Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of cardiac function across chronic kidney disease stages.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease prevalence remains high among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Mechanisms and treatments to improve prognosis remain of paramount important and imaging biomarkers of left ventricular myocardial structure and function have better defined the phenotype of renal cardiomyopathy. The left atrial function and right heart remain are less well reported in CKD. This study used cardiac MRI to assess the interplay of left atrial and right ventricular function. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we examined 58 CKD patients (Group I: stages 2-3, n = 25; Group II: stages 4-5, n = 33). Additionally, 26 age-matched healthy controls were included. Comprehensive CMR protocols (1.5T) were employed, encompassing cine imaging, native T1 and T2 mapping, and tissue tracking strain analysis. LV, RV, and LA structure, function, and strain parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to healthy controls, both groups I and II exhibited impaired RV and LA function. RVEDVi and RVESVi showed significant increases in both groups I and II (p < 0.001). All LV, RV, and LA strain parameters were reduced in the patient groups (all p < 0.001). In the univariate binary logistic regression, several parameters, including age, blood pressure, RV volumes and LV/RV strain were found to have a statistically significant association with CKD. In a multivariable model adjusted for other confounders, RV GLS and left atrial strain remained as independent significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: RV size, LA strain and volume assessed by CMR serve as markers of RV and LA cardiac dysfunction in CKD patients with preserved LVEF. Greater attention should be given to RV and LA dysfunction for early identification of cardiac dysfunction in CKD patients.

Retrospect and prospect of Nicotiana tabacum genome sequencing.

Investigating plant genomes offers crucial foundational resources for exploring various aspects of plant biology and applications, such as functional genomics and breeding practices. With the development in sequencing and assembly technology, several Nicotiana tabacum genomes have been published. In this paper, we reviewed the progress on N. tabacum genome assembly and quality, from the initial draft genomes to the recent high-quality chromosome-level assemblies. The application of long-read sequencing, optical mapping, and Hi-C technologies has significantly improved the contiguity and completeness of N. tabacum genome assemblies, with the latest assemblies having a contig N50 size over 50 Mb. Despite these advancements, further improvements are still required and possible, particularly on the development of pan-genome and telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genomes. These new genomes will capture the genomic diversity and variations among different N. tabacum cultivars and species, and provide a comprehensive view of the N. tabacum genome structure and gene content, so to deepen our understanding of the N. tabacum genome and facilitate precise breeding and functional genomics.

Recurrent ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure induced by osimertinib- a case report.

Background: Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has become the first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations, with the potential risk of QT prolongation and heart failure. However, few cases have reported malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Here, we report a case of recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) and Torsade de Pointes (TdP) secondary to QT prolongation and heart failure induced by osimertinib. Case summary: A 70-year-old woman presented with chest tightness and dyspnea for 1 week and ventricular fibrillation upon admission, with a medical history of lung adenocarcinoma harboring an EGFR exon 21 p.L858R mutation. She was under osimertinib for 3 months. Electrocardiography after defibrillation suggested QTc prolongation (655 ms) and T wave alternans. Ultrasound cardiography displayed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 29% and severe mitral regurgitation. Laboratory tests indicated elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and hypokalemia. Genetic testing suggested no pathogenic mutations. We considered acquired long QT syndrome and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction induced by osimertinib as the chief causes of ventricular arrhythmia and hypokalemia as an important trigger. Despite intubation, sedation, and the administration intravenous magnesium and potassium and lidocaine, the patient presented with recurrent TdP, which was managed by a low dose of isoproterenol (ISO, 0.17 ug/min). An implantable cardioverter defibrillator was declined. The patient is surviving without any relapse, with QTc of 490 ms and LVEF of 42% after a 6-month follow up. Conclusion: Regular monitoring is required during osimertinib administration, considering the risk of life-threatening cardiac events, such as malignant arrhythmias and heart failure. ISO, with an individual dose and target heart rate, may be beneficial for terminating TdP during poor response to other therapies.

cNPAS2 induced ß cell dysfunction by regulating KANK1 expression in type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is formed by defective insulin secretion with the addition of peripheral tissue resistance of insulin action. It has been affecting over 400 million people all over the world. AIM: To explore the pathogenesis of T2DM and to develop and implement new prevention and treatment strategies for T2DM. METHODS: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to conduct diagnostic markers. The expression level of genes was determined by reverse transcription-PCR as well as Western blot. Cell proliferation assays were performed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) tests. At last, T2DM mice underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. RESULTS: We found that NPAS2 was significantly up-regulated in islet ß cell apoptosis of T2DM. The ROC curve revealed that NPAS2 was capable of accurately diagnosing T2DM. NPAS2 overexpression did increase the level of KANK1. In addition, the CCK-8 test revealed knocking down NPAS2 and KANK1 increased the proliferation of MIN6 cells. At last, we found that gastric bypass may treat type 2 diabetes by down-regulating NPAS2 and KANK1. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that NPAS2 induced ß cell dysfunction by regulating KANK1 expression in type 2 diabetes, and it may be an underlying therapy target of T2DM.

