Effect of exercise training on cardiovascular autonomic and muscular function in subclinical Chagas cardiomyopathy: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy with preserved ventricular function present with autonomic imbalance. This study evaluated the effects of exercise training (ET) in restoring peripheral and cardiac autonomic control and skeletal muscle phenotype in patients with subclinical chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: This controlled trial (NCT02295215) included 24 chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy patients who were randomized www.random.org/lists/ into two groups: those who underwent exercise training (n = 12) and those who continued their usual activities (n = 12). Eight patients completed the exercise training protocol, and 10 patients were clinically followed up for 4 months. Muscular sympathetic nerve activity was measured by microneurography and muscle blood flow (MBF) using venous occlusion plethysmography. The low-frequency component of heart rate variability in normalized units (LFnuHR) reflects sympathetic activity in the heart, and the low-frequency component of systolic blood pressure variability in normalized units reflects sympathetic activity in the vessels. The infusion of vasoactive drugs (phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside) was used to evaluate cardiac baroreflex sensitivity, and a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy was performed to evaluate atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 gene expression. RESULTS: The baroreflex sensitivity for increases (p = 0.002) and decreases (p = 0.02) in systolic blood pressure increased in the ET group. Muscle blood flow also increased only in the ET group (p = 0.004). Only the ET group had reduced resting muscular sympathetic nerve activity levels (p = 0.008) and sympathetic activity in the heart (LFnu; p = 0.004) and vessels (p = 0.04) after 4 months. Regarding skeletal muscle, after 4 months, participants in the exercise training group presented with lower atrogin-1 gene expression than participants who continued their activities as usual (p = 0.001). The reduction in muscular sympathetic nerve activity was positively associated with reduced atrogin-1 (r = 0.86; p = 0.02) and MuRF-1 gene expression (r = 0.64; p = 0.06); it was negatively associated with improved baroreflex sensitivity both for increases (r = -0.72; p = 0.020) and decreases (r = -0.82; p = 0.001) in blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: ET improved cardiac and peripheral autonomic function in patients with subclinical chagasic cardiomyopathy. ET reduced MSNA and sympathetic activity in the heart and vessels and increased cardiac parasympathetic tone and baroreflex sensitivity. Regarding peripheral muscle, after 4 months, patients who underwent exercise training had an increased cross-sectional area of type I fibers and oxidative metabolism of muscle fibers, and decreased atrogin-1 gene expression, compared to participants who continued their activities as usual. In addition, the reduction in MSNA was associated with improved cardiac baroreflex sensitivity, reduced sympathetic cardiovascular tone, and reduced atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 gene expression. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ID: NCT02295215. Registered in June 2013.

Left Atrial Function in Patients with Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy / Função Atrial Esquerda em Pacientes com Miocardiopatia Chagásica Crônica

Chagas disease is a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, and information about left atrial (LA) function in this disease still lacks.

A doença de Chagas é uma causa de miocardiopatia dilatada, sendo ainda pouco conhecida a função do átrio esquerdo (AE) nessa doença.

Left Atrial Function in Patients with Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, and information about left atrial (LA) function in this disease still lacks. OBJECTIVE: To assess the different LA functions (reservoir, conduit and pump functions) and their correlation with the echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic functions. METHODS: 10 control subjects (CG), and patients with Chagas disease as follows: 26 with the indeterminate form (GI); 30 with ECG alterations (GII); and 19 with LV dysfunction (GIII). All patients underwent M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed-wave Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging. RESULTS: Reservoir function (Total Emptying Fraction: TEF): (p <0.0001), lower in GIII as compared to CG (p = 0.003), GI (p <0.001) and GII (p <0.001). Conduit function (Passive Emptying Fraction: PEF): (p = 0.004), lower in GIII (GIII and CG, p = 0.06; GI and GII, p = 0.06; and GII and GIII, p = 0.07). Pump function (Active Emptying Fraction: AEF): (p = 0.0001), lower in GIII as compared to CG (p = 0.05), GI (p<0.0001) and GII (p = 0.002). There was a negative correlation of E/e' (average) with the reservoir and pump functions (TEF and AEF), and a positive correlation of e' (average) with s' wave (both septal and lateral walls) and the reservoir, conduit and pump LA functions. CONCLUSION: An impairment of LA functions in Chagas cardiomyopathy was observed.

