Researchers' experience in data collection with families of femicide victims.

OBJECTIVES: to describe researchers' experience in collecting data from families of femicide victims. METHODS: this descriptive, qualitative study took the form of an experience report and was conducted in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. It involved documentary consultation, training researchers, scheduling and conducting interviews, and using a field diary to record the researchers' perceptions and experiences. RESULTS: the descriptions and photographs of the crime scene were both distressing and impactful for the researchers. The mementos of the victims (including clothing, objects, and childhood photos) shown by their families were deeply moving. Identifying with these experiences facilitated listening to the stories told by the relatives. It was essential to maintain a non-judgmental attitude, acknowledge the loss, provide support for the suffering, and demonstrate a willingness to help. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the experience encompassed both theoretical and methodological aspects that were planned and executed in data collection, fostering the development of skills and sensitivity towards the cases. Beyond knowledge and preparation, researchers are expected to exhibit ethical conduct and empathetic capacity.

Off-Label Use of Buttress Calcaneal Plate in Medial Distal Femoral Fracture to Augment Internal Fixation.

Background: High-energy traumatic fractures represent a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons because there are a great variety of morphologic patterns and associated injuries1. Although the incidence is higher in developing countries, these fractures pose a major financial burden all over the world because of their considerable hospital length of stay, time away from work, rate of failure to return to work, complications, and cost of treatment2-4. Since the fracture patterns are so variable, some cases may have a lack of available specific osteosynthesis implants, despite recent advancements in implant engineering5. However, experienced surgeons are capable of using their knowledge and creativity to treat challenging lesions with use of preexisting plates while following the principles of fracture fixation and without compromising outcomes. In 2012, Hohman et al. described for the first time the use of a calcaneal plate to treat distal femoral fractures6. In 2020, Pires et al. further expanded the indications for use of a calcaneal plate5. This technical trick is widely utilized in our trauma center, especially in comminuted fractures around the knee. The present video article provides a stepwise description of the off-label use of a calcaneal plate in a medial distal femoral fracture. Description: The key principles of this procedure involve following common fundamentals during open reduction and internal fixation, approaching the fracture, preserving soft-tissue attachments of the comminution, and reducing the main fragments. Afterwards, the off-label use of a calcaneal plate adds the special feature of being able to contain fracture fragments with plate contouring. If necessary and if osseous morphology allows, bone grafting through the plate may also be performed. Alternatives: Multiple fixation implants can be utilized in medial distal femoral fractures. Surgeon-contoured plates (i.e., locking compression plates or low-contact dynamic compression plates), multiple mini-fragment plates, cortical screws alone, cannulated cancellous screws alone, or proximal humeral plates are among the alternatives5-9. However, the lack of specific implants for fixation of fractures involving the medial femoral condyle is notable, even in developed countries10. Rationale: The small-fragment calcaneal plate is a widely available and cheaper implant compared with locking compression plates, which is especially important in developing countries. Additionally, this plate has a lower profile, covers a greater surface area, and allows multiple screws in different planes and directions. The use of this plate represents a great technical trick for surgeons to contain comminution. Expected Outcomes: Patient education regarding fracture severity is mandatory, and it is important to highlight that there is no current gold standard to treat these fractures because of the wide variability of morphological patterns. To our knowledge, all studies reporting the use of a calcaneal plate to treat these fractures have shown promising results, including good functional outcomes and 100% fracture healing with no cases of nonunion, infection, or implant failure5,6,10-14. In the largest case series to date, Shekar et al. performed an interventional prospective study of 30 patients undergoing calcaneal plating for distal femoral unicondylar fractures14. They reported a mean range of motion of 108° ± 28.27° at 6 months, with excellent or satisfactory results in 80% of patients as measured with use of the Neer scoring system14. Important Tips: Preserve the blood supply by performing minimal soft-tissue dissection.Do not detach comminuted fragments from the soft tissues, which will help fracture reduction.Reduce the main fragments anatomically and fix as necessary.Contain the comminution using the spanning property and large covering area of the calcaneal plate.Perform bone grafting through the plate as necessary.

Sequential time-window learning with approximate Bayesian computation: an application to epidemic forecasting.

The long duration of the COVID-19 pandemic allowed for multiple bursts in the infection and death rates, the so-called epidemic waves. This complex behavior is no longer tractable by simple compartmental model and requires more sophisticated mathematical techniques for analyzing epidemic data and generating reliable forecasts. In this work, we propose a framework for analyzing complex dynamical systems by dividing the data in consecutive time-windows to be separately analyzed. We fit parameters for each time-window through an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) algorithm, and the posterior distribution of parameters obtained for one window is used as the prior distribution for the next window. This Bayesian learning approach is tested with data on COVID-19 cases in multiple countries and is shown to improve ABC performance and to produce good short-term forecasting. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11071-022-07865-x.

