dityrosine (di-Tyr) in adolescent and adult patients with MDD, compare them with healthy age-matched controls, and assess the effect of antidepressant treatment during hospitalisation on these levels. In our study, plasmatic levels of 3HB were elevated in both adolescents (by 55%; p = 0.0004) and adults (by 88%; p < 0.0001) with MDD compared to controls. Levels of dityrosine were increased in MDD adults (by 19%; p = 0.0092) but not adolescents. We have not found any significant effect of antidepressants on the selected parameters during the short observation period. Our study supports the findings suggesting altered energy metabolism in MDD and demonstrates its presence independently of the age of the patients.
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OBJECTIVE: The resistance of Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis to antituberculosis drugs poses a major threat to global public health. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is an increasingly preferred method in the diagnostics and monitoring of the transmission dynamics of resistant forms of tuberculosis (TB). The aim of the study was to, for the first time, use the sequencing-based analysis to study the transmission and resistance patterns of a systematic and recent collection of extensively drug resistant (XDR) and multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates and to expand our knowledge about drug resistant (DR) TB epidemiological dynamics in Slovakia. DESIGN: A total of 495 patients with pulmonary TB, who were referred to National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteriology (Vysné Hágy, Slovakia) in the years 2018-2019, were studied. Out of the total of 495 patients, 4 XDR-TB (0.8%) and 8 (1.6%) MDR-TB isolates were identified by conventional drug susceptibility testing on Löwenstein-Jensen solid medium and subjected to whole genome sequencing. Sequencing data were evaluated for molecular-epidemiological analysis and identification of resistance patterns. RESULTS: Phylogenetic and cluster analysis showed extensive recent transmission events and the predominance of Euro-American lineage 4.7 in Slovakia. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of several lineages that originally occurred in Eastern European countries. Resistance patterns for first- and second-line antituberculosis drugs characterized by whole genome sequencing were in high concordance with the results of phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. CONCLUSION: Forty percent of at least MDR-TB isolates were not genetically linked, indicating that appropriate measures should be taken to monitor and prevent the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis within the country as well as in other regions.
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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive type of malignancy with one of the worst prognoses amongst any type of cancer. Surgery is applicable only to the limited number of patients with locally resectable tumors and currently represents the only curative treatment option. Treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy can only extend patient survival. Despite advances in conventional therapies, the five-year survival of PDAC remained largely unchanged. New in vitro and in vivo models are therefore urgently needed to investigate this type of cancer. Here, we present the establishment and characterization of a novel pancreatic cancer cell line, isolated from a patient with PDAC. Cell line abbreviated as PANDA (PANncreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma) was established with an optimized 3D culture protocol published previously by our group. The new cancer cell line "PANDA" represents a novel in vitro approach for PDAC cancer research and new therapy testing.
Sujet(s)
Adénocarcinome , Tumeurs du pancréas , Techniques de cultures cellulaires tridimensionnelles , Lignée cellulaire , Humains , TechnologieRÉSUMÉ
(â)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant polyphenol in green tea. Thanks to multiple interactions with cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and nuclear transcription factors, EGCG possesses a wide variety of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotic, anti-remodelation, and tissue-protective properties which may be useful in the treatment of various diseases, particularly in cancer, and neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic disorders. This article reviews current information on the biological effects of EGCG in the above-mentioned disorders in relation to molecular pathways controlling inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis.
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Catéchine , Polyphénols , Humains , Polyphénols/pharmacologie , Polyphénols/usage thérapeutique , Thé , Stress oxydatif , Catéchine/pharmacologie , Catéchine/usage thérapeutique , Apoptose , Inflammation/traitement médicamenteuxRÉSUMÉ
Infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have been a public health problem in recent decades and contribute significantly to the clinical and economic burden globally. The diagnosis of infections is difficult and time-consuming and, in addition, the conventional diagnostics tests do not have sufficient discrimination power in species identification due to cross-reactions and not fully specific probes. However, technological advances have been made and the whole genome sequencing (WGS) method has been shown to be an essential part of routine diagnostics in clinical mycobacteriology laboratories. The use of this technology has contributed to the characterization of new species of mycobacteria, as well as the identification of gene mutations encoding resistance and virulence factors. Sequencing data also allowed to track global outbreaks of nosocomial NTM infections caused by M. abscessus complex and M. chimaera. To highlight the utility of WGS, we summarize recent scientific studies on WGS as a tool suitable for the management of NTM-induced infections in clinical practice.