Anomalous right coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery and constrictive pericarditis: an unusual association.

The association of anomalous right coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery and constrictive pericarditis has never been showed in the literature. We present the first case of this unusual association in a patient with right heart failure. After diagnosis, the patient was referred to surgery and underwent phrenic-to-phrenic pericardiectomy; graft implant of right internal thoracic artery to right coronary artery; and ligation of the anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Such procedures solved the potential risk of sudden death related to anomalous right coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery and alleviated the symptoms of heart failure caused by constrictive pericarditis.

Artéria coronária direita anômala com origem na artéria pulmonar e pericardite constritiva: uma associação inusitada / Anomalous right coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery and constrictive pericarditis: an unusual association

A associação da artéria coronária direita anômala com origem na artéria pulmonar e pericardite constritiva ainda não foi descrita na literatura. Apresentamos aqui o primeiro caso dessa associação inusitada em um paciente com quadro de insuficiência cardíaca direita. Após o diagnóstico, o paciente foi encaminhado para tratamento cirúrgico, sendo submetido a pericardiectomia frênico a frênico, implante de enxerto da artéria mamária interna direita para a coronária direita e ligadura da origem anômala da coronária direita da artéria pulmonar. Tais procedimentos resolveram o potencial risco de morte súbita pela anomalia coronária e aliviaram os sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca causados pela pericardite constritiva.

The association of anomalous right coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery and constrictive pericarditis has never been showed in the literature. We present the first case of this unusual association in a patient with right heart failure. After diagnosis, the patient was referred to surgery and underwent phrenic-to-phrenic pericardiectomy; graft implant of right internal thoracic artery to right coronary artery; and ligation of the anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Such procedures solved the potential risk of sudden death related to anomalous right coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery and alleviated the symptoms of heart failure caused by constrictive pericarditis.

Prognostic value of the collagen volume fraction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), interstitial myocardial fibrosis is an important histological modification that has been associated with sudden death and evolution toward myocardial dilation. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the prognostic value of the collagen volume fraction in HCM. METHODS: An endomyocardial biopsy of the right ventricle was successfully performed in 21 symptomatic patients with HCM. The myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF) was determined by histology. The CVF was also determined in fragments of nine normal hearts from subjects deceased from non-cardiac causes. The patients were divided into above-median CVF and below-median CVF groups, and their clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and survival curves were compared. RESULTS: Among the patients, the CVF ranged from 1.86% to 29.9%, median 6.19%; in normal hearts, from 0.13% to 1.46%, median 0.61% (p <0.0001 between HCM and control). There were no significant correlations between CVF and baseline echocardiographic measures. Patients with CVF < or =6.19% and CVF> 6.19% were compared and no baseline differences were observed. However, after an average follow-up period of 110 months, four deaths occurred (two sudden, two due to heart failure) in the group with increased CVF, whereas the patients of the group with lower CVF were all alive at the end of the period (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: For the first time, myocardial fibrosis was prospectively associated with a worse prognosis in patients with HCM. Efforts should be directed to the quantification of myocardial fibrosis in HCM, on the premise that its association with the prognosis can aid in the stratification of risk for defibrillator implantation, and in the prescription of drugs that potentially promote myocardial repair.