Risco de violência, doenças autorreferidas e fragilidade em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas / Risk of violence, self-reported diseases and frailty in hospitalized older adults / Risk of violence, self-reported diseases and frailty in hospitalized older adults / Riesgo de violencia, enfermedades autodeclaradas y fragilidad en adultos mayores hospitalizados

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a relação do risco de violência com doenças autorreferidas e síndrome da fragilidade em pessoas idosas atendidas em instituições hospitalares. Métodos Estudo transversal, multicêntrico, realizado com 323 pessoas idosas em dois hospitais universitários da Paraíba. Foram utilizados os instrumentos Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test, um questionário de doença autorreferida e o Edmonton Frail Scale. Os dados foram analisados mediante estatística descritiva e inferencial, utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado e Regressão Logística Múltipla. Resultados O risco de violência foi associado em pessoas idosas com depressão (p=0,001), artrite ou reumatismo (p<0,001), osteoporose (p<0,001), síndrome da fragilidade (p<0,001). Ademais, aqueles com artrite e síndrome da fragilidade apresentaram, respectivamente, 2,37 [IC= 1,43-3,91] e 3,07 [IC=1,88-4,92] maior probabilidade de sofrerem risco de violência. Conclusão Pessoas idosas com doenças crônicas e síndrome da fragilidade estão mais susceptíveis ao risco de violência. Assim, a discussão sobre a temática durante a formação de futuros enfermeiros se faz essencial no que tange os cuidados de enfermagem gerontológicos frente a esse fenômeno.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la relación entre el riesgo de violencia con enfermedades autodeclaradas y el síndrome de fragilidad en adultos mayores atendidos en instituciones hospitalarias. Métodos Estudio transversal, multicéntrico, realizado con 323 adultos mayores en dos hospitales universitarios del estado de Paraíba. Se utilizaron los instrumentos Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test, un cuestionario sobre enfermedades autodeclaradas, y el Edmonton Frail Scale. Los datos se analizaron a través de estadística descriptiva e inferencial, utilizando la prueba χ2 de Pearson y Regresión Logística Múltiple. Resultados El riesgo de violencia en adultos mayores estuvo asociado con depresión (p=0,001), artritis o reumatismo (p<0,001), osteoporosis (p<0,001), síndrome de fragilidad (p<0,001). Además, los que tienen artritis y síndrome de fragilidad presentaron, respectivamente, 2,37 [IC= 1,43-3,91] y 3,07 [IC=1,88-4,92] más probabilidades de sufrir riesgo de violencia. Conclusión Adultos mayores con enfermedades crónicas y síndrome de fragilidad están más susceptibles a riesgo de violencia. De esa forma, la discusión sobre la temática durante la formación de futuros enfermeros es esencial en lo que se refiere a los cuidados de enfermería gerontológicos ante ese fenómeno.

Abstract Objective To analyze the relationship between the risk of violence and self-reported illnesses and the frailty syndrome in older adults treated at hospitals. Methods This is a cross-sectional, multicenter study, carried out with 323 older adults in two university hospitals in Paraíba. The Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test instruments, a self-reported illness questionnaire and the Edmonton Frail Scale were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, using the chi-square test and Multiple Logistic Regression. Results The risk of violence was associated in older adults with depression (p=0.001), arthritis or rheumatism (p<0.001), osteoporosis (p<0.001), frailty syndrome (p<0.001). Furthermore, those with arthritis and frailty syndrome had, respectively, 2.37 [CI= 1.43-3.91] and 3.07 [CI=1.88-4.92] greater probability of being at risk of violence. Conclusion Older adults with chronic diseases and frailty syndrome are more susceptible to the risk of violence. Thus, the discussion on the subject during the training of future nurses becomes essential with regard to gerontological nursing care in the face of this phenomenon.

Violência obstétrica na percepção de puérperas em uma maternidade pública do norte do Brasil / Obstetric violence in the perception of puerperal women in a public maternity hospital in northern Brazil / Violencia obstétrica en la percepción de puérperas en una maternidad pública del norte de Brasil

Objetivos: verificar a ocorrência de violência obstétrica em uma maternidade pública de uma capital norte-brasileira, na percepção de puérperas. Método: estudo descritivo-exploratório e quantitativo, realizado com 123 puérperas internadas em alojamento conjunto. Os dados foram coletados em junho e julho de 2020, por meio de um questionário estruturado, analisados no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences®, versão 21. Resultados: a maioria desconhecia (59,3%) mas vivenciou (74,8%) a violência obstétrica. As práticas prevalentes foram peregrinação (34,1%), não ter acompanhante (22,8%), bebê retirado do campo de visão (20,3%), proibição de ingestão de alimentos (18,7%), toques vaginais repetitivos (17,9%), manobra de Kristeller (14,6%) e litotomia (12,2%), ocorridos no setor pré-parto, parto e pós parto (83,1%) e a categoria médica (92,8%) envolvida. Conclusão: houve alta ocorrência, inferindo mudanças na conduta profissional e reformulação de políticas para um cuidado integral à mulher no período gravídico-puerperal

Objectives: to verify the occurrence of obstetric violence in a public maternity hospital in a northern Brazilian capital, from the point of view of puerperal women. Method: descriptive-exploratory and quantitative study, carried out with 123 postpartum women hospitalized in rooming-in. Data were collected in June and July 2020, using a structured questionnaire, analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences®, version 21. Results: most were unaware (59%) but had experienced obstetric violence (74.8%). The prevalent practices were pilgrimage (34.1%), prevented from having a companion (22.8%), baby removed from the field of vision (20.3%), prohibition of food intake (18.7%), vaginal touches repetitive (17.9%), Kristeller maneuver (14.6%) and lithotomy (12.2%), occurring in the pre-delivery, delivery and postpartum sector (83.1%) and the medical category (92 .8%) involved. Conclusion: there was a high occurrence, inferring changes in professional conduct and restructuring of guidelines for comprehensive care for women in the pregnancy-puerperal period