Association between the proportion of HDL-Cholesterol subclasses and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Past research has shown an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and coronary heart disease (CHD), while recent studies have shown that extremely high or low HDL levels increase the risk of cardiovascular death. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between HDL subtypes and the degree of coronary artery stenosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: This was a single-center cross-sectional study. Ultimately, we included 1,200 adult participants with AMI hospitalized from 2017 to 2023. Patients were classified into mild and moderate-severe groups according to their Gensini score. Restricted cubic spline and multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between HDL subclasses and the severity of coronary stenosis. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratios (ORs), 95 % confidence intervals (CIs), and p values for HDL subclasses in the multivariate logistic model (adjusted for age, gender, hypertension status, diabetes status, stroke status, and kidney disease status) were as follows: HDL-2b: 0.97 (0.95-1.00, p= 0.018) and HDL-3: 0.98 (0.97-0.99, p= 0.008). Subgroup analysis revealed that HDL-3 exhibited a statistically significant impact on the severity of coronary stenosis among individuals aged <75 years of age and among men, and the influence of HDL-2b on the severity of coronary stenosis was statistically significant only in individuals aged ≥75 years. CONCLUSION: The relationship between reduced levels of HDL-2b and HDL-3 and the risk of coronary stenosis exhibited a linear pattern and was significantly modified by age. Subgroup analysis identified specific populations that warrant attention regarding HDL-2b and HDL-3.

Single-cell landscape of long and short glandular trichomes in Nicotiana tabacum leaves.

Glandular trichomes (GTs) play a crucial role in plant defenses and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Understanding the developmental trajectory of GTs is essential for unraveling their functional significance and potential applications. Here we established a comprehensive single-cell atlas of Nicotiana tabacum leaves, a model plant for GT studies. The atlas included a total of 40,433 cells and successfully captured both long GTs (LGTs) and short GTs (SGTs) from Nicotiana leaves. The developmental trajectories of these trichomes were delineated, revealing potential disparities in epidermal development. Comparative analysis of Arabidopsis and Nicotiana trichome development indicated limited similarity between Arabidopsis epidermal non-glandular trichomes and Nicotiana LGTs and SGTs, implying the essentiality of studying the genes directly involved in the development of Nicotiana GTs for a proper and comprehensive understanding of GT biology. Overall, our results provide profound insights into the developmental intricacies of the specialized GTs.

Preparation of High Vibrational States in the Entire Molecular Beam.

Preparing highly excited molecules is of great interest in chemistry, but it has long been a challenge due to the high laser power required within the narrow line width to excite a weak transition. We present a cavity-enhanced infrared excitation scheme using a milliwatt laser. As a demonstration, about 35% of CO molecules in a ground-state rotational level were excited to the highly excited v = 3 state in the entire pulsed supersonic beam, as confirmed by the depletion of molecules in the ground state. The method was also applied to excite HD molecules to the v = 2 state with a continuous-wave diode laser. This work provides a universal approach to prepare molecules in a specific quantum state, paving the way to study the chemical reaction dynamics of highly excited molecules.

Exploring retinal degenerative diseases through CRISPR-based screening.

The CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein9) system has emerged as a powerful genetic tool, gaining global recognition as a versatile and efficient gene-editing technique. Its transformation into a high-throughput research platform, CRISPR Screening, has demonstrated wide applicability across various fields such as cancer biology, virology, and drug target discovery, resulting in significant advances. However, its potential in studying retinal degenerative diseases remains largely unexplored, despite the urgent need for effective treatments arising from an incomplete understanding of disease mechanisms. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the evolution and current state of CRISPR tools and CRISPR screening methodologies. Noteworthy pioneering studies utilizing these technologies are discussed, alongside experimental design guidelines, including positive and negative selection strategies and delivery methods for sgRNAs (single guide RNAs) and Cas proteins. Furthermore, we explore existing in vitro models appropriate for CRISPR screening in retinal research and identify relevant research questions that could be addressed through this approach. It is anticipated that this review will stimulate innovation in retinal research, facilitating a deeper comprehension of retinal pathophysiology and paving the way for groundbreaking therapeutic interventions and enhanced patient outcomes in the management of retinal degenerative disorders.

