[System construction of early warning for ecological security at cultural and natural heritage mixed sites and its application: a case study of Wuyishan Scenery District].

This paper proposed a new concept of ecological security for protection by a comprehensive analysis of the contents and standards of world heritage sites. A frame concept model named "Pressure-State-Control" for early warning of ecological security at world heritage mixed sites was constructed and evaluation indicators of this frame were also selected. Wuyishan Scenery District was chosen for a case study, which has been severely disturbed by natural and artificial factors. Based on the frame model of "Pressure-State-Control" and by employing extension analysis, the matter-element model was established to assess the ecological security status of this cultural and natural world heritage mixed site. The results showed that the accuracy of ecological security early warning reached 84%. Early warning rank was I level (no alert status) in 1997 and 2009, but that in 2009 had a higher possibility to convert into II level. Likewise, the early-warning indices of sensitive ranks were different between 1997 and 2009. Population density, population growth rate, area index for tea garden, cultivated land owned per capita, level of drought, and investment for ecological and environmental construction were the main limiting factors to hinder the development of ecological security from 2009 to future. In general, the status of Wuyishan Scenery District ecological security was relatively good and considered as no alert level, while risk conditions also existed in terms of a few early-warning indicators. We still need to pay more attention to serious alert indicators and adopt effective prevention and control measures to maintain a good ecological security status of this heritage site.

[Chemical constituents from Salvia przewalskii Maxim].

The investigation on Salvia przewalskii Maxim was carried out to find the relationship of the constituents and their pharmacological activities. The isolation and purification were performed by various chromatographies such as silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, RP-C18 column chromatography, etc. Further investigation on the fraction of the 95% ethanol extract of Salvia przewalskii Maxim yielded przewalskin Y-1 (1), anhydride of tanshinone-II A (2), sugiol (3), epicryptoacetalide (4), cryptoacetalide (5), arucadiol (6), 1-dehydromiltirone (7), miltirone (8), cryptotanshinone (9), tanshinone II A (10) and isotanshinone-I (11). Their structures were elucidated by the spectral analysis such as NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and MS (Mass Spectrometry). Compound 1 is a new compound. Compounds 4 and 5 are mirror isomers (1 : 3). Compounds 4, 5, 6, 8, 11 were isolated from Salvia przewalskii Maxim for the first time.

[Study on anti-HIV-1 activities of composite extract from salvia yunnanensis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore and evaluate the activities of composite extract from Salvia Yunnanensis and in cell cultures (DS-MEF) for inhibition of human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro and in cell cultures. METHODS: The inhibitory activity of DS-MEF on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR) and integrase (IN) were detected in vitro with radionuclide 3H incorporation, fluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. The human T-lymphocyte MT-4 cell line, human T-lymphocyte H 9 cell line chronically infected with HIV-1 IIIB, and the fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of healthy persons as well as the laboratory passed HIV-1 IIIB and the clinically isolated HIV-1 AZT sensitive 018a or resistant 018c infected cell cultures were used for evaluating the cytotoxicities and inhibitory activities of DS-MEF on HIV-1 P 24 antigen. The acute toxicities of DS-MEF on KM mice were determined by gastric gavages and intraperitoneal injections with various dosages. RESULTS: The IC50 of DS-MEF for inhibiting HIV-1 IN, RT and PR were 2.59 +/- 0.50 mg/L, 27.39 +/- 11.18 mg/L and 9.38 +/- 2.45 mg/L respectively. In MT-4 cell cultures infected with HIV-1 III, TC50 were 13.19 +/- 6.07 mg/L, IC50 and SI of anti-HIV-1 activity were 0.224 +/- 0.163 mg/L and 58.7; in chronically infected H 9 cell cultures, TC50 were 18.11 +/- 9.84 mg/L, IC50 on HIV-1 P 24 antigen and SI were l7.230 +/- 21.114 mg/L and 1.1 respectively; TC50 in HIV-1 infected PBMC cultures were 288.70 +/- 0.08 mg/L; IC50 on AZT sensitive HIV-1 018a: 26.42 +/- 11.16 mg/L, and SI: 10.9; On AZT resistant HIV-1 018c, IC50: 27.87 +/-5.35 mg/L, and SI: 10.4. Moreover, DS-MEF showed synergistic effect with AZT or nevirapine (NVP) on HIV-1 IIIB in MT-4 cell cultures, the respective combination index was 0.78 or 0.67. DS-MEF showed no acute toxicity in KM mice with the dosage up to 20 g/kg via gastrogavage, and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) via intraperitoneal injection was 1.18 g/kg. CONCLUSION: DS-MEF is a promising anti- HIV-1 agent with low toxicity in mice and possesses multi-targets and effective activities.