Graphene foam membranes with tunable pore size for next-generation reverse osmosis water desalination.

The development of carbon-based reverse osmosis membranes for water desalination is hindered by challenges in achieving a high pore density and controlling the pore size. We use molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that graphene foam membranes with a high pore density provide the possibility to tune the pore size by applying mechanical strain. As the pore size is found to be effectively reduced by a structural transformation under strain, graphene foam membranes are able to combine perfect salt rejection with unprecedented water permeability.

Non-solvent post-modifications with volatile reagents for remarkably porous ketone functionalized polymers of intrinsic microporosity.

Chemical modifications of porous materials almost always result in loss of structural integrity, porosity, solubility, or stability. Previous attempts, so far, have not allowed any promising trend to unravel, perhaps because of the complexity of porous network frameworks. But the soluble porous polymers, the polymers of intrinsic microporosity, provide an excellent platform to develop a universal strategy for effective modification of functional groups for current demands in advanced applications. Here, we report complete transformation of PIM-1 nitriles into four previously inaccessible functional groups - ketones, alcohols, imines, and hydrazones - in a single step using volatile reagents and through a counter-intuitive non-solvent approach that enables surface area preservation. The modifications are simple, scalable, reproducible, and give record surface areas for modified PIM-1s despite at times having to pass up to two consecutive post-synthetic transformations. This unconventional dual-mode strategy offers valuable directions for chemical modification of porous materials.