Valor prognóstico da fração de volume de colágeno na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica / Prognostic value of the collagen volume fraction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy / Valor pronóstico de la fracción de volumen de colágeno en la cardiomiopatía hipertrófica

FUNDAMENTO: Na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), a fibrose miocárdica intersticial é uma importante alteração histológica que tem sido associada com morte súbita e evolução para dilatação. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, prospectivamente, o valor prognóstico da fração de colágeno na CMH. MÉTODOS: Biópsia endomiocárdica do ventrículo direito foi realizada com sucesso em 21 pacientes sintomáticos com CMH. A fração de volume de colágeno (FVC) miocárdico foi determinada por histologia. A FVC também foi determinada em fragmentos de nove corações normais de indivíduos falecidos por causas não-cardíacas. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos supra e infra-medianos em relação à FVC, sendo comparadas as características clínico-ecocardiográficas e as curvas de sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Entre os pacientes, a FVC variou de 1,86% a 29,9%, mediana 6,19%; nos corações normais, de 0,13% a 1,46%, mediana 0,36% (p<0,0001 entre CMH e controle). Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre FVC e medidas ecocardiográficas basais. Pacientes com FVC<6,19% e FVC>6,19% foram comparados e não foram observadas diferenças basais. Entretanto, após um período de seguimento médio de 110 meses, quatro mortes ocorreram (duas súbitas, duas por insuficiência cardíaca) no grupo com FVC maior, enquanto os pacientes do grupo com FVC menor estavam vivos ao final do período (p=0,02). CONCLUSÃO: Pela primeira vez, a fibrose miocárdica foi prospectivamente associada a um pior prognóstico em pacientes com CMH. Esforços devem ser direcionados para quantificação da fibrose miocárdica na CMH, assumindo que a associação com o prognóstico pode auxiliar na estratificação de risco para implante de desfibrilador e na prescrição de fármacos potencialmente reparadores miocárdicos.

BACKGROUND: In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), interstitial myocardial fibrosis is an important histological modification that has been associated with sudden death and evolution toward myocardial dilation. OBJECTIVE:To prospectively evaluate the prognostic value of the collagen volume fraction in HCM. METHODS: An endomyocardial biopsy of the right ventricle was successfully performed in 21 symptomatic patients with HCM. The myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF) was determined by histology. The CVF was also determined in fragments of nine normal hearts from subjects deceased from non-cardiac causes. The patients were divided into above-median CVF and below-median CVF groups, and their clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and survival curves were compared. RESULTS: Among the patients, the CVF ranged from 1.86% to 29.9%, median 6.19%; in normal hearts, from 0.13% to 1.46%, median 0.61%(p <0.0001 between HCM and control). There were no significant correlations between CVF and baseline echocardiographic measures. Patients with CVF < 6.19% and CVF> 6.19% were compared and no baseline differences were observed. However, after an average follow-up period of 110 months, four deaths occurred (two sudden, two due to heart failure) in the group with increased CVF, whereas the patients of the group with lower CVF were all alive at the end of the period (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: For the first time, myocardial fibrosis was prospectively associated with a worse prognosis in patients with HCM. Efforts should be directed to the quantification of myocardial fibrosis in HCM, on the premise that its association with the prognosis can aid in the stratification of risk for defibrillator implantation, and in the prescription of drugs that potentially promote myocardial repair.

