Differential Prognosis and Response of Denovo vs. Secondary Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To evaluate oncological outcomes of primary versus secondary muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. Medline, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library were searched for eligible studies. Hazard ratios for overall survival (OS), cancer specific survival (CSS) and progression free survival (PFS) were calculated using survival data extracted from Kaplan-Meier curves. A total of 16 studies with 5270 patients were included. Pooled analysis showed similar 5-year and 10-year OS (HR 1, p = 0.96 and HR 1, p = 0.14) and CSS (HR 1.02, p = 0.85 and HR 0.99, p = 0.93) between primMIBC and secMIBC. Subgroup analyses according to starting point of follow-up and second-look transurethral resection revealed similar results. Subgroup analyses of studies in which neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered demonstrated significantly worse 5-year CSS (HR 1.5, p = 0.04) but not 10-year CSS (HR 1.36, p = 0.13) in patients with secMIBC. Patients with secMIBC had significantly worse PFS at 5-year (HR 1.41, p = 0.002) but not at 10-year follow-up (HR 1.25, p = 0.34). This review found comparable oncologic outcomes between primMIBC and secMIBC patients treated with RC regarding OS and CSS. Subgroup analysis showed worse 5-year CSS but not 10-year CSS for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the secMIBC group. Prospective clinical trials incorporating molecular markers, that allow precise risk stratification of secMIBC and further research uncovering underlying molecular and clinical drivers of the heterogeneous group of secMIBC is needed.

Development of a prognostic model for survival time prediction in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: To identify predictors of survival in patients treated with docetaxel chemotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 186 patients who underwent docetaxel chemotherapy for CRPC from 2005 to 2016 at a single center. Pretreatment baseline variables including demographic and clinicopathological data were reviewed. Disease progression was defined by imaging and/or consecutive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevation. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were calculated. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses reporting hazard ratios assessed the risk for disease progression and overall survival (OS). A survival nomogram was constructed. RESULTS: Most patients (n = 139, 74.7%) completed at least 6 cycles of docetaxel chemotherapy. 156 patients (82.9%) experienced disease progression during the studied period. Only mGPS was independently associated with disease progression in a multivariable model (P < 0.01). During the studied period, 98 patients (52.1%) died. The built survival nomogram included statistically significant variables for OS in univariable analysis: hemoglobin, PSA, alkaline phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase, SII, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, mGPS, and site of metastases; and had a concordance index of 0.703. At decision curve analysis, the nomogram led to superior outcomes for any decision associated with a threshold probability of above 40%. In multivariable analysis, only AP (P = 0.02), hemoglobin and PSA (P < 0.01, respectively) remained associated with OS. CONCLUSIONS: PSA, AP, and hemoglobin are independent prognosticators for OS. Although mGPS is a promising marker for tumor progression and SII is a plausible prognostic marker for OS, valid integration of inflammatory indices into a prognostic model requires validation studies. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers are desperately needed to guide physicians in treatment counseling given the heterogeneous nature of CRPC and the plethora of effective therapies.

Comparative Effectiveness of Intravesical BCG-Tice and BCG-Moreau in Patients With Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2 bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strains, BCG-Tice and BCG-Moreau, in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data from patients treated with BCG for NMIBC at 3 academic centers. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to compare recurrence-free (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients in the 2 treatment groups. In addition, we performed exploratory analyses of treatment effect according to the receipt of adequate BCG treatment, high-risk disease, age, gender, smoking status, pathologic stage, and pathologic grade. RESULTS: A total of 321 (48.6%) patients were treated with BCG-Tice and 339 (51.4%) with BCG-Moreau. IPTW-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analysis did not show a difference in RFS (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-1.38; P = .58) or PFS (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-1.21, P = .14) between BCG-Tice and BCG-Moreau. On subgroup analyses, we could not identify an association of BCG strain with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in RFS and PFS between BCG-Tice and BCG-Moreau strains in the adjuvant treatment of NMIBC. However, we confirmed the importance of maintenance therapy for achieving a sustainable response in patients with intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC.

