IFNgamma-producing, virus-specific CD8+ effector cells acquire the ability to produce IL-10 as a result of entry into the infected lung environment.

It has become clear that T cells with the potential to negatively regulate the immune response are normal constituents of the immune system. These cells often mediate their effects through the production of immunosuppressive factors. At present our understanding of how these cells are generated is limited. Here we report the presence of a population of IL-10-producing, virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs of mice following acute respiratory infection. These cells were only found at minimal levels in the spleen and draining lymph node; instead they were restricted primarily to the infected lung tissue. A major finding from this study is demonstration that the ability to produce IL-10 can be acquired by IFNgamma-producing effector cells following entry into the infected lung. These studies suggest IL-10 production is the result of further differentiation of an antigen-specific CD8+ T cell that is governed by signals present in infected lung tissue.

Loss of function in virus-specific lung effector T cells is independent of infection.

Recently, several studies, including those with respiratory syncytial virus, mouse pneumovirus, and simian virus 5, have reported that virus-specific CD8+ effector cells entering the lung as a result of respiratory infection undergo significant loss of function. The impaired function in these cells has been proposed to be the result of infection-induced changes in the lung. Although virus-specific effects may contribute to regulation of T cells in the lung, the findings from this study provide evidence that the basal lung environment is sufficient to promote loss of function in effector cells. Loss of function occurs within 48 h of entry into the lung and is most evident in cells residing in the lung parenchyma. These findings suggest an additional paradigm for the immunoregulation of effector cells that enter the lung as a result of virus infection.

Altered function in CD8+ T cells following paramyxovirus infection of the respiratory tract.

For many respiratory pathogens, CD8+ T cells have been shown to play a critical role in clearance. However, there are still many unanswered questions with regard to the factors that promote the most efficacious immune response and the potential for immunoregulation of effector cells at the local site of infection. We have used infection of the respiratory tract with the model paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) to study CD8+ T-cell responses in the lung. For the present study, we report that over time a population of nonresponsive, virus-specific CD8+ T cells emerged in the lung, culminating in a lack of function in approximately 85% of cells specific for the immunodominant epitope from the viral matrix (M) protein by day 40 postinfection. Concurrent with the induction of nonresponsiveness, virus-specific cells that retained function at later times postinfection exhibited an increased requirement for CD8 engagement. This change was coupled with a nearly complete loss of functional phosphoprotein-specific cells, a response previously shown to be almost exclusively CD8 independent. These studies add to the growing evidence for immune dysregulation following viral infection of the respiratory tract.

Human helper T cell activation and differentiation is suppressed by porcine small intestinal submucosa.

A cell-free biomaterial derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has been used successfully in many models as a xenogeneic scaffolding material without generating immune-mediated inflammatory reactions. We investigated whether this absence of inflammation is due to the presence of porcine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) activity found in SIS that may have immunosuppressive properties on helper T (Th) cell subset activation and differentiation. We used in vitro models for the generation of human Th1 and Th2 cells to investigate the influence of SIS. We found that SIS partially suppressed Th1 cell expansion and secretion of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in a TGF-beta-dependent manner, but Th1 cell expansion and IFN-gamma secretion could be fully overcome by addition of recombinant IL-12. The suppression by SIS of Th cell activation also involved the induction of Th cell apoptosis. In addition, SIS completely abolished the generation of Th2 cells in vitro, but this effect of SIS was not reversed by neutralizing TGF-beta antibodies. Our results indicate the presence in SIS of factors that can suppress Th cell activation through both the inhibition of IL-12 secretion and the induction of Th cell apoptosis. We established further that these factors include TGF-beta and at least one other factor.

Human fetal retinal pigment epithelium induces apoptosis in human T-cell line Jurkat which is independent from its expression of TRAIL.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether human fetal retinal pigment epithelial (HFRPE) cells express TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand). The role of TRAIL in HFRPE induced apoptosis was evaluated. METHODS: Pure cultures of HFRPE cells were isolated. The expression of TRAIL protein and mRNA in non-activated and IFN-gamma activated HFRPE cells was evaluated with RT-PCR. The role of TRAIL in HFRPE induced apoptosis was assessed by incubating HFRPE cells with human T-cell leukemia line Jurkat (Jkt) in the presence or absence of neutralizing TRAIL antibodies. Cultures were pulsed with [(3)H]-thymidine to measure Jkt cell proliferation. The role of TRAIL was further examined by western blott evaluating the cleavage of caspases 8 and 10 in Jkt cells after their incubation with HFRPE cells. RESULTS: HFRPE cells expressed TRAIL mRNA. The expression of TRAIL mRNA and protein was up-regulated by IFN-gamma activation. However, anti-TRAIL antibodies were not able to prevent the HFRPE induced suppression of Jkt cell proliferation. The caspases 8 and 10 were also not cleaved in Jkt cells after their incubation with IFN-gamma activated HFRPE cells. CONCLUSIONS: Although HFRPE cells express TRAIL and its expression is upregulated by IFN-gamma activation, TRAIL is not involved in HFRPE induced apoptosis in Jkt cells. Currently the role of TRAIL in HFRPE cells is under investigation.