FUNDAMENTO: En la cardiomiopatía hipertrófica (CMH), la fibrosis miocárdica intersticial es una importante alteración histológica, que ha sido asociada con muerte súbita y evolución hacia dilatación. OBJETIVO:Evaluar, prospectivamente, el valor pronóstico de la fracción de colágeno en la CMH. MÉTODOS:Se realizó, con éxito, biopsia endomiocárdica del ventrículo derecho en 21 pacientes sintomáticos con CMH. La fracción de volumen de colágeno (FVC) miocárdico se determinó por medio de histología. Se determinó la FVC también en fragmentos de nueve corazones normales de individuos fallecidos por causas no cardiacas. Respecto a la FVC, se dividieron a los pacientes en grupos supra e inframedianos (FVC elevada y FVC baja, respectivamente), y se compararon las características clínicas y ecocardiográficas y las curvas de sobrevida. RESULTADOS: Entre los pacientes, la FVC tuvo variación del 1,86% al 29,9%, con mediana en el 6,19%. Ya en los corazones normales, del 0,13% al 1,46%, mediana en el 0,36% (p<0,0001 entre CMH y control). No se verificaron correlaciones significativas entre FVC y medidas ecocardiográficas basales. Se compararon a pacientes con FVC<6,19 por ciento y FVC>6,19%, sin que se observara diferencias basales. Sin embargo, tras un período de seguimiento promedio de 110 meses, cuatro muertes ocurrieron (dos súbitas, y otras dos por insuficiencia cardiaca) en el grupo con FVC mayor, mientras que los pacientes del grupo con FVC menor estaban vivos al final del período (p=0,02). CONCLUSIÓN: Por primera vez, se asoció prospectivamente la fibrosis miocárdica a un peor diagnóstico en pacientes con CMH. Se deben encaminar esfuerzos hacia la cuantificación de la fibrosis en la CMH, al aceptar que la asociación con el pronóstico puede auxiliar tanto en la estratificación de riesgo para implante de desfibrilador, como en la prescripción de fármacos potencialmente reparadores...

Disfunção ventricular esquerda em hamsters com doença de Chagas tratados com etanercept / Left ventricular dysfunction in hamsters with Chagas disease and treated with etanercept

Objetivo: a doença afeta mais de 10 milhões de pessoas na América Latina. Leva a cardiomiopatia dilatada inflamatória em 30% dos pacientes como conseqüência tardia da infecção pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, com pior prognóstico que as outras cardiomiopatias dilatadas. estudos prévios mostram aumento dos níveis circulantes do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-x) em pacientes com cardiomiopatia chagásica crônica. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar efeito do bloqueio do TNF-x com Etanercept na função ventricular esquerda em hamsters sírios cronicamente infectados pelo T. cruzi...

Aldosterone antagonism in an inflammatory state: evidence for myocardial protection.

INTRODUCTION: Chagas' disease is one of the most important causes of dilated cardiomyopathy in South and Central America. It is an inflammatory cardiomyopathy. We wanted to investigate whether it could have the same response to aldosterone antagonism as demonstrated before in other dilated cardiomyopathies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of spironolactone in myocardial remodelling in a Chagas cardiomyopathy model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 60 Sirius Hamsters divided into: control (C) infected (Inf) and Inf plus spironolactone (Infsp, 40 mg/kg/day) groups, for 11 months. Echocardiography with colour doppler was performed. Left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), fractional shortening (FS) and corrected isovolumic relaxation time (IRT) were evaluated, as well as interstitial collagen volume fraction (ICVF) and myocardial inflammation. RESULT: The results demonstrated that survival was improved by use of spironolactone in the chronic phase (p<0.04). Body weight (BW) was C:190 g, Inf:167 g*, Infsp:198 g (*p<0.05, compared to C and Infsp), LVEDD/BW was C:0.31, Inf: 0.35*, Infsp: 0.29 (*p<0.05, compared to C and Infsp), FS was C:38, Inf: 35.5, Infsp: 38 (with no statistical difference) and IRT was C: 23 msec, Inf: 26 msec*, Infsp: 22 msec (p<0.05, compared to C and Infsp). ICVF (%) was attenuated at LV (C: 0.34+/-0.1, Inf: 1.75+/-0.7*, Infsp: 0.95+/-0.2*; *p<0.05, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Spironolactone attenuated the myocardial remodelling in Chagas cardiomyopathy, reduced mortality during the chronic phase and reduced inflammatory infiltration.