Objetivos: verificar la ocurrencia de violencia obstétrica en una maternidad pública de una capital del norte de Brasil, desde el punto de vista de las puérperas. Método: estudio descriptivo-exploratorio y cuantitativo, realizado con 123 puérperas hospitalizadas en alojamiento conjunto. Los datos fueron recolectados en junio y julio de 2020, utilizando un cuestionario estructurado, analizado en el Statistical Package for the Social Sciences®, versión 21. Resultados: la mayoría desconocía (59%) pero había sufrido violencia obstétrica (74,8%). Las prácticas predominantes fueron la peregrinación (34,1 %), la prohibición de tener acompañante (22,8 %), la retirada del bebé del campo de visión (20,3 %), la prohibición de ingesta de alimentos (18,7 %), los toques vaginales repetitivos (17,9 %), Kristeller maniobra (14,6%) y litotomía (12,2%), ocurriendo en el sector de preparto, parto y puerperio (83,1%) y la categoría médica (92,8%) involucrada. Conclusión: hubo alta ocurrencia, infiriendo cambios en la conducta profesional y reestructuración de las directrices para la atención integral a la mujer en el período embarazo-puerperio

Aspectos sociodemográficos e capacidade funcional associados à violência física em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas / Sociodemographic aspects and functional capacity associated with physical violence in hospitalized elderly people

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a associação dos aspectos sociodemográficos e capacidade funcional com a violência física em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas. Métodos estudo multicêntrico, transversal, com 323 pessoas idosas atendidas em dois hospitais universitários. Foram utilizados o Conflict Tactics Scales, as escalas para avaliação das atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária e um questionário adaptado para avaliação de atividades avançadas de vida diária. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados as atividades individuais de vida diária estiveram associadas à violência física maior, apontando haver uma relação inversamente proporcional entre as variáveis, e pessoas idosas independentes para essas atividades são aquelas que não vivenciam violência física maior (p=0,037). Conclusão a independência funcional para as atividades instrumentais de pessoas idosas internadas apresenta relação com menor probabilidade de ser vítima de violência física. Contribuições para a prática o estudo aponta achados singulares na relação entre violência física e a capacidade funcional, de modo que cada tipo de atividade de vida diária pode resultar em um desfecho diferente para a violência física. Outrossim, ratifica-se a relevância de avaliações individuais e contextualizadas no ambiente hospitalar, o qual pode influenciar os fatores condicionantes a esse agravo.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the association of sociodemographic aspects and functional capacity with physical violence in hospitalized elderly people. Methods this was a multi-center, cross-sectional study of 323 elderly people treated at two university hospitals. The Conflict Tactics Scales, the scales for assessing basic and instrumental activities of daily living and a questionnaire adapted for assessing advanced activities of daily living were used. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results individual activities of daily living were associated with major physical violence, indicating an inversely proportional relationship between the variables, and independent elderly people for these activities are those who do not experience major physical violence (p=0.037). Conclusion the functional independence for instrumental activities of elderly inpatients is related to a lower probability of being a victim of physical violence. Contributions to practice the study points to unique findings in the relationship between physical violence and functional capacity, so that each type of activity of daily living can result in a different outcome for physical violence. It also confirms the importance of individual and contextualized assessments in the hospital environment, which can influence the conditioning factors for this condition.

What Do We Need to Know About Musculoskeletal Manifestations of COVID-19?: A Systematic Review.

¼: COVID-19 is a disease that is challenging science, health-care systems, and humanity. An astonishingly wide spectrum of manifestations of multi-organ damage, including musculoskeletal, can be associated with SARS-CoV-2. ¼: In the acute phase of COVID-19, fatigue, myalgia, and arthralgia are the most common musculoskeletal symptoms. ¼: Post-COVID-19 syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that are present for >12 weeks. The associated musculoskeletal manifestations are fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, new-onset back pain, muscle weakness, and poor physical performance. ¼: Data on COVID-19 complications are growing due to large absolute numbers of cases and survivors in these 2 years of the pandemic. Additional musculoskeletal manifestations encountered are falls by the elderly, increased mortality after hip fracture, reduced bone mineral density and osteoporosis, acute sarcopenia, rhabdomyolysis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, muscle denervation atrophy, fibromyalgia, rheumatological disease triggering, septic arthritis, adhesive capsulitis, myositis, critical illness myopathy, onset of latent muscular dystrophy, osteonecrosis, soft-tissue abscess, urticarial vasculitis with musculoskeletal manifestations, and necrotizing autoimmune myositis. ¼: A wide range of signs and symptoms involving the musculoskeletal system that affect quality of life and can result in a decrease in disability-adjusted life years. This powerful and unpredictable disease highlights the importance of multimodality imaging, continuing education, and multidisciplinary team care to support preventive measures, diagnosis, and treatment.

