RÉSUMÉ
The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to estimate the seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR, BHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a population of non-vaccinated, double purpose, dairy and beef herds in the Pacific Region of Central Costa Rica. Blood samples were collected from a total of 496 animals from 35 herds. Sera were tested for antibodies against BHV-1(IBR) and BVDV types 1 and 2 using serum neutralization test. The average number of animals tested in each herd for each of the viruses was 14. Overall individual seroprevalence was 48%, 27%, and 19% for IBR, BVDV type 1, and BVDV type 2, respectively. Median within-herd seroprevalence for IBR, BVDV type 1 and type 2 were 43%, 27%, and 24%, respectively.
Sujet(s)
Anticorps antiviraux/sang , Diarrhée virale bovine-maladie des muqueuses/épidémiologie , Virus de la diarrhée virale bovine de type 1/immunologie , Virus de la diarrhée virale bovine de type 2/immunologie , Herpèsvirus bovin de type 1/immunologie , Rhinotrachéite infectieuse bovine/épidémiologie , Animaux , Diarrhée virale bovine-maladie des muqueuses/immunologie , Diarrhée virale bovine-maladie des muqueuses/virologie , Bovins , Costa Rica/épidémiologie , Études transversales , Femelle , Rhinotrachéite infectieuse bovine/immunologie , Rhinotrachéite infectieuse bovine/virologie , Mâle , Prévalence , Études séroépidémiologiques , VaccinationRÉSUMÉ
This study integrates the results of quantitative and qualitative methods to elucidate the association between sexual identity and physical and sexual abuse among Puerto Rican drug users. A structured questionnaire was administered to 800 subjects in New York and 399 in Puerto Rico. A total of 93 subjects (7.9%) self-identified as homosexual or bisexual. Gay males were significantly more likely than heterosexual males to report first occurrence of physical abuse by a family member in childhood. Both gay and bisexual males were more likely than their heterosexual counterparts to report first experiencing unwanted sex in childhood and intimate partner physical abuse later in life. Lesbians were more likely than female heterosexuals to report unwanted sex in childhood. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth life histories with 21 subjects and suggest that gay and lesbian subjects perceive antihomosexual prejudice on the part of family members as one cause of childhood physical and sexual abuse.