Assessment of body composition in the advanced stage of castration-resistant prostate cancer: special focus on sarcopenia.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of sarcopenia and whether body composition parameters are associated with disease progression and overall survival (OS) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-centre retrospective study evaluated data of 186 consecutive patients who underwent chemohormonal therapy between 2005 and 2016 as first-line systemic treatment for CRPC. Skeletal muscle and fat indices were determined using computerized tomography data before initiation of chemotherapy. Sarcopenia was defined as SMI of <55 cm2/m2. Visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio and skeletal muscle volume were calculated with body composition specific areas. Harrell's concordance index was used for predictive accuracy. RESULTS: A total of 154 (82.8%) patients met the criteria for sarcopenia; 139 (74.7%) individuals completed at least six cycles of docetaxel. Within a median follow-up of 24.1 months, age (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06, p = 0.02), high PSA (1.55, 95% CI 1.07-2.25, p = 0.02) and low skeletal muscle volume (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.10-2.35, p = 0.02) were the only independent prognostic factor for tumor progression. Overall, 93 (50%) patients died during the follow-up period. The established prognosticator, the prechemotherapy presence of liver metastases (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08-1.61, p < 0.01) was associated with shorter OS. Moreover, we noted that patients with an elevated visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio tended to have a shorter OS (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: The large majority of men with CRPC suffers from sarcopenia. In our cohort, low skeletal muscle volume was an independent adverse prognosticator for progression of disease. We could not detect a statistically significant body composition parameter for OS, although patients with a high proportion of visceral fat had a trend for shorter OS. However, we suggest that body composition parameters determined by CT data can provide useful objective prognostic factors that may support tailored treatment decision-making.

The plasma activities of lysosomal enzymes in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis: new promising class of biomarkers?

BACKGROUND: Intestinal ischemia plays a major role in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The diagnosis of intestinal ischemia would be highly desirable, as it is impossible to achieve with the current diagnostic regimes. Preliminary data from an animal NEC model indicate a possible correlation between the plasma activity of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucosidase and intestinal ischemia. METHODS: In this case-control study the plasma activities of six different lysosomal enzymes were detected by high-performance liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry in 15 infants with NEC and compared to 18 controls. RESULTS: The plasma activities of ß-glucosidase (ABG), α-glucosidase (GAA), and galactocerebrosidase (GALC) were significantly higher in the NEC group compared with controls (ABG, p=0.009; GAA, p<0.001; GALC, p<0.001). GAA and GALC showed the highest diagnostic value with areas under the curve of 0.91 and 0.87. CONCLUSIONS: We identified GAA and GALC as new promising biomarkers for gut wall integrity in infants with NEC, and report first results on the plasma activity of ABG. The present study supports the hypothesis that the plasma activity of ABG might serve as a marker of intestinal ischemia in NEC. The identification of intestinal ischemia could facilitate early discrimination of infants at risk for NEC from infants with benign gastrointestinal disorders.

Serum levels of interleukin-8 and gut-associated biomarkers in diagnosing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: In recent years several potential biochemical markers have been evaluated to facilitate a reliable diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but none have made progress to clinical routine. We performed a comparative assessment in premature infants to evaluate the diagnostic value of the routinely available cytokine interleukin (IL)-8, and two promising experimental biomarkers, the gut barrier proteins liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), respectively, for the diagnosis of NEC. METHODS: IL-8, L-FABP, and I-FABP concentrations were analyzed in the serum of 15 infants with NEC and compared with 14 gestational age-matched infants serving as a control group. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of I-FABP, L-FABP and IL-8 were significantly higher in infants with NEC compared with controls. IL-8 showed the highest diagnostic value with an area under the curve of 0.99, followed by L-FABP and I-FABP. In addition we found a significant correlation between IL-8 and both FABPs in infants with NEC. CONCLUSION: Our results further advocate the possible role of IL-8 as a specific marker for NEC. The diagnostic value of IL-8 seems to be superior to I-FABP, and similar to L-FABP. The routinely availability facilitates IL-8 as a possible candidate for further clinical investigations.

Interleukin-8 predicts 60-day mortality in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictiveness of circulating interleukin (IL)-8 for 60-day mortality in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). BACKGROUND: NEC affects up to 5% of premature infants and remains a leading cause of mortality among neonates. METHODS: A total of 113 infants with surgically (n=50) or medically (n=63) treated NEC were retrospectively analyzed. Laboratory parameters including serum IL-8 were assessed at the diagnosis of NEC and during the preoperative workup. RESULTS: The 60-day mortality was 19% (22/113), 10% (6/63) in medical and 33% (16/50) in surgical NEC. IL-8 levels significantly correlated with 60-day mortality (odds ratio: 1.38; CI 1.14-1.67; p=0.001). Median IL-8 levels at diagnosis were significantly higher in neonates who were later treated surgically (median=2625 pg/ml; range: 27-7500) compared with those treated medically (median=156 pg/ml; range: 5-7500; p<0.001). The AUC to discriminate between medical and surgical NEC was 0.82 (CI, 0.74-0.90), and an exploratory IL-8 cutoff point could be established at 1783 pg/ml (sensitivity of 90.5%; specificity of 59.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings that serum IL-8 (i) correlates directly with 60-day mortality and (ii) differs significantly between medically and surgically treated infants may change the process of therapeutic decision making in NEC.