Abordagem da Enfermagem Forense na graduação: percepção de estudantes de enfermagem / Forensic nursing approach in graduation: perception of nursing students / Enfoque de enfermería forense en graduación: percepcion de estudiantes de enfermería

Objetivo: identificar a percepção que os estudantes de enfermagem possuem acerca da abordagem da Enfermagem Forense na graduação. Método: estudo descrivo, com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com 10 estudantes de enfermagem de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior privada Norte-brasileira. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre fevereiro e março de 2020, sendo utilizada uma entrevista semiestruturada com perguntas abertas, o qual tratou-se os dados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: as falas dos acadêmicos permitiram organizar a categoria: lacunas de conhecimento, formação curricular e inovação no ensino de enfermagem sobre a Enfermagem Forense. Conclusão: os estudantes percebem que a Enfermagem Forense ainda é pouco discutida nas disciplinas ofertadas pelo curso, consequentemente possuindo pouca formação acadêmica. É essencial a inclusão de docentes especialistas e a inserção de conteúdos forenses na dinâmica curricular do curso. (AU)

Objective: To identify the perception that nursing students have about the approach of Forensic Nursing in graduation. Methods: a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, developed with 10 nursing students from a private Higher Education Institution in North Brazil. Data collection occurred between February and March 2020, using a semi-structured interview with open questions, which dealt with the data through Bardin's Content Analysis. Results: The students speeches allow to organize the category: knowledge gaps, curricular formation and innovation in nursing education on Forensic Nursing. Conclusion: Students realize that Forensic Nursing is still little discussed in the disciplines offered by the course, consequently having little academic training. It is essential to include specialized documents and insert content for dynamic students in the course curriculum. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar la percepción que tienen los estudiantes de enfermería sobre el abordaje de la Enfermería Forense en la graduación. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo, desarrollado con 10 estudiantes de enfermería de una institución privada de educación superior en el norte de Brasil. La recolección de datos se realizó entre febrero y marzo de 2020, mediante una entrevista semiestructurada con preguntas abiertas, que trató los datos a través del Análisis de Contenido de Bardin. Resultados: Los discursos de los estudiantes permitieron organizar la categoría: brechas de conocimiento, formación curricular e innovación en la formación de enfermería en Enfermería Forense. Conclusión: Los estudiantes se dan cuenta de que la Enfermería Forense es aún poco discutida en las disciplinas que ofrece el curso, por lo que tiene poca formación académica. Es fundamental incluir profesores especialistas e insertar contenidos forenses en la dinámica curricular del curso. (AU)

Treatment of a Diaphyseal Tibial Malunion with Use of the Clamshell Osteotomy.

Malunion, nonunion, congenital abnormalities, and osteometabolic diseases are the main causes of long bone deformities1. Although the exact incidence is unclear, it is estimated that about 10% of all fractures have some complication in terms of fracture-healing. In addition to the aesthetic impact, malunions generally substantially impair function and quality of life1. Every malunion is unique, and treatment is usually planned according to the degree of deformity and the postoperative expectations of the patient2. However, it is noteworthy that deformity correction usually requires a high degree of surgical expertise. Several techniques have been proposed over the years, and new techniques that utilize current technologies are available, such as computer-assisted single-cut osteotomy3. In 2009, Russell et al. proposed the clamshell technique for diaphyseal malunions4-6. This technique is our preferred treatment for diaphyseal malunions and acute fractures in the setting of a previous malunion or deformity. The following videos will thoroughly describe the steps to perform this useful and effective surgical technique for malunion correction. DESCRIPTION: The key principle of the "clamshell osteotomy" is to create a comminuted fracture at the malunion site and utilize an intramedullary rod as a template for deformity correction4,5. ALTERNATIVES: Multiple osteotomy types and fixation methods are currently available for diaphyseal malunion correction. Among the osteotomies, opening or closing wedge, uniplanar, multiplanar, oblique, and dome methods may be utilized. In addition, several fixation methods can be utilized, including plates and screws, intramedullary rods, and external fixators2,6. RATIONALE: The clamshell technique is a useful and effective treatment option for diaphyseal malunions of the lower extremity. The ability to utilize an intramedullary nail as a template for deformity correction makes the procedure simpler than previously described techniques, which require perfect preoperative planning to avoid over- and undercorrection. The versatility of this procedure justifies its incorporation into the therapeutic arsenal for treatment of complex diaphyseal malunions. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: To our knowledge, all previously reported cases utilizing the clamshell osteotomy have resulted in positive outcomes4-6. Russell et al. presented a case series of 10 patients with posttraumatic diaphyseal malunions (4 femoral and 6 tibial), in which all patients showed coronal and sagittal-plane correction to within 4°, limb-length inequality correction to within 2 cm, and complete correction of translation, rotation, and joint-line orientation angles4. In addition, all osteotomies healed uneventfully. The reported complications included broken interlocking screws in 1 case, need for dynamization in 1 case, and superficial wound dehiscence in 2 cases (1 of which required surgical debridement). Pires et al. presented 4 cases of clamshell osteotomies performed for the treatment of acute fractures in the setting of a previous malunion. All osteotomies healed by 15 months (mean time to healing [and standard deviation], 6.8 ± 4.4)6. One of these 4 cases was a Gustilo-Anderson grade-IIIB open fracture that required muscle flap coverage and a subsequent Hernigou procedure6. When discussing treatment options with patients, it is important to clarify that there is currently no clear best technique to treat complex malunions; however, the clamshell osteotomy is a simpler procedure compared with others that have previously been described and has the benefits of quick rehabilitation and good deformity correction without the drawbacks of an external fixator4-6. IMPORTANT TIPS: Preserve the blood supply in the opposite cortex.Close the fascia before reaming the medullary canal.Do not ream the osteotomy site.Be sure to perform a bicortical osteotomy.Create a stable construct.

