Enzootic calcinosis in sheep in Uruguay: a brief review and report of two outbreaks / Calcinose enzoótica em ovinos no Uruguai: revisão de literatura e descrição de dois surtos

This study aimed to do a brief review of enzootic calcinosis in sheep and to report two outbreaks of Nierembergia rivularis poisoning in sheep in Uruguay. The outbreaks occurred in farms located on an island (Outbreak A) and on the border (Outbreak B) of the Rincón del Bonete lake. Sheep of all ages were affected, with the exception of suckling lambs. The first clinical signs occurred in early October, and deaths occurred from December to February. Outbreaks A and B had morbidity of 10%, and the mortality was 7.2% and 2.8% in Outbreaks A and B, respectively. The clinical signs included weight loss, retracted abdomen, stiff gait, and kyphosis. An autopsy was performed on one sheep from each outbreak. Pulmonary and arterial calcification, nephrocalcinosis, and osteopetrosis were observed in gross and microscopic examination in both sheep. Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and carcinoma was observed in sheep A. Sheep B showed thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and parathyroid chief cell atrophy. The parathyroid was not examined in the sheep from Outbreak A. The differential diagnosis of enzootic calcinosis in southern South America should consider four toxic plants in the Solanaceae family: Solanum glaucophyllum, Solanum stuckertii, Nierembergia veitchii, and Nierembergia rivularis.(AU)

Este trabalho faz uma breve revisão da calcinose enzoótica em ovinos e descreve dois surtos de intoxicação por Nierembergia rivularis em ovinos no Uruguai. Os surtos ocorreram em propriedades localizadas em uma ilha (Surto A), e nas margens (Surto B) do lago do Rincón del Bonete. Foram afetados ovinos de todas as idades, exceto cordeiros lactentes. Os primeiros sinais clínicos ocorreram no início de outubro e as mortes de dezembro a fevereiro. Morbidade de 10% foi observada nos Surtos A e B. A mortalidade foi de 7,2% e 2,8% nos Surtos A e B, respectivamente. Os sinais clínicos incluíram perda de peso, abdômen retraído, marcha rígida e cifose. Foram necropsiados um animal de cada rebanho. Observou-se mineralização arterial e pulmonar, nefrocalcinose e osteopetrose no exame macroscópico e histológico dos dois ovinos. Hiperplasia e carcinoma de células C da tireoide foram observados no ovino A. O ovino B apresentou hiperplasia de células C da tireoide e atrofia das células principais da paratireoide. As paratireoides do ovino A não foram examinadas. O diagnóstico diferencial da calcinose enzoótica no Sul da América do Sul deve considerar quatro plantas calcinogênicas da família Solanaceae: Solanum glaucophyllum, Solanum stuckertii, Nierembergia veitchii e Nierembergia rivularis.(AU)

Senecio grisebachii Baker: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and experimental poisoning in calves.

The main objectives of this study were to determine the 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid (DHPA) content in Senecio grisebachii Baker (Compositae), to experimentally demonstrate its toxicity in calves and to describe the main clinical and pathological findings of this toxicity. S. grisebachii plants were collected in Paysandú, Uruguay. The concentration and identification of DHPA and associated N-oxides were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three calves weighing 85-89 kg received doses of 15, 24 or 45 g of dry S. grisebachii per kg of body weight for 6, 10 or 20 days of treatment, respectively. Two animals received no treatment and served as controls. The animals were clinically evaluated, and blood samples were taken to study the serum levels of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (FAS). After death, necropsy was performed and organ samples were taken for histopathological examination. The concentration of DHPA in S. grisebachii was found to be 0.29% (dry weight basis) as free base and 0.08% as N-oxide for a total DHPA concentration of 0.37%. Individual alkaloids identified included seneciophylline, senecionine and retrorsine. The disease was clinically characterized by depression, anorexia, emaciation, colic, dehydration and death in the three animals. Serum concentrations of GGT, AST and FAS were higher than normal beginning on day 7 after start of treatments. Necropsy findings included generalized edema, hemorrhage, ascites and a grayish liver with increased consistency. The main histological lesions were hepatic necrosis, fibrosis, hepatomegalocytosis and bile duct proliferation. The control calves showed no clinical signs of disease.

Diagnóstico de febre catarral maligna em bovinos do Uruguai / Diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle in Uruguay

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 14 focos de febre catarral maligna (FCM) em bovinos, detectados nos anos de 1999-2011, a partir dos arquivos da Seção Anatomia Patológica da Divisão de Laboratórios Veterinários (DILAVE) "Miguel C. Rubino" Montevideo. Foram analisados os dados epidemiológicos, apresentação clínica e lesões macroscópicas e histopatológicas. Para a detecção do herpesvírus ovino tipo 2 (OvHV-2) foi utilizada a técnica de PCR sobre as amostras do sistema nervoso central de bovinos de 12 focos. Os surtos ocorreram principalmente nos meses de primavera e verão, na região norte do país. Em 64% (9/14) dos focos ocorreram episódios individuais da enfermidade, enquanto que os casos coletivos foram 5, nos quais a morbidade e mortalidade oscilaram entre 2% e 5%, sendo a letalidade 100% em todos os relatos. Em 50% dos surtos foi confirmado o contato direto entre bovinos e ovinos, enquanto no restante não havia tal informação. Clinicamente predominaram os sinais de opacidade bilateral da córnea, conjuntivite, secreção nasal e ocular mucopurulenta, assim como a síndrome nervosa. Os achados de necropsia mais frequentes foram opacidade bilateral da córnea e lesões inflamatórias nas mucosas. Os achados histopatológicos caracterizaram-se por panvasculite necrótica sistêmica. Foi possível detectar o agente etiológico por PCR em 5 dos 12 casos analisados.

A retrospective study of 14 outbreaks of malignant catarrh fever (MCF) in cattle detected between 1999 and 2011 was performed based upon the files of the DILAVE "Miguel C. Rubino" Montevideo Pathology Laboratory. Epidemiological data, clinical presentation, gross and histopathological lesions were analyzed. PCR was used on central nervous system samples of 12 bovines for the detection of ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2). The outbreaks occurred mainly in spring and summer in the northern region of the country. Sixty four percent (9/14) were individual episodes of the disease while five cases were collective, with morbidity and mortality rates were 2-5%, being the lethality 100% in all the reports. In 50% of the outbreaks the direct contact between cattle and sheep was confirmed, while there was not such information in the rest of the cases. Predominant clinical signs were bilateral corneal opacity, conjunctivitis, ocular and nasal mucopurulent discharge, and nervous syndrome. The most frequent necropsy findings were bilateral corneal opacity and inflammatory lesions in the mucosa. Histopathological findings were characterized by systemic necrotizing panvasculite. It was possible to detect the etiological agent by PCR in 5 out of 12 cases examined.