Types of Temporary Immersion Systems Used in Commercial Plant Micropropagation.

Technological innovation in the design and manufacture of temporary immersion systems (TIS) has increased in the past decade. Innovations have involved the size, fitting, and replacement of components, as well as manufacturing materials. Air replacement by compressor has also been substituted by air replacement by preset tilting/rotation of culture bottles. This design modification aims to increase the biological yield (number of shoots) produced in these bottles and reduce manufacturing costs. However, the operative principle has remained unchanged through time: promote an environment where explant immersions in the culture medium are programmable. The changes in the TIS design involve advantages and disadvantages, generating the efficiency of one type over another. However, validation to identify the most effective type of TIS should be carried out for each plant species. This chapter lists the different types of temporary immersion available on the market, emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of each when used for plant micropropagation.

Assessment of Vegetative Growth and Genetic Integrity of Vanilla planifolia Regenerants after Cryopreservation.

Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews is the vanilla species with the most commercial and greatest economic importance. It has been used as a case study in different cryopreservation studies that involve three vitrification-based approaches: droplet-vitrification (D-V), V-cryoplate (V-Cp) and D-cryoplate (D-Cp). The aim of this study was to compare the impact of these cryogenic techniques on vegetative growth (survival, stem length and leaf number) between cryo-derived plants and in vitro-derived controls during 12 months of greenhouse growth. Genetic stability was also assessed using the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. There were no significant differences found in the survival and stem lengths of the in vitro-derived regenerants and cryo-derived plants. A significant increase in the number of leaves was only detected in cryo-derived plants when using the V-Cp method. The electrophoretic profiles, based on seven ISSR primers, detected low variability: 81 total bands and 27% polymorphism. This is the first report on the assessment of vegetative growth and genetic integrity in cryo-derived V. planifolia plants recovered under greenhouse conditions. Of the three cryogenic approaches, D-Cp appears to yield V. planifolia regenerants plants with more vigorous vegetative growth and a lower level of polymorphism. Future research should focus on the reproductive growth of vanilla regenerants.

Prevalencia, manifestaciones clínicas y factores asociados al COVID-19 de larga duración / Prevalence, clinical manifestations, and associated factors of long COVID-19

El objetivo fue describir la prevalencia, las manifestaciones clínicas y los factores asociados de COVID-19 de larga duración. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis sobre COVID-19 de larga duración en MEDLINE (vía PubMed) hasta el 7 de abril de 2022. Se encontraron 37 artículos y se incluyeron 3. La calidad de la evidencia fue evaluada a través de los criterios de AMSTAR 2. La prevalencia reportada de COVID-19 de larga duración fue 43% (IC95%: 39% ­ 46%). Las principales manifestaciones clínicas fueron debilidad (41% [IC95%: 25% ­ 59%]), malestar general (33% [IC95%: 15% ­ 57%]), fatiga (31% [IC95%: 24% ­ 39%]), alteración en la concentración (26% [IC95%: 21% ­ 32%]) y sensación de falta de aire (25% [IC95%: 18% ­ 34%]). Los factores asociados a COVID de larga duración incluyeron sexo femenino, severidad de cuadro inicial, edad y presencia de comorbilidades.

The aim was to describe the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and associated factors of long-COVID. Bibliographic research of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was carried out in MEDLINE (through PubMed) until April 7th, 2022. 37 articles were found and 3 were included. Evidence quality was assessed via AMSTAR 2 criteria. Long-COVID prevalence is 43% (IC95%: 39% ­ 46%). Main clinical manifestations were weakness (41% [IC95%: 25% ­ 59%]), malaise (33% [IC95%: 15% ­ 57%]), fatigue (31% [IC95%: 24% ­ 39%]), concentration impairment (26% [IC95%: 21% ­ 32%]), and breathlessness (25% [IC95%: 18% ­ 34%]). Factors associated with long COVID were female sex, initial disease severity, age, and presence of comorbidities.

Complicaciones postoperatorias por descontrol lipídico perioperatorio. Revisión sistemática / Postoperative complications due to perioperative lipid decontrol. Systematic review

Resumen: Introducción: La alteración en el metabolismo de los lípidos se ha involucrado en la patogénesis de complicaciones postoperatorias, primordialmente por inducir procesos inflamatorios que pueden afectar la morbilidad, además se ha observado un aumento en la vulnerabilidad/sensibilidad por isquemia reperfusión implicada por apoptosis por estrés mediado por el retículo endoplásmico. Durante el procedimiento anestésico los niveles séricos de lípidos pueden afectar la farmacocinética de varios agentes anestésicos. Objetivo: Determinar si existe evidencia científica que compruebe o refute el desarrollo de complicaciones en pacientes postoperados que cursan con descontrol lipídico en el período preoperatorio. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión en la literatura mediante los buscadores PUBMED, ScienceDirect y BioMed Central. Resultados: Con los criterios de búsqueda se revisaron 17 estudios (ensayos clínicos controlados, estudios de casos y controles, cohortes y estudios experimentales básicos). Conclusiones: Aunque es necesario mejorar la metodología de varios artículos revisados y aumentar la cantidad de los mismos, en la mayor parte de ellos se encontró relación entre dislipidemia con alteraciones postoperatorias que inciden en un aumento de morbilidad o mortalidad.