Genome­wide analysis of cotton SCAMP genes and functional characterization of GhSCAMP2 and GhSCAMP4 in salt tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) form a family of integral membrane proteins and play a crucial role in mediating exocytosis in both animals and plants. While SCAMP genes have been studied in several plant species, their functions in cotton, particularly in response to abiotic stress, have not yet been reported. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 53 SCAMP genes were identified in G. arboreum, G. raimondii, G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense. These genes were classified into five groups based on a phylogenetic analysis with SCAMPs from Arabidopsis thaliana. The main factor driving the expansion of the SCAMP gene family in G. hirsutum is tandem and segmental duplication events. Using MEME, in addition to the conserved SCAMP domain, we identified 3-13 other domains in each GhSCAMP. The cis-element analysis suggested that GhSCAMPs were widely involved in cotton growth and development, and responses to abiotic stresses. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results showed that most GhSCAMPs were expressed highly in many tissues and had differential expression responses to drought, cold, and heat stresses. Knock-down of GhSCAMP2 and GhSCAMP4 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) lead to a salt-sensitive phenotype and had a lower content of CAT, POD, and SOD. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified SCAMP genes in four cotton species, enhancing our understanding of the potential biological functions of SCAMPs. Additionally, we demonstrated that GhSCAMP2 and GhSCAMP4 positively regulate cotton tolerance to salt stress.

Biosynthesis and Signaling of Strigolactones Act Synergistically With That of ABA and JA to Enhance Verticillium dahliae Resistance in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Verticillium wilt (VW) caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae reduces cotton productivity and quality. Numerous studies have explored the genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating VW resistance in cotton, but the role and mechanism of strigolactone (SL) is still elusive. We investigated the function of SL in cotton's immune response to V. dahliae infection by exogenously applying SL analog, blocking or enhancing biosynthesis of endogenous SLs in combination with comparative transcriptome analysis and by exploring cross-talk between SL and other phytohormones. Silencing GhDWARF27 and applying the SL analog GR24 or overexpressing GhDWARF27 decreased and enhanced V. dahliae resistance, respectively. Transcriptome analysis revealed SL-mediated activation of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Enhanced ABA biosynthesis and signaling led to increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced buildup of excess reactive oxygen species. Enhanced JA biosynthesis and signaling facilitated transcription of JA-dependent disease resistance genes. One of the components of the SL signal transduction pathway, GhD53, was found to interact with GhNCED5 and GhLOX2, the key enzymes of ABA and JA biosynthesis, respectively. We revealed the molecular mechanism underlying SL-enabled V. dahliae resistance and provided potential solutions for improving VW resistance in cotton.

HSP70 and APX1 play important roles in cotton male fertility by mediating ROS homeostasis.

Male sterility is used in the production of hybrid seeds and can improve the breeding efficiency of cotton hybrids. Reactive oxygen species is closely associated with the tapetum and pollen development, but their relationship in cotton male fertility remains unclear. In this study, we comprehensively compared the cytology and proteome of the anthers from an Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) material, Shida 98 (WT), and its nearly-isogenic male sterile line Shida 98A (MS). Cytology indicated delayed PCD in the tapetum and defects in microspores in MS anthers. And further studies revealed disruption of ROS homeostasis. Proteomic analysis identified proteins with differential abundance mainly being related to redox homeostasis, protein folding, and apoptotic signaling pathways. GhAPX1 interacted with GhHSP70 and played a crucial role in the development of cotton anthers. Exogenous application of HSP70 inhibitor increased H2O2 content and decreased the activity of APX1 and pollen viability. The GhAPX1 mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing exhibited premature degradation of the tapetum, significant decrease in pollen viability, and significant increase in H2O2 content. Altogether, our results imply HSP70 and APX1 being the key players jointly regulating male fertility by mediating ROS homeostasis. These results provide insights into the proteins associated with male fertility.

Triple Templates Directed Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbons from Pyridine Rich Monomer as Efficient and Reversible SO2 Adsorbents.