Atuação do enfermeiro forense em casos de agressão sexual no contexto norte-americano / Desempeño de la enfermera forense en casos de agresión sexual en el contexto norteamericano / Performance of the forensic nurse in cases of sexual aggression in North American context

Objetivo: descrever a atuação do enfermeiro forense em casos de agressão sexual no contexto da assistência norte-americana. Método: revisão integrativa, conduzida nas bases/plataformas indexadas: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, entre 2009 e 2019. Utilizou-se o Statement Preferred Reporting items For Systematic Reviews And Meta-Analyses, para a sistematização dos estudos. Resultados: sete artigos compuseram a amostra, os quais emergiram a categoria Atuação e capacitação ao exame forense dos enfermeiros forenses no atendimento de vítimas de violência sexual. Conclusão: a atuação deste profissional ocorre nos hospitais e clínicas especializadas, sendo aptos na realização da coleta de vestígios, exame físico, acolhimento, testemunho em crimes de violência, e no campo educacional para capacitar e treinar novos profissionais.(AU)

Objective: to describe the role of the forensic nurse in cases of sexual assault in the context of North American assistance. Method: integrative review, conducted on the indexed bases/platforms Scientific Electronic Library Online, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences and Medical Literature and Retrieval System, between 2009 and 2019. It was used o Statement Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes, for the systematization of studies. Results: seven articles made up the sample, which emerged the category Performance and training in the forensic examination of forensic nurses in the care of victims of sexual violence. Conclusion: the performance of this professional occurs in hospitals and specialized clinics, being able to carry out the collection of traces, physical examination, reception, testimony in crimes of violence, and in the educational field to train new professionals.(AU)

Objetivo: describir el rol de la enfermera forense en casos de agresión sexual en el contexto de la asistencia norteamericana. Método: revisión integradora, realizada en las bases/plataformas indexadas: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud y Literatura Médica y Retrieval System, entre 2009 y 2019. Se utilizó o Statement Preferred Reporting Ítems para Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metanálisis, para la sistematización de estudios. Resultados: siete artículos conformaron la muestra, de los cuales surgió la categoría Desempeño y capacitación en el examen forense de enfermeras forenses en la atención de víctimas de violencia sexual. Conclusión: la actuación de este profesional se da en hospitales y clínicas especializadas, pudiendo realizar la recolección de rastros, examen físico, recepción, testimonio en delitos de violencia, y en el ámbito educativo para capacitar a nuevos profesionales.(AU)

The hidden risk of ionizing radiation in the operating room: a survey among 258 orthopaedic surgeons in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to assess orthopaedic surgeon knowledge in Brazil about ionizing radiation and its health implications on surgical teams and patients. METHODS: A 15-question survey on theoretical and practical concepts of ionizing radiation was administered during the 23rd Brazilian Orthopaedic Trauma Association annual meeting. The survey addressed issues within orthopedic surgery, such as radiation safety concepts, protection, exposure, as well as the participant gender. Participants were either orthopedic surgeons or orthopedic surgery residents working at institutions in Brazil. RESULTS: One thousand surveys were distributed at the moment of the meeting registration, and 258 were answered completely (25.8% response rate). Only 5.8% of participants used basic radiation protection equipment; 47.3% used a dosimeter; 2.7% reached the annual maximum permissible radiation dose; 10.5% knew the period of increased risk to fetal gestation; 5.8% knew the maximum permissible radiation dose during pregnancy; 58.5% knew that the hands, eyes, and thyroid are the most exposed areas and at greater risk of radiation-related lesions; 25.2% knew the safe distance from a radiation-emitting tube is 3 m or more; 44.2% knew the safest positioning of the radiation-emitting tube; 25.2% knew that smaller tubes emit greater radiation at the entrance dose to magnify the image; and 55.4% knew that the surgery team receives more scattered radiation in surgical procedures performed on obese patients. CONCLUSION: This study revealed inadequate theoretical and practical knowledge about radiation exposure among orthopaedic surgeons in Brazil. Only a minority of orthopaedic surgeons used basic radiation protection equipment. No significant differences in knowledge were found when comparing all orthopedic surgery specialties. Our findings indicate an urgent need for education to increase knowledge among orthopaedic surgeons about the hazards of ionizing radiation. Personal protection and implementation of the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) protocol in daily practice are important behaviors to prevent the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.

