Chitosan composite microparticles: A promising gastroadhesive system for taxifolin.

Taxifolin possesses gastroprotective property but is characterized by low water solubility, is instabile in alkaline medium, and is degraded by the intestinal bacteria flora. The purpose of the work was therefore to produce a gastroadhesive formulation to prolong taxifolin residence time and release in the stomach. We first demonstrated that taxifolin is stable in simulated gastric fluid with or without pepsin and mucus, and is able to cross pig gastric mucus layer and stomach mucosa. Next, gastromucoadhesive microparticles composed of Syloid® AL-1 mesoporous silica, chitosan and HPMC were produced using spray-drying. Microparticles were characterized by a spherical shape and a mean volume-equivalent diameter around 12 µm. The optimized microparticles were able to release taxifolin and to adhere to pig stomach mucosa for 5 h.

[Nutritional graph for Argentina's bariatric population]. / Gráfica alimentaria para la población bariátrica Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: A food graph is a guide that helps individuals controlling and improving their feeding quality; it provides recommendations on what should a particular population eat with a correct selection of the nutrients to be consumed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this publication was to create a food education tool for bariatric surgery patients in the long run of the post-surgical period. METHODS: Graduates in nutrition and physicians specialized in nutrition were invited to participate in workshops at a meeting that took place in 2011. The scientific bases were the First Argentinean Consensus on Nutrition in Bariatric Surgery and the Feeding Guidelines for Normal Argentinean Population. In this way, these guidelines are adapted to the Argentinean population submitted to bariatric surgery, together with the experience of the healthcare professionals. RESULT: This yielded an oval-shaped food graph, an adaptation of the Feeding Guidelines for Normal Argentinean Population, 12 messages or recommendations focused on individuals with bariatric surgery, a recommended menu with a mean energetic value of 1,273 calories per day, 145 g of carbohydrates, 76 g of proteins and 43.2 g of fat; 45.5% of the calories coming from carbohydrates, 24% from proteins, and 30.5% from fat, with 1,160 mg of calcium.

Introducción: Una gráfica alimentaria es una guía que ayuda a los individuos a controlar y a mejorar la calidad de su alimentación; ofrece pautas sobre lo que debe comer una determinada población en términos de alimentos dando un marco para la correcta selección de los nutrientes a consumir. Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente publicación fue crear una herramienta de educación alimentaria destinada a pacientes de cirugía bariátrica para el postoperatorio en el largo plazo. Métodos: Se convocó a participar en mesas de trabajo a licenciados en nutrición y médicos especialistas en nutrición en un congreso realizado en el 2011. Se tomó como base científica el Primer Consenso Argentino de Nutrición en Cirugía Bariátrica y las "Guías alimentarias para la Población Argentina normal". De esta forma se adapta la misma a la población argentina con cirugía bariátrica sumada a la experiencia de los profesionales. Resultado: Como resultado se obtuvo un gráfica alimentaria en forma de óvalo, adaptación de la gráfica de las "Guías alimentarias para la población argentina", 12 mensajes o recomendaciones dirigidas a individuos con CB, una sugerencia de menú que responde a un valor calórico promedio de 1.273 calorías diarias, 145 g de carbohidratos, 76 g de proteínas y 43,2 g de grasas; 45,5% de calorías proveniente de los carbohidratos, 24% de calorías proveniente de las proteínas y 30,5 % de calorías proveniente de las grasas, 1.160 mg de calcio.

[Virulence and enterotoxigenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from foods and other biological material]. / Virulencia y enterotoxigenicidad de Yersinia enterocolitica aislada de alimentos y otros materiales biológicos.