[NT pro-BNP levels in pericardial diseases and how they are used as complementary evaluation method of diastolic restriction. Initial experience: 25 cases]. / Dosagem dos níveis de NT pro-BNP nas afecções pericárdicas e sua utilidade como método complementar de avaliação de restrição diastólica. Experiência inicial de 25 casos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether NT pro-BNP levels are high in patients reporting pericardial diseases, as well as to investigate how they relate to diastolic dysfunction echocardiographic measures. METHODS: Twenty-five patients were split into two groups: 1) pericardial effusion (PE): 15 patients; 2) constrictive pericarditis (CP): 10 patients. A control group was made up with 30 individuals reporting no heart disease. Pericardial effusion was evaluated by bidimensional echocardiogram, with restriction evaluated by pulsed Doppler of mitral flow. CP diagnosis was confirmed by MRI. NT pro-BNP levels were measured by immunoassay and detected by electrochemiluminescence. RESULTS: From the 15 PD patients, 14 reported relevant PD, and only 1, moderate PD. Log NT pro-BNP was shown to be higher in PD (p < 0.05), with log mean of 2.31 pg/ml and CP (p < 0.05), with log mean of 2.67 pg/ml, when compared to control group, log mean of 1.32 pg/ml. No difference was reported between PD and CP (p = 0.149). The NT pro-BNP log showed to be correlated to peak velocity of the E wave (r = 0.845; p = 0.001) and with E/A (r = 0.717; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: NT pro-BNP is shown to have increased in pericardial diseases, and is associated to diastolic dysfunction. It may serve as an additional method in quantifying restriction.

Usefulness of a new proposed tissue Doppler imaging global function index in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: A global function index (GFI) derived from tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has been proposed to improve the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of this index in a large selected HCM population. METHODS: GFI =[E/Ea]/Sa, was calculated at mitral annulus lateral and septal borders in 164 HCM patients and in 40 healthy volunteers. Group comparisons and correlations between GFI and other variables were performed. RESULTS: Of the 164 patients, 69 (42%) had a peak gradient >30 mmHg in the left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT). GFI (lateral or septal) was not normally distributed. There were differences among controls, obstructive HCM, and nonobstructive HCM (P < 0.0001), but significant overlap of GFI values were observed between groups. GFI was correlated to septal thickness (r = 0.44; P < 0.0001), left atrial diameter (r = 0.52; P < 0.0001), and LVOT gradient (r = 0.58; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In a selected HCM population, GFI was limited by its asymmetrical distribution and significant overlap of values between groups. Further studies are necessary to verify the reliability of GFI in the clinical practice and its position among other tissue Doppler indices.

Dosagem dos níveis de NT pro-BNP nas afecções pericárdicas e sua utilidade como método complementar de avaliação de restrição diastólica. Experiência inicial de 25 casos: 25 cases / NT Pro-BNP levels in pericardial diseases and how they are used as complementary evaluation method of diastolic restriction. Inititial experience

OBJETIVO: Determinar se os níveis de NT pro-BNP encontram-se elevados em pacientes com afecções pericárdicas e avaliar a sua relação com medidas ecocardiográficas de disfunção diastólica. MÉTODOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: 1) derrame pericárdico (DP), 15 pacientes; 2) pericardite constritiva (PC), 10 pacientes. Foi constituído um grupo controle de 30 indivíduos sem doença cardíaca. O grau de derrame pericárdico foi avaliado pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional e a restrição avaliada pelo Doppler pulsátil do fluxo mitral. O diagnóstico de PC foi confirmado por meio da ressonância magnética. Os níveis de NT pro-BNP foram medidos por imunoensaio com detecção por eletroquimioluminescência. RESULTADOS: Dos 15 pacientes com DP, 14 apresentavam DP importante e apenas 1, moderado. Log NT pro-BNP esteve aumentado no DP (p <0,05), com média de log 2,31 pg/ml e PC (p <0,05), com média de log 2,67 pg/ml, quando comparados ao grupo controle, média de log 1,32 pg/ml. Não houve diferença entre DP e PC (p = 0,149). O log NT pro-BNP correlacionou-se com o pico de velocidade da onda E (r = 0,845; p = 0,001) e com a relação E/A (r=0,717; p= 0,003). CONCLUSÃO: O NT pro-BNP encontra-se aumentado nas afecções pericárdicas e apresenta relação com o grau de disfunção diastólica, podendo servir como método adicional na quantificação de restrição.