Collection and culture of human connective tissue cells from gingival explant technique for oral tissue bioengineering / Colección de células de tejido conectivo humano a partir de la técnica de explante gingival para bioingeniería de tejidos orales

SUMMARY: Cell culture is an important tool in medical, odontological and biological research laboratories, supporting cell therapies and tissue bioengineering strategies. Gingival fibroblasts present structural function, being able to modulate their metabolic capacity, which is reflected in the tissue morphology. The possibility of culturing fibroblasts in vitro, in monolayer or on three-dimensional scaffolds, for subsequent transplants in vivo opens important perspectives for the periodontal surgical clinic. The objective of the present article is to present a method of obtaining and cultivating viable human gingival fibroblasts for in vitro research. Explants derived from periodontal surgical discards were used, grown in 25 cm2 bottles to obtain a primary cell culture. After observing the proliferation and growth of the fibroblasts that interconnected and formed a monolayer network, involving the periphery of the explants, it was possible to remove the explants, to make the passage and the new subcultures were obtained in a ratio of 1:1. After 7 days, the amount of viable cells was analyzed in triplicate, using the Neubauer chamber technique, in cell culture bottles of 25 mm2 (T25) and 75 mm2 (T75). Fibroblasts were described and subclassified morphologically. The results showed a growth pattern in both bottles, but with a larger number in bottles of 75 cm2. Cells with fibroblastic morphology were subclassified into reticular and fusiform, being predominant those with fusiform morphology. In conclusion, culture of explant of human gingival connective tissue is a viable method for obtaining gingival connective tissue cells suitable for laboratory tests in cell culture, aiming at obtaining constructs for gingival tissue engineering.

RESUMEN: El cultivo celular es una herramienta importante en los laboratorios de investigación médica, odontológica y biológica, que apoyan las terapias celulares y las estrategias de bioingeniería de tejidos. Los fibroblastos gingivales presentan una función estructural, pudiendo modular su capacidad metabólica, que se refleja en la morfología tisular. La posibilidad de cultivar fibroblastos in vitro, en monocapa o en andamios tridimensionales, para trasplantes posteriores in vivo abre perspectivas importantes para la clínica de cirugía periodontal. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar un método para obtener y cultivar fibroblastos gingivales humanos viables para investigación in vitro. Se utilizaron explantes derivados de los descartes quirúrgicos periodontales, crecidos en frascos de 25 cm2 para obtener un cultivo de células primarias. Después de observar la proliferación y el crecimiento de los fibroblastos que se interconectaron y formaron una red de monocapa, que involucraba la periferia de los explantes, fue posible eliminar los explantes, hacer el pasaje y los nuevos subcultivos se obtuvieron en una proporción de 1:1. Después de 7 días, la cantidad de células viables se analizó por triplicado, utilizando la técnica de cámara de Neubauer, en botellas de cultivo celular de 25 mm2 (T25) y 75 mm2 (T75). Los fibroblastos fueron descritos y sub-clasificados morfológicamente. Los resultados mostraron un patrón de crecimiento en ambas botellas, pero con un número mayor en botellas de 75 cm2. Las células con morfología fibroblástica se subclasificaron en reticulares y fusiformes, predominando aquellas con morfología fusiforme. En conclusión, el cultivo de explante de tejido conectivo gingival humano es un método viable para obtener células de tejido conectivo gingival adecuadas para pruebas de laboratorio en cultivos celulares, con el objetivo de obtener construcciones para la ingeniería del tejido gingival.

Technique and results of the first six cases of anal sphincteroplasty with Deoti's flap for complex anatomical deformity of the perineum / Técnica e resultados dos primeiros seis casos de esfincteroplastia anal com retalho Deoti para deformidade anatômica complexa do períneo

ABSTRACT Objectives: Anal sphincteroplasty with Deoti's flap is a recently published procedure for the treatment of fecal incontinence with severe perineal deformity. The aim of this study is to report six cases of patients, analyzing their results in fecal incontinence questionnaires and proposing a new scale to better assess our technique's main objective, the reconstruction of the perianal anatomy. Methods: Six patients were submitted to anal sphincteroplasty with Deoti's flap and follow-up was performed every six months. Functional results and Quality of Life were measured by Wexner Score and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale, respectively. Results: All operations were carried out without failure to perform Deoti's flap rotation. The sample presented medians of 18.5 and 3.5 on Wexner Score, before and after surgery, respectively. In the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale, the medians before and after surgery are, respectively, 1.75 and 3.35 (Scale 1), 1.54 and 2.60 (Scale 2), 2.35 and 3.28 (Scale 3), 1.49 and 3.33 (Scale 4). The p-values were 0.0173 for Wexner Score and 0.0260, 0.0411, 0.0368 and 0.0952 for Scales 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale, respectively. All patients presented sustained improvement in Wexner Score and in quality of life questionnaire (in all scales of Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale). Conclusions: Deoti's surgical flap with sphincteroplasty successfully reconstructs complex anatomical deformities of the perineum. Current questionnaires to assess fecal incontinence may not evaluate properly the anatomical result of the technique, thus we propose a visual scale. In addition, sphincteroplasty with Deoti's flap may have longer-term outcomes in functional results than sphincteroplasty alone.