Enterotoxigenicity, virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility were studied in thirteen strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from meat foods and organs of slaughtered animals. The following biotypes (B), serotypes (O) and lisotypes (Lis) were studied: B2, O:9, Lis X3 and B1, O:7,8, Lis Xo (from thick fresh sausages); B1, O:5, Lis Xz (from slender sausages); B1, O:5, Lis Xz and B2, O:9, Lis X3 (from bovine tongues); B1, O:6, Lis Xz (from porcine tongues) and B1, O:6, Lis Xz (from porcine caeca) (Table 1). Virulence was determined by i) the autoagglutination test (Laird and Cavanaugh), replacing in the Eagle medium amino acids and vitamins with proteose peptone (1%), tryptone (1%) and yeast extract (0.5%), and ii) the calcium dependency test. The LD50 of five strains was determined by i.p. injection of O.5 ml of cell suspensions into white mice and estimated by the Spearman Kärber method. LD50 varied from 2 x 10(9) to 7 x 10(9) viable cells per ml. The enterotoxigenicity test was carried out in suckling white mice and the invasiveness test (Sereny) in adult white mice. Two strains showed autoagglutination, five calcium dependency, two were invasive and eight produced enterotoxin. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed by the modified Kirby and Bauer test. All the strains were susceptible to kanamycin, amikacin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, mezlocillin, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin, piperimidic acid, polymyxin B, sisomycin and tobramycin, and resistant to cephalotoxin, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Virulencia y enterotoxigenicidad de Yersinia enterocolitica aislada de alimentos y otros materiales biológicos. / [Virulence and enterotoxigenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from foods and other biological material]

Enterotoxigenicity, virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility were studied in thirteen strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from meat foods and organs of slaughtered animals. The following biotypes (B), serotypes (O) and lisotypes (Lis) were studied: B2, O:9, Lis X3 and B1, O:7,8, Lis Xo (from thick fresh sausages); B1, O:5, Lis Xz (from slender sausages); B1, O:5, Lis Xz and B2, O:9, Lis X3 (from bovine tongues); B1, O:6, Lis Xz (from porcine tongues) and B1, O:6, Lis Xz (from porcine caeca) (Table 1). Virulence was determined by i) the autoagglutination test (Laird and Cavanaugh), replacing in the Eagle medium amino acids and vitamins with proteose peptone (1

), tryptone (1

) and yeast extract (0.5

), and ii) the calcium dependency test. The LD50 of five strains was determined by i.p. injection of O.5 ml of cell suspensions into white mice and estimated by the Spearman Kõrber method. LD50 varied from 2 x 10(9) to 7 x 10(9) viable cells per ml. The enterotoxigenicity test was carried out in suckling white mice and the invasiveness test (Sereny) in adult white mice. Two strains showed autoagglutination, five calcium dependency, two were invasive and eight produced enterotoxin. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed by the modified Kirby and Bauer test. All the strains were susceptible to kanamycin, amikacin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, mezlocillin, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin, piperimidic acid, polymyxin B, sisomycin and tobramycin, and resistant to cephalotoxin, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Virulencia y enterotoxigenicidad de Yersinia enterocolitica aislada de alimentos y otros materiales biológicos / [Virulence and enterotoxigenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from foods and other biological material]

Enterotoxigenicity, virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility were studied in thirteen strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from meat foods and organs of slaughtered animals. The following biotypes (B), serotypes (O) and lisotypes (Lis) were studied: B2, O:9, Lis X3 and B1, O:7,8, Lis Xo (from thick fresh sausages); B1, O:5, Lis Xz (from slender sausages); B1, O:5, Lis Xz and B2, O:9, Lis X3 (from bovine tongues); B1, O:6, Lis Xz (from porcine tongues) and B1, O:6, Lis Xz (from porcine caeca) (Table 1). Virulence was determined by i) the autoagglutination test (Laird and Cavanaugh), replacing in the Eagle medium amino acids and vitamins with proteose peptone (1

) and yeast extract (0.5

), and ii) the calcium dependency test. The LD50 of five strains was determined by i.p. injection of O.5 ml of cell suspensions into white mice and estimated by the Spearman Kõrber method. LD50 varied from 2 x 10(9) to 7 x 10(9) viable cells per ml. The enterotoxigenicity test was carried out in suckling white mice and the invasiveness test (Sereny) in adult white mice. Two strains showed autoagglutination, five calcium dependency, two were invasive and eight produced enterotoxin. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assayed by the modified Kirby and Bauer test. All the strains were susceptible to kanamycin, amikacin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin, mezlocillin, nitrofurantoin, piperacillin, piperimidic acid, polymyxin B, sisomycin and tobramycin, and resistant to cephalotoxin, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)