The effects of three training methods endurance, resistance and concurrent on adiponectin resting levels in overweighed untrained men.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the impacts of endurance, resistance and concurrent training on adiponectin resting levels of sedentary men. Forty-four sedentary students were randomly assigned to one of four groups: endurance training (ET; 22 ± 0.89 yr, n=12), resistance training (RT, 21 ± 1.57 yr, n=9), concurrent training (CT, 21.38 ± 2.6 yr, n=14) and control group (CG, n=10). After primary measurements, blood samples were drawn with subjects in fasting and resting state for determination of the basic level of adiponectin. The subjects participated in E, R and C training for 8 weeks. The ET group ran 3d/w at 65-85 % of maximum heart rate. The exercise training session for the RT group consisted of 3 sets of 10-15 repetitions of weight training exercise that increase progressively, and repeated 3 sessions per week. The CT group trained exactly the sum of ET and RT groups. Correlated samples t-test and ANOVA were used. The results of the present study showed that after the eight-week training, the adiponectin levels of subjects increased in 3 groups of training but this increase was not significant. The level of adiponectin in CT group increased more than in ET and RT groups. Also, there were no significant differences in content of adiponectin among groups.In general, slight increases in adiponectin levels in training groups especially in CT group may indicate the most potential of CT group in increasing the levels of adiponectin in sedentary men. However more researches are needed to identify the effects of concurrent training (Tab. 4, Ref. 27).

Daily timing of salivary cortisol responses and aerobic performance in lean and obese active females.

The main aim of the present study was to study the effects of morning and afternoon physical activities on cortisol responses in obese and lean women. Twenty women volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were divided into an obese group (BMI =29.1 kg/m2) and a lean group (BMI =19 kg/m2). All subjects participated in an exercise program consisting of treadmill running at 65+/-2 % VO2max until exhaustion. In order to study effects of circadian rhythm, exercise was performed at a similar intensity and in similar environmental conditions at both 8:00 AM and 4:00 PM. Saliva specimens were collected at rest 20 minutes before activity and then immediately after the exercise in both morning and afternoon sessions. Morning and afternoon exercise resulted in a significant increase in salivary cortisol concentrations compared to basal levels in both lean and obese women (p<0.05), though the change in cortisol concentrations were higher in lean. The aerobic function of lean and obese women in the morning and afternoon showed a significant increase of 13.8 % and 5.9 %; respectively, with lean being consistently higher than obese. In conclusion, the stress response to exercise is related to circadian rhythm and individual's body weight. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that overweight women perform exercises in the afternoon to minimize the stress response for the exercise volume performed (Tab. 1, Fig. 3, Ref. 39). Full Text in free PDF www.bmj.sk.

The effect of inhaling peppermint odor and ethanol in women athletes.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhaling peppermint odor has effects on time of running, maximum heart rate (MHR), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation (VE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during acute intensive exercise or not. 36 women soccer player were chosen for participating in this research. They were randomly divided in 3 groups (control, inhaling peppermint, inhaling mixture of peppermint and ethanol). In order to be aware of similarity of groups, the subjects' BMI was determined and ANOVA did not show any significant differences (p < 0.05). The subjects of three groups ran on treadmill according to Bruce test. Heart rate, time of running, VO2max, VO2, VE and RER were measured by Gas Analyzer. After collecting the data, ANOVA was done (p < 0.05) and the results showed that in this study the inhaling of fragrant odors did not have any significant effect on the time of running, MHR, VO2max, VO2, VE and RER, which we think is due to the intensity and duration of training. Referring to our results of the present study; we suggest that inhaling peppermint odor during acute intensive exercise has no significant effect on pulmonary indexes and physical performance (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 21).