RESUMO Objetivos: A esfincteroplastia anal com retalho Deoti é um procedimento publicado recentemente para o tratamento de deformidade perineal grave. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar seis pacientes, analisando seus resultados em questionários de incontinência fecal e propondo uma nova escala para avaliar melhor o objetivo principal da nossa técnica, a reconstrução da anatomia perianal. Métodos: Seis pacientes foram submetidos à esfincteroplastia anal com retalho de Deoti e o acompanhamento foi realizado a cada seis meses. Os resultados funcionais e a qualidade de vida foram medidos pelas Escalas Wexner Score e FIQL, respectivamente. Resultados: Não houve falhas na rotação do retalho Deoti. A amostra apresentou medianas de 18,5 e 3,5 na Wexner Score, antes e depois da cirurgia, respectivamente. Na Escala FIQL, as medianas antes e depois da cirurgia são, respectivamente, 1,75 e 3,35 (Escala 1); 1,54 e 2,60 (Escala 2); 2,35 e 3,28 (Escala 3); 1,49 e 3,33 (Escala 4). Os valores de p foram 0,0173 para Wexner Score e 0,0260; 0,0411; 0,0368 e 0,0952 para Escalas 1; 2; 3 e 4 de FIQL, respectivamente. Todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora sustentada na pontuação de Wexner e no questionário de qualidade de vida (em todas as escalas do FIQL). Conclusões: O retalho de Deoti com esfincteroplastia reconstrói com sucesso as deformidades anatômicas complexas do períneo. Os questionários atuais para avaliar a incontinência fecal podem não avaliar adequadamente o resultado anatômico da técnica, por isso propomos uma escala visual. Além disso, a esfincteroplastia com retalho de Deoti pode apresentar resultados funcionais mais duradouros do que a esfincteroplastia isolada.

Fecal incontinence and quality of life assessment through questionnaires / Avaliação da incontinência fecal e impacto na qualidade de vida por questionários

ABSTRACT Background: Fecal incontinence causes a big impact on patient's quality of life. Our study analyzed the main questionnaires about fecal incontinence available internationally, aiming to delineate vantages and limitations of these instruments and their application, to mention the cultural aspects involved in the process of development and validation, as well as to suggest a reflection about the complexity of this matter. Results: Four of the instruments (Pescatori score, FISI, MSKCC bowel function instrument, and LARS score) do not include quality of life, working only as diagnostic tools. Two others, 'Jorge and Wexner Fecal Incontinence score', and 'St Marks' Fecal incontinence grading system' can diagnose and grade fecal incontinence, however they are very subtle in assessing quality of life. The 'EORTC Colorectal Cancer-specific', on the other hand, focuses exclusively on quality of life. Although the 'FIQL' questionnaire assesses quality of life related to fecal incontinence, it does not measure leakage. Lastly, the 'RAFIS' assesses both aspects but too superficially. Conclusion: None of the questionnaires analyzed were able to simultaneously assess both fecal incontinence and quality of life successfully. Furthermore, the concepts related to fecal incontinence have different meanings depending on the cultural and psychosocial context. These differences are even greater when individuals of developed countries like the ones where these questionnaires were developed are compared to the ones of developing countries, such as Brazil, which makes its very hard for these instruments to be used universally.

RESUMO Contexto: A incontinência anal acarreta grande impacto na qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes. Nosso estudo analisou os principais questionários sobre o tema disponíveis na literatura internacional, visando delinear vantagens e limitações desses instrumentos e de sua correta aplicação, bem como citar os aspectos culturais envolvidos no processo de sua criação e validação, e sugerir uma reflexão sobre a complexidade do tema. Métodos: Nessa revisão assistemática, utilizamos três bases de dados eletrônicas (MEDLINE, LILACS, e DeCS) para encontrar os 9 questionários mais utilizados no mundo, e palavras-chave relacionadas. Resultados: Quatro dos instrumentos estudados (Pescatori score, FISI, MSKCC bowel function instrument, e o LARS score) não abordam QV, funcionando apenas para diagnóstico. Outros dois, o 'Jorge and Wexner FI score', e o 'St Marks' FI grading system' diagnosticam e graduam bem a incontinência, porém apenas avaliam brevemente a QV. O 'EORTC Colorectal Cancer-specific', por sua vez, foca exclusivamente na QV. O questionário 'FIQL' apesar de conseguir avaliar a QV relacionada à função intestinal, não avalia vazamentos. Por fim, o 'RAFIS' avalia de forma muito simplificada esses aspectos. Conclusão: Nenhum dos questionários analisados se mostrou eficiente na avaliação simultânea da incontinência e da QV. Além disso, os conceitos que envolvem incontinência anal apresentam significados diferentes dependendo do contexto cultural e psicossocial. Essas diferenças são ainda maiores quando se comparam indivíduos dos países desenvolvidos onde esses questionários foram desenvolvidos, com os de países subdesenvolvidos como o Brasil, dificultando sua aplicação de forma universal.

Viruses vector control proposal: genus Aedes emphasis

Abstract The dengue fever is a major public health problem in the world. In Brazil, in 2015, there were 1,534,932 cases, being 20,320 cases of severe form, and 811 deaths related to this disease. The distribution of Aedes aegypti, the vector, is extensive. Recently, Zika and Chikungunya viruses had arisen, sharing the same vector as dengue and became a huge public health issue. Without specific treatment, it is urgently required as an effective vector control. This article is focused on reviewing vector control strategies, their effectiveness, viability and economical impact. Among all, the Sterile Insect Technique is highlighted as the best option to be adopted in Brazil, once it is largely effectively used in the USA and Mexico for plagues related to agribusiness.

Viruses vector control proposal: genus Aedes emphasis.