Comprehensive evaluation of 11 cytokines in premature infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis.

OBJECTIVE: A prospective study to investigate the pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in neonates with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and identify those cytokines being the most promising for future research. METHODS: A panel of 11 different cytokines were measured in 9 infants with proven NEC and compared with 18 age-matched healthy neonates. RESULTS: The serum concentrations of the interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were significantly (32-fold to 56-fold) higher in NEC infants compared with controls. In contrast, IL-5, IFN gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 showed slightly (1.4-fold to 5.9-fold) lower levels in the NEC samples. However, these cytokines showed a very low absolute concentration in infants with NEC and in controls. The sum of the serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 was able to clearly separate infants with NEC from control samples. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha showed no statistically different levels. The serum levels of TNF-beta and IL-12p70 were below the detection limit in more than 50% of all samples per group. CONCLUSION: In spite of strong local inflammation only three out of eleven cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) showed strongly increased serum levels indicating an important role of them in the pathogenesis of NEC. At least two of these three cytokines were elevated in every single NEC patient. Thus, longitudinal monitoring of combined IL-8, IL-6, and IL-10 levels could reveal their potency in being clinical relevant markers in NEC.

The effect of steroid pretreatment of deceased organ donors on liver allograft function: a blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Brain death-associated inflammatory response contributes to increased risk of impaired early liver allograft function, which might be counterbalanced by steroid pretreatment of the organ donor. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to elucidate whether steroid pretreatment of liver donors improves early liver allograft function, prevents rejection and prolongs survival. METHODS: A placebo-controlled blinded randomized clinical trial was performed in three different centers in Austria and Hungary between 2006 and 2008. Ninety deceased organ donors received either 1000 mg of methylprednisolone or placebo 6h before recovery of organs. The primary end point was the concentration slope of transaminases within the first week. The secondary end point included survival and biopsy-confirmed acute rejection (BCAR) within 3 years after transplantation. RESULTS: Of the 90 randomized donors, 83 recipients were eligible for study. The trajectories of ALT and AST were not different between treatments (p=0.40 and p=0.13, respectively). Eight subjects died in the steroid and 13 in the placebo group within 3 years after engraftment (RR=0.63 95% CI [0.29,1.36], p=0.31). Eleven recipients experienced biopsy-confirmed rejection (BCAR) in the steroid and 11 in the placebo group (RR=1.02 95% CI [0.50,2.10], p=1.00). No effect modification could be identified in the predefined strata of donor age, sex, cold ischemic time, and cause of donor death. CONCLUSIONS: Steroid pretreatment of organ donors did not improve outcomes after liver transplantation.

MR-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation of hepatocellular carcinomas before liver transplantation.

It was the objective of this study to evaluate MR-guided, percutaneous ethanol injection of hepatocellular carcinoma in ten patients scheduled for liver transplantation. Using a 0.2 T open MR scanner (Magnetom Open, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) and percutaneous instillation of ethanol, 12 liver tumors (median tumor volume, 6.3; range, 0.6-43.2 ccm) were treated. Coagulation necrosis, morbidity, and post-transplant histology were assessed. No major complications were observed. A mean of 16.4+/-11.4 ml ethanol was injected for each tumor. The median volume of the ablation necrosis was 12.3 (range, 0.3-48.3) ccm. Three tumors were retreated and complete radiological necrosis before liver transplantation was found in eight of 12 tumors (67%). One patient developed multifocal disease and was excluded from transplantation; thus nine of ten patients underwent liver transplantation within 3.9+/-3.1 months. In the explants, satellite nodules (n = 2), new liver tumors (n = 2) and a complete necrosis were found in five of 12 treated tumors (42%). During follow-up (median 41.3; range, 0.4-86.1 months), three patients died, but no tumor-seeding or post-transplantation recurrence occurred. MR-guided ethanol injection is feasible, and may delay tumor progression. However, the local recurrence rate is high, and the spatial resolution of a low-field MR scanner limits the detection of small tumors.