Herein, a variety of 2,6-diaminopyridine (DAP) derived nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon (DAP-NHPC-T) prepared from carbonization-induced structure transformation of DAP-Zn-SiO2-P123 nanocomposites are reported, which are facilely prepared from solvent-free co-assembly of block copolymer templates P123 with pyridine-rich monomer of DAP, Zn(NO3)2 and tetramethoxysilane. In the pyrolysis process, P123 and SiO2 templates promote the formation of mesoporous and supermicroporous structures in the DAP-NHPC-T, while high-temperature volatilization of Zn contributed to generation of micropores. The DAP-NHPC-T possess large BET surface areas (≈956-1126 m2 g-1), hierarchical porosity with micro-supermicro-mesoporous feature and high nitrogen contents (≈10.44-5.99 at%) with tunable density of pyridine-based nitrogen sites (≈5.99-3.32 at%), exhibiting good accessibility and reinforced interaction with SO2. Consequently, the DAP-NHPC-T show high SO2 capacity (14.7 mmol g-1, 25 °C and 1.0 bar) and SO2/CO2/N2 IAST selectivities, extraordinary dynamic breakthrough separation efficiency and cycling stability, far beyond any other reported nitrogen-doped metal-free carbon. As verified by in situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, the pyridine-based nitrogen sites of the DAP-NHPC-T boost SO2 adsorption via the unique charge transfer, the adsorption mechanism and reaction model have been finally clarified.

Clinical and genetic analysis of children with glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome.

Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS) is a rare metabolic encephalopathy with a wide variety of clinical phenotypes. In the present study, 15 patients diagnosed with GLUT1-DS were selected, all of whom had obvious clinical manifestations and complete genetic testing. Their clinical data and genetic reports were collated. All patients were provided with a ketogenic diet (KD) and an improvement in their symptoms was observed during a follow-up period of up to 1 year. The results revealed that the 15 cases had clinical symptoms, such as convulsions or dyskinesia. Although none had a cerebrospinal fluid/glucose ratio <0.4, the genetic report revealed that all had the solute carrier family 2 member 1 gene variant, and their clinical symptoms basically improved following the use of the KD. GLUT1-DS is a genetic metabolic disease that causes a series of neurological symptoms due to glucose metabolism disorders in the brain. Low glucose levels in cerebrospinal fluid and genetic testing are key diagnostic criteria, and the KD is a highly effective treatment option. By summarizing and analyzing patients with GLUT1-DS, summarizing clinical characteristics and expanding their gene profile, the findings of the present study may be of clinical significance for the early recognition and diagnosis of the disease, so as to conduct early treatment and shorten the duration of brain energy deficiency. This is of utmost importance for improving the prognosis and quality of life of affected children.

Exploring the role of interleukin-6 receptor blockade in epilepsy and associated neuropsychiatric conditions through a mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: The interplay between inflammation, immune dysregulation, and the onset of neurological disorders, including epilepsy, has become increasingly recognized. Interleukin (IL)-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is suspected to not only mediate traditional inflammatory pathways but also contribute to neuroinflammatory responses that could underpin neuropsychiatric symptoms and broader psychiatric disorders in epilepsy patients. The role of IL-6 receptor (IL6R) blockade presents an intriguing target for therapeutic intervention due to its potential to attenuate these processes. AIM: To explore the potential of IL6R blockade in reducing the risk of epilepsy and investigate whether this pathway might also influence associated psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions due to neuroinflammation. METHODS: Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis employing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vicinity of the IL6R gene (total individuals = 408225) was used to evaluate the putative causal relationship between IL6R blockade and epilepsy (total cases/controls = 12891/312803), focal epilepsy (cases/controls = 7526/399290), and generalized epilepsy (cases/controls = 1413/399287). SNP weights were determined by their effect on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and integrated using inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis as surrogates for IL6R effects. To address potential outlier and pleiotropic influences, sensitivity analyses were conducted employing a variety of MR methods under different modeling assumptions. RESULTS: The genetic simulation targeting IL6R blockade revealed a modest but significant reduction in overall epilepsy risk [inverse variance weighting: Odds ratio (OR): 0.827; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.685-1.000; P = 0.05]. Subtype analysis showed variability, with no significant effect observed in generalized, focal, or specific childhood and juvenile epilepsy forms. Beyond the primary inflammatory marker CRP, the findings also suggested potential non-inflammatory pathways mediated by IL-6 signaling contributing to the neurobiological landscape of epilepsy, hinting at possible links to neuroinflammation, psychiatric symptoms, and associated mental disorders. CONCLUSION: The investigation underscored a tentative causal relationship between IL6R blockade and decreased epilepsy incidence, likely mediated via complex neuroinflammatory pathways. These results encouraged further in-depth studies involving larger cohorts and multifaceted psychiatric assessments to corroborate these findings and more thoroughly delineate the neuro-psychiatric implications of IL-6 signaling in epilepsy. The exploration of IL6R blockade could herald a novel therapeutic avenue not just for seizure management but also for addressing the broader psychiatric and cognitive disturbances often associated with epilepsy.

A Sensitive SERS Sensor Combined with Intelligent Variable Selection Models for Detecting Chlorpyrifos Residue in Tea.