[Quantitative assessment of left ventricular regional wall motion in endomyocardial fibrosis]. / Avaliação quantitativa da movimentação parietal regional do ventrículo esquerdo na endomiocardiofibrose.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). METHODS: The study comprised 88 patients, 59 of the female sex, with a mean age of 39+/-13 years (range, 9 to 65) and with echocardiographic and angiographic evidence of left ventricular EMF. The intensity of fibrous tissue buildup on contrast cineventriculography was classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The overall left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined by using the area-length method on ventriculography. The motion was measured in 100 equidistant chords perpendicular to the centerline drawn in the middle of the final diastolic and systolic contours and normalized to cardiac size. Five left ventricular segments were analyzed: A--apical; AL--anterolateral; AB--anterobasal; IA--inferoapical; IB--inferobasal. Abnormality was expressed in units of standard deviation of the mean motion in a normal population of reference, comprised of 103 patients with normal LV according to clinical and electrocardiographic data, and angiographic standards. RESULTS: Mean LVEF was 0.47+/-0.12. Fibrous tissue buildup in the left ventricle was mild in 12 patients, moderate in 40, and severe in 36. The regions with the poorest ventricular wall motion were A (-1.4+/-1.6 standard deviation/chords) and IA (-1.6+/-1.8 standard deviation/chords) compared with that in AB (-0.3+/-1.9 standard deviation/chords), AL (-0.5+/-1.8 standard deviation/chords) and IB (-0.9+/-1.3 standard deviation/chords). No relation was observed between the intensity of fibrous tissue buildup and regional ventricular wall motion. CONCLUSION: A change in LV regional wall motion exists in EMF, and it is independent of the intensity of fibrous tissue buildup qualitatively assessed. Nonuniform involvement of the LV should be considered when planning surgery for this disease.

Avaliação quantitativa da movimentação parietal regional do ventrículo esquerdo na endomiocardiofibrose / Quantitative assessment of left ventricular regional wall motion in endomyocardial fibrosis

OBJETIVO: Analisar a movimentação parietal regional do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose (EMF). MÉTODOS: Estudados 88 pacientes, 59 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 39±13 anos (variação de 9 a 65) com evidência ecocardiográfica e angiográfica de EMF do VE. A intensidade da deposição de tecido fibroso na cineventriculografia contrastada foi classificada como discreta, moderada ou importante. A fração de ejeção global do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) foi determinada pelo método área-comprimento por meio da ventriculografia. O movimento foi medido em 100 cordas eqüidistantes e perpendiculares à linha média desenhada no meio dos contornos diastólico e sistólico finais e normalizadas para o tamanho cardíaco. Analisaram-se cinco segmentos do VE: A - apical; AL - ântero-lateral; AB - ântero-basal; IA - ínfero-apical; IB - ínfero-basal. A anormalidade foi expressa em unidades de desvio padrão do movimento médio em uma população de referência normal, composta por 103 pacientes com VE normal, conforme dados de clínica, eletrocardiograma e padrões angiográficos. RESULTADOS: A FEVE média foi de 0,47±0,12. O envolvimento de tecido fibroso do VE foi discreto em 12 pacientes, moderado em 40 e importante em 36. As regiões com pior movimentação parietal foram A (-1,4±1,6 desvio-padrão/cordas) e IA (-1,6±1,8 desvio-padrão/cordas) comparadas com AB (-0,3±1,9 desvio-padrão /cordas), AL (-0,5±1,8 desvio-padrão/cordas) e IB (-0,9±1,3 desvio-padrão/cordas). Não se observou relação entre a intensidade de envolvimento do tecido fibroso e a manutenção parietal regional. CONCLUSAO : Existe alteração da movimentação parietal regional na EMF e é independente da intensidade de deposição de tecido fibroso avaliada qualitativamente. O envolvimento não uniforme do VE deve ser levado em conta no planejamento cirúrgico dessa doença.