Abstract: Introduction: The alteration in lipid metabolism has been involved in the pathogenesis of postoperative complications primarily by inducing inflammatory processes that may affect morbidity, in addition an increase in vulnerability/sensitivity for ischemia reperfusion has been observed involved apoptosis by stress mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum. During the anesthetic procedure, serum lipid levels can affect the pharmacokinetics of various anesthetic agents. Objective: To determine if there is scientific evidence to prove or refute the development of complications in post-operated patients who present with lipid decontrol in the preoperative period. Methodology: A review was made in the literature through the search engines PubMed, ScienceDirect, and BiomedCentral. Results: With the search criteria, 17 studies were reviewed (controlled clinical trials, case and control studies, cohorts and basic experimental studies). Conclusions: Although it is necessary to improve the methodology of several articles reviewed and increase the number of them, in most of them a relationship was found between dyslipidemia with postoperative alterations that affect an increase in morbidity or mortality.

Evaluating Hemolytic and Photo Hemolytic Potential of Organophosphorus by In Vitro Method as an Alternative Tool Using Human Erythrocytes.

AIMS: The present study aims to determine the phototoxic and haemolytic activity of organophosphorus. The use of alternative in vitro assays with human erythrocytes is suggested to predict the polluting effect of these products on health. METHODOLOGY: Human erythrocytes from Toluca Blood Bank were used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was employed as a positive control. Additionally, the haemolysis percentage of three organophosphate (Acetate, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methyl Parathion) induced photo haemolysis formulated with surfactants on a concentration of 2 x 109 erythrocytes were evaluated. Finally, the products were classified as irritant or phototoxic. RESULTS: Results showed that the HC50 red blood cells were similar for each organophosphate (Malathion and Methamidophos) indicating very irritant action with ratio classification (L/D) of 0.041 and 0.053, respectively. On the other hand, Chlorpyrifos was classified as an irritant with L/D= 0.14. On the other hand, the HC50 obtained photo hemolysis assays irradiated red blood cells was similar for each organophosphate (Acetate, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methyl Parathion) indicating no phototoxic action. CONCLUSION: As a conclusion, it can be said that the parameters of haemolysis and denaturation of proteins are good indicators to classify organophosphorus formulated with surfactants as irritating or phototoxic.

Problemática actual de dolor crónico por insuficiente manejo de dolor agudo postoperatorio / Current problem of chronic pain due to insufficient management of acute postoperative pain

Resumen En la actualidad, la mayor parte del tratamiento para los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente se centra en el manejo nociceptivo transanestésico y en la modulación del dolor en el postanestésico; pero existe una problemática existente llamada dolor crónico postoperatorio, que presenta aún una necesidad de mejora en la terapéutica médica.

Abstract At present, most of the treatment for surgically treated patients is focused on transanesthetic nociceptive management and modulation of pain in the postanesthetic; but there is an existing problem called postoperative chronic pain that still presents a need for improvement in medical therapy.

Antibiotics susceptibility of quinolones against Salmonella spp. strains isolated and molecularly sequenced for gyrA gene.

Drug-resistant Salmonella is frequently detected in most parts of the world, and its rate of resistance has increased significantly in recent years. However, this study aimed to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, determined with the Kirby-Bauer method) of quinolones in 86 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from pigs. Both the inside and outside of the QRDR region of strains were sequenced. The DNA sequence of the QRDR region of Salmonella spp. revealed the mutations S83F, D87N and S83Y. The region outside the QRDR showed a mutation in L582G. Forty-five isolates of Salmonella ssp. were categorized as quinolone-resistant; out of these, 16 corresponded to Salmonella enterica and isolates showed intermediate resistance (6.25%) to nalidixic acid. Three isolats (18.6%) were resistant to ampicillin; two (12.5%) were resistant to carbenicillin. Moreover, three (18.7%) isolates were resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and pefloxacin, and 8 (50%) were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Six percent of Salmonella spp. strains showed less resistance to antimicrobial agents compared to S. Thyphimurium (18%). The resistance to individual quinolones varied by serotypes. For S. anatum and S. Reading, it was 12.25%, and for S. choreaeaesuis, S. typhimurium monofasica, 6.25%. In contrast, S. agona, S. bredeney and S. london were sensitive to these antibiotics. In conclusion, quinolones have become the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe Salmonella infections. The study of mutations outside the QRDR region opens up new insights about the resistance of Salmonella to fluoroquinolones.