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used broad-spectrum insecticides in agriculture. Given its potential toxicity and residue in food (e.g., tea), establishing a rapid and reliable method for the determination of chlorpyrifos residue is crucial. In this study, a strategy combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and intelligent variable selection models for detecting chlorpyrifos residue in tea was established. First, gold nanostars were fabricated as a SERS sensor for measuring the SERS spectra. Second, the raw SERS spectra were preprocessed to facilitate the quantitative analysis. Third, a partial least squares model and four outstanding intelligent variable selection models, Monte Carlo-based uninformative variable elimination, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, iteratively retaining informative variables, and variable iterative space shrinkage approach, were developed for detecting chlorpyrifos residue in a comparative study. The repeatability and reproducibility tests demonstrated the excellent stability of the proposed strategy. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the proposed strategy was assessed by estimating limit of detection values of the various models. Finally, two-tailed paired t-tests confirmed that the accuracy of the proposed strategy was equivalent to that of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hence, the proposed method provides a promising strategy for detecting chlorpyrifos residue in tea.

Light-Activated Virtual Sensor Array with Machine Learning for Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Coronary Heart Disease.

Early non-invasive diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) is critical. However, it is challenging to achieve accurate CHD diagnosis via detecting breath. In this work, heterostructured complexes of black phosphorus (BP) and two-dimensional carbide and nitride (MXene) with high gas sensitivity and photo responsiveness were formulated using a self-assembly strategy. A light-activated virtual sensor array (LAVSA) based on BP/Ti3C2Tx was prepared under photomodulation and further assembled into an instant gas sensing platform (IGSP). In addition, a machine learning (ML) algorithm was introduced to help the IGSP detect and recognize the signals of breath samples to diagnose CHD. Due to the synergistic effect of BP and Ti3C2Tx as well as photo excitation, the synthesized heterostructured complexes exhibited higher performance than pristine Ti3C2Tx, with a response value 26% higher than that of pristine Ti3C2Tx. In addition, with the help of a pattern recognition algorithm, LAVSA successfully detected and identified 15 odor molecules affiliated with alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, and acids. Meanwhile, with the assistance of ML, the IGSP achieved 69.2% accuracy in detecting the breath odor of 45 volunteers from healthy people and CHD patients. In conclusion, an immediate, low-cost, and accurate prototype was designed and fabricated for the noninvasive diagnosis of CHD, which provided a generalized solution for diagnosing other diseases and other more complex application scenarios.

Bio-inspired Mechanically Responsive Smart Windows for Visible and Near-Infrared Multiwavelength Spectral Modulation.

Mechanochromic light control technology that can dynamically regulate solar irradiation is recognized as one of the leading candidates for energy-saving windows. However, the lack of spectrally selective modulation ability still hinders its application for different scenarios or individual needs. Here, inspired by the generation of structure color and color change of living organisms, a simple layer-by-layer assembly approach toward large-area fabricating mechanically responsive film for visible and near-infrared multiwavelength spectral modulation smart windows is reported here. The assembled SiO2 nanoparticles and W18O49 nanowires enable the film with an optical modulation rate of up to 42.4% at the wavelength of 550 nm and 18.4% for the near-infrared region, separately, and the typical composite film under 50% stretching shows ≈41.6% modulation rate at the wavelength of 550 nm with NIR modulation rate less than 2.7%. More importantly, the introduction of the multilayer assembly structure not only optimizes the film's optical modulation but also enables the film with high stability during 100 000 stretching cycles. A cooling effect of 21.3 and 6.9 °C for the blackbody and air inside a model house in the real environmental application is achieved. This approach provides theoretical and technical support for the new mechanochromic energy-saving windows.

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Profiles in Diverse Brassica oleracea Crops Provide Insights into the Genetic Regulation of Glucosinolate Profiles.

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites commonly found in the cruciferous vegetables of the Brassicaceae family, offering health benefits to humans and defense against pathogens and pests to plants. In this study, we investigated 23 GSL compounds' relative abundance in four tissues of five different Brassica oleracea morphotypes. Using the five corresponding high-quality B. oleracea genome assemblies, we identified 183 GSL-related genes and analyzed their expression with mRNA-Seq data. GSL abundance and composition varied strongly, among both tissues and morphotypes, accompanied by different gene expression patterns. Interestingly, broccoli exhibited a nonfunctional AOP2 gene due to a conserved 2OG-FeII_Oxy domain loss, explaining the unique accumulation of two health-promoting GSLs. Additionally, transposable element (TE) insertions were found to affect the gene structure of MAM3 genes. Our findings deepen the understanding of GSL variation and genetic regulation in B. oleracea morphotypes, providing valuable insights for breeding with tailored GSL profiles in these crops.