Interleukin (IL)-35 is raising our expectations.

PURPOSE: To elucidate and discuss the role of IL-35 in immunity to parasitic and bacterial infections as well as in autoimmunity in terms of its anti-inflammatory properties, we highlight significant findings on this novel member of the IL-12 family. METHODS: Studies using genetically deficient mice have greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of IL-35. On the basis of data derived from the analysis of these genetically deficient mice published by NIH, we focus on the key features of this heterodimeric cytokine, especially its relation to the other IL-12 family members, and discuss its potential relevance to the clinical usage. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: IL-35 is required for the CD4+CD25+ Treg cells-mediated immune regulation, the alleviation of some inflammatory responses, as well as the expansion of CD4+CD25- Teff cells simultaneously. Moreover, administration or augmentation of IL-35 suppresses some diseases of autoimmune or allergic origin like collagen-induced arthritis or Helicobacter-induced colitis in animal models, demonstrating its potential in therapy of diseases mediated by inflammatory cytokines. However, some questions involving it are still unclear, including the composition of IL-35 receptor, IL-35-related cell signaling pathway, the different expression patterns of IL-35 between human and murine T cells, etc. CONCLUSION: As our understanding of the IL-35 is rapidly growing and changing, it will bring us more therapeutic strategies towards some intractable immune diseases such as Lupus Erythematosus.

Interleukin (IL)-35 is raising our expectations / Las expectativas futuras de la interleukina (IL)-35

Purpose: To elucidate and discuss the role of IL-35 in immunity to parasitic and bacterial infections as well as in autoimmunity in terms of its anti-infammatory properties, we highlight significant findings on this novel member of the IL-12 family. Methods: Studies using genetically defcient mice have greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of IL-35. On the basis of data derived from the analysis of these genetically deficient mice published by NIH, we focus on the key features of this heterodimeric cytokine, especially its relation to the other IL-12 family members, and discuss its potential relevance to the clinical usage. Principal fndings: IL-35 is required for the CD4+CD25+ Treg cells-mediated immune regulation, the alleviation of some inflammatory responses, as well as the expansion of CD4+CD25- Teff cells simultaneously. Moreover, administration or augmentation of IL-35 suppresses some diseases of autoimmune or allergic origin like collagen-induced arthritis or Helicobacter- induced colitis in animal models, demonstrating its potential in therapy of diseases mediated by inflammatory cytokines. However, some questions involving it are still unclear, including the composition of IL-35 receptor, IL-35-related cell signaling pathway, the different expression patterns of IL-35 between human and murine T cells, etc. Conclusion: As our understanding of the IL-35 is rapidly growing and changing, it will bring us more therapeutic strategies towards some intractable immune diseases such as Lupus Erythematosus.

Esta es una revisión acerca del rol de IL-35, un nuevo miembro de la familia IL-12, en la respuesta inmunitaria contra infecciones parasitarias y bacterianas y de su rol benefcioso en reacciones auto inmunes, debido sus propiedades antiinfamatorias. Basándose en estudios de ratones genéticamente defcientes se ha determinado que se requiere IL-35 para la acción inmunoreguladora de las células T reguladoras CD4+CD25+, para mitigar algunos procesos inflamatorios y para expandir simultáneamente los clones de células T efectoras CD4+CD25-. Mas aún, la administración o estimulación de la acción de IL-35 en modelos animales, suprime algunas enfermedades de origen alérgico o autoinmune tales como la colitis colágena y la colitis inducida por Helicobacter. Estos experimentos demuestran el potencial terapéutico de IL-35 en enfermedades mediadas por citokinas inflamatorias. Sin embargo, algunos aspectos de la citokina aún no han sido dilucidados, tales como la composición del receptor de IL-35, la vía de señalización celular asociada a IL-35 y los diversos patrones de expresión de la citokina en células humanas y de ratones. En la medida que aumente el conocimiento acerca de las acciones de IL-35, nos podrá proveer tratamientos para algunas enfermedades auto inmunes actualmente limitadas en su tratamiento, como el lupus eritematoso.

Recent progress in the methods of genome sequencing

Genome sequencing is a very important tool for the development of genetic diagnosis, drugs of gene engineering, pharmacogenetics, etc. As the HGP comes into people's ears, there is an emerging need for the genome sequencing. During the recent years, there are two different traditional strategies available for this target: shotgun sequencing and hierarchical sequencing. Besides these, many efforts are pursuing new ideas to facilitate fast and cost-effective genome sequencing, including 454 GS system, polony sequencing, single molecular array, nanopore sequencing, with each having different unique characteristics, but remains to be fully developed.

Sequenciação do genoma foi um instrumento muito importante para o desenvolvimento do diagnóstico genético, a droga da engenharia genética, farmacogenética, etc. Como o HGP entrar em ouvidos do povo, há uma necessidade emergente para a sequenciação do genoma. Durante os últimos anos, há duas diferentes estratégias tradicionais disponíveis para este objectivo: seqüenciamento shotgun hierárquico e sequenciação. Além desses, muitos esforços estão a prosseguir novas idéias para facilitar a rápida e eficaz em termos de custos sequenciação do genoma, incluindo 454 GS sistema, polony seqüenciamento, único molecular array, nanopore seqüenciamento, com cada um dos quais com diferentes características únicas, e que resta para ser mais desenvolvido.