The dengue fever is a major public health problem in the world. In Brazil, in 2015, there were 1,534,932 cases, being 20,320 cases of severe form, and 811 deaths related to this disease. The distribution of Aedes aegypti, the vector, is extensive. Recently, Zika and Chikungunya viruses had arisen, sharing the same vector as dengue and became a huge public health issue. Without specific treatment, it is urgently required as an effective vector control. This article is focused on reviewing vector control strategies, their effectiveness, viability and economical impact. Among all, the Sterile Insect Technique is highlighted as the best option to be adopted in Brazil, once it is largely effectively used in the USA and Mexico for plagues related to agribusiness.

Deoti surgical flap and sphincteroplasty for treatment of severe perineal deformity / Retalho cirúrgico de Deoti mais esfincteroplastia para tratamento de deformidade perineal grave

ABSTRACT Purpose: Anal incontinence is a very stigmatizing condition, which affects biopsychosocially the patient. It is a neglected, but quite common complication of obstetric and anorectal surgery, however it has treatment options. None of the treatment options have exceptional efficacy rates and still associated with risk of recurrence. The surgery techniques known are: anterior and posterior shortening procedure; post-anal repair; anterior elevator plasty and external sphincter plication; total pelvic floor repair and sphincter repair. None of them use a flap rotation of adipose tissue. The purpose is to propose a new surgery technique of anal sphincteroplasty, which uses flap rotation, for severe perineal deformity associated with anal incontinence. Methods: Patient with severe perineal deformity and anal incontinence treated with a new surgery technique of sphincteroplasty with flap rotation. Results: The severe perineal deformity was corrected with both esthetic and functional results. Anal continence measured by Wexner and Jorge assessment in a follow-up period of 2 years after the intervention. Pictures and video show esthetic and functional aspects. Conclusion: This is the first time that a flap rotation is used to treat a severe perineal deformity. And the technique presented promising outcomes, which allows perineum reconstruction that is similar to the original anatomy. Therefore, this technique is justified to better evaluate its efficiency and the impact on patients' prognosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: A incontinência anal é uma condição muito estigmatizante, que afeta biopsicossocialmente o paciente. É uma complicação negligenciada, mas bastante comum da cirurgia obstétrica e anorretal, no entanto, tem opções de tratamento. Nenhuma das opções de tratamento tem taxas de eficácia excepcionais e ainda está associada ao risco de recorrência. As técnicas cirúrgicas conhecidas são: procedimento de encurtamento anterior e posterior; reparação pós-anal; plástica do elevador anterior e plicatura externa do esfíncter; reparo total do assoalho pélvico e reparo do esfíncter. Nenhum deles utiliza uma rotação de retalho de tecido adiposo. O objetivo é propor uma nova técnica cirúrgica de esfincteroplastia anal, que utiliza a rotação de retalho, para deformidade perineal grave associada à incontinência anal. Métodos: Paciente com deformidade perineal grave e incontinência anal tratada com nova técnica cirúrgica de esfincteroplastia com rotação de retalho. Resultados: A deformidade perineal grave foi corrigida com resultados estéticos e funcionais. Continência anal medida pela avaliação de Wexner & Jorge em um período de seguimento de 2 anos após a intervenção. Imagens e vídeo mostram aspectos estéticos e funcionais. Conclusão: Esta é a primeira vez que uma rotação de retalho é usada para tratar uma deformidade perineal grave. E a técnica apresentou resultados promissores, o que permite a reconstrução do períneo semelhante à anatomia original. Portanto, esta técnica é justificada para melhor avaliar sua eficiência e o impacto no prognóstico dos pacientes.

Acute esophageal necrosis.

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) or "black esophagus" is a rare condition presented by patients with critical state of health and characterized by a darkened esophagus, usually the distal third, in upper digestive endoscopy. The main clinical manifestation is upper gastrointestinal bleeding and there may be abdominal pain, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, fever and syncope associated. The diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion and performing endoscopy, the biopsy not being required. In this article we present a case of a patient who had lots of comorbidities and developed AEN during a post-operative period, and discuss the importance of AEN in an increasingly ageing population.

Rapid maxillary expansion: Do banded teeth develop more external root resorption than non-banded anchorage teeth?

OBJECTIVE: To compare external root resorption (ERR) when bands and wires are used as orthodontic anchorage during rapid maxillary expansion (RME). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Histologic analysis was performed on 108 sites from 18 maxillary first premolars and on 36 sites from six mandibular first premolars in nine subjects (mean age = 15.2 ± 1.4 years) 3 months after RME. Maxillary teeth were pooled into two groups (n = 54 each) according to the type of orthodontic anchorage (band group [BG] vs wire group [WG]). Anchorage type was randomly chosen in a split-mouth design. Mandibular first premolars, which were not subjected to orthodontic forces, were used as the control group (CG). RESULTS: All premolars in the BG and WG showed ERR at the level of the cementum and dentin. Repair with cementum cells was observed in all resorption areas, but complete repair was rarely found. No statistically significant difference was found between the BG and WG with regard to the ERR. No association was found between the root height position (middle or cervical third) and the incidence of ERR. Buccal root surfaces showed a higher amount of ERR compared with the palatal and interproximal surfaces. ERR was not found in any teeth in the CG. CONCLUSION: All maxillary first premolars subjected to RME showed ERR and partial cementum repair. Banded teeth did not develop more ERR than nonbanded anchorage teeth.