Antiobesity and hypoglycaemic effects of aqueous extract of Ibervillea sonorae in mice fed a high-fat diet with fructose.

Obesity, type II diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia, which frequently coexist and are strongly associated with oxidative stress, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. An increase in carbohydrate intake, especially of fructose, and a high-fat diet are both factors that contribute to the development of these metabolic disorders. In recent studies carried out in diabetic rats, authors reported that Ibervillea sonorae had hypoglycaemic activity; saponins and monoglycerides present in the plant could be responsible for the effects observed. In the present study, we determined the effects of an aqueous I. sonorae extract on a murine model of obesity and hyperglycaemia, induced by a high-calorie diet, and the relationship of these effects with hepatic oxidation. A high-fat diet over a period of 8 weeks induced weight gain in the mice and increased triglycerides and blood glucose levels. Simultaneous treatment with I. sonorae aqueous extracts, at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, decreased triglycerides and glycaemia levels, prevented an increase in body weight in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased hepatic lipid oxidation at a dose of 200 mg/kg. These data suggest that the aqueous extract from I. sonorae root prevents obesity, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycaemia induced by a hypercaloric diet; however, high doses may induce toxicity.

Prácticas de cuidado postparto en adolescentes / Practices postpartum care in adolescents

Durante el puerperio, etapa relevante tanto para la madre como para su hijo recién nacido, se observa la influencia de múltiples rituales y creencias culturales 1 en la aplicación de cuidados . El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las prácticas de cuidado que realizan las adolescentes puérperas durante este período. La investigación es de carácter descriptivo, cuantitativo; La muestra se obtuvo por conveniencia. El instrumento utilizado fue cuestionario "Prácticas de cuidado que realizan consigo mismas las mujeres en el postparto" con nivel de confiabilidad con alfa de 2 Cronbach de 0.68. Dentro de los resultados del estudio se halló que las prácticas de cuidado que realizan las adolescentes en esta etapa, han sido orientadas primordialmente por mujeres mayores, cercanas a ellas como familiares o amigas que han transitado por esta experiencia en el pasado. Las creencias y rituales adquiridos en esta época conllevan a cambios en la dieta como disminución en el consumo de grasas, cítricos, lácteos y proteínas. Así mismo se observan cambios respecto al reposo, realización de trabajos forzados, entre otros.

During the puerperio, excellent stage both for the mother and for his new-born son, there is observed the influence of multiple rituals and cultural beliefs in the care application. The present study takes as a target to identify the practices of care that the adolescents realize puérperas during this period. The investigation is of descriptive, quantitative character; The sample was obtained by expediency. The used instrument was a questionnaire "Practices of care that the women realize with themselves in the postchildbearing" with(in spite of) reliability level with alpha of Cronbach of 0.68. Inside the results of the study one found that the practices of care that the adolescents realize in this stage, have been faced essentially by major women, near to them like(as) relatives or friends who have gone along along this experience in the past. The beliefs and rituals acquired in this epoch bear to changes in the diet as decrease in the consumption of fats, milk(dairy) citrus fruits and proteins. Likewise changes are observed with regard to the rest, achievement of forced works, between others

Discapacidad y rezago escolar: riesgos actuales / Disability and low school achievement: present risks

Se realizó un estudio exploratorio para establecer el perfil de riesgo educativo de niños de primero y segundo grado de primaria, y analizar su relación con factores escolares y familiares. Se aplicó el WISC-RM a 206 niños, 51% de primer grado y 49% de segundo de una escuela pública. A quienes se les detectó algún tipo de dificultad, se les aplicaron instrumentos específicos, además de entrevistar a sus maestros y a 24 madres de estos niños. El perfil resultante mostró que un 37% de los menores que iniciaban la primaria, presentaban algún tipo de problema conjuntamente con factores de riesgo familiar y social. Se enfatiza la necesidad de evitar la deserción por discapacidad mediante la detección e intervención tempranas.

An exploratory study was conducted to establish the educational risk profile of first and second grade children and to analyze its relationship with school and family risk factors. The WISC-RM was administered to 206 children, who attended a public school; 51% of them were from first grade and 49%, from second grade. Other specific tests were administered to those children who showed some kind of disability. Their teachers were interviewed as well as 24 of their mothers. The resulting profile highlighted that a significant percentage (37%) of the children who had just started school showed some kind of problem related to school and family risk factors. The relevance of early detection and intervention is stressed in order to prevent school desertion.