RÉSUMÉ
Chagas' disease (CD) is highly prevalent in South America. Brazilian surgeons and gastroenterologists gained valuable experience in the treatment of CD esophagopathy (chagasic achalasia) due to the high number of cases treated. The authors reviewed the lessons learned with the treatment of achalasia by different centers experienced in the treatment of Chagas' disease. Preoperative evaluation, endoscopic treatment (forceful dilatation and botulinum toxin injection), Heller's myotomy, esophagectomy, conservative techniques other than myotomy, and reoperations are discussed in the light of personal experiences and review of International and Brazilian literature. Aspects not frequently adopted by North American and European surgeons are emphasized. The review shows that nonadvanced achalasia is frequently treated by Heller's myotomy. Endoscopic treatment is reserved to limited cases. Treatment for end-stage achalasia is not unanimous. Esophagectomy was a popular treatment in advanced disease; however, the morbidity/mortality associated to the procedure made some authors seek different alternatives, such as Heller's myotomy and cardioplasties. Minimally invasive approach to esophageal resection may change this concept, although few centers perform the procedure routinely.
Sujet(s)
Maladie de Chagas/chirurgie , Achalasie oesophagienne/chirurgie , Oesophage/anatomopathologie , Brésil , Cathétérisme/méthodes , Maladie de Chagas/mortalité , Maladie de Chagas/thérapie , Achalasie oesophagienne/mortalité , Achalasie oesophagienne/thérapie , Oesophagectomie/méthodes , Oesophagoplastie/méthodes , Oesophagoscopie/méthodes , Oesophage/chirurgie , Femelle , Humains , Injections intralésionnelles , Mâle , Interventions chirurgicales mini-invasives/méthodes , Agents neuromusculaires/usage thérapeutique , Pronostic , Appréciation des risques , Indice de gravité de la maladie , Analyse de survie , Résultat thérapeutiqueRÉSUMÉ
Cryodestruction of hepatic tumors is done by freezing the tumor and an appropriate amount of surrounding normal tissue in situ. The goal is complete destruction of malignant tissue. Local and systemic host mechanisms activated by the cold injury complete the process. Resorption of devitalized tissue and stabilization of the residual scar occurs during the ensuing months. Immune factors may contribute to the long-term process of cryodestruction although such effects are inconstant and ill defined. The purpose of this overview is to delineate the mechanisms of cryodestruction, briefly summarize clinical results and discuss the technique for treatment of hepatic tumors.