Factors associated with hand hygiene adherence among healthcare workers in Guatemala during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infections are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries and may be reduced through proper hand hygiene (HH) adherence during patient care. AIM: We produced and distributed alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) to 19 public primary- and secondary-level healthcare facilities in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, and carried out HH observations to assess healthcare workers' (HCWs) HH adherence, and to identify factors associated with this practice. HH adherence was defined as washing hands with soap and water or using ABHR. METHODS: Observations were conducted before (2021, baseline) and after (2022, follow-up) ABHR distribution to evaluate the evolution of HH practices over time. Bivariate comparisons and mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to explore associations between HH adherence and the following independent variables: healthcare facility level, type of contact performed, timing of HH performance, occupational category of HCW and materials present (e.g., water, soap, ABHR). FINDINGS: We observed 243 and 300 patient interactions among 67 and 82 HCWs at each time point, respectively. HH adherence was low for both observation periods (40% at baseline and 35% at follow-up). HCWs were more likely to adhere to HH during invasive contacts, after patient contact, and if the HCW was a physician. CONCLUSION: HH adherence varied by scenario, which underscores the importance of addressing multiple determinants of behaviour change to improve adherence. This requires interventions implemented with a multi-modal approach that includes both increasing access to HH materials and infrastructure, as well as HH education and training, monitoring and feedback, reminders, and promoting a HH safety culture.

Informal sale of antibiotics in Guatemalan convenience stores before and after implementation of federal antibiotic dispensing legislation.

BACKGROUND: Convenience stores in Guatemala provide essential consumer goods in communities, but many dispense antibiotics illegally. Federal legislation, passed in August of 2019, requires prescriptions for antibiotic purchase at pharmacies but it is unclear if this legislation is enforced or if it has any impact on unlawful sales of antibiotics. METHODS: To determine if antibiotic availability changed in convenience stores, we carried out a repeated measures study collecting antibiotic availability data before and after implementation of the dispensing regulation. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the proportion of convenience stores that sold antibiotics before and after antibiotic regulations [66.6% (295/443) and 66.7% (323/484), respectively, P>0.96], nor in the number of stores selling amoxicillin [55.5% (246/443) and 52.3% (253/484), respectively, P>0.96], but fewer stores (20%) sold tetracycline capsules after regulation was passed (P<0.05). For stores visited both before and after passage of legislation (n=157), 15% stopped selling antibiotics while 25% started selling antibiotics. Antibiotics from convenience stores were reportedly sold for use in people and animals. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotics remain widely available in convenience stores consistent with no significant change in the informal sector after implementation of prescription requirements for pharmacies. Importantly, effects from regulatory change could have been masked by potential changes in antibiotic use during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in brain and immune cells of Oreochromis niloticus.

Nervous and immune systems maintain a bidirectional communication, expressing receptors for neurotransmitters and cytokines. Despite being well established in mammals, this has been poorly described in lower vertebrates as fishes. Experimental evidence shows that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) regulates the immune response. In this research, we evaluated mRNA levels of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and compared the expression levels of immune cells with the brain. The mAChR subtypes (M2-M5A) were detected in both tissues, but mAChRs mRNA levels were higher in immune cells. This data have a potential use in biomedical and comparative immunology fields.

Phagocytosis and ROS production as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leukocytes by exposure to organophosphorus pesticides.

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are broad-spectrum insecticides. One of the commonly used OPs is diazinon (DZN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effect of DZN on phagocytic parameters of blood leukocytes using the teleost fish Oreochromis niloticus as a study model. For this purpose, fish were exposed in vivo to 0.97, 1.95 and 3.97 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Our results indicated that phagocytic active cells decreased in fish exposed in vivo to 0.97 and 1.95 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Regarding ROS production, H2O2 and O2- levels were higher on fish exposed to 1.95 mg/L for 6 and 24 h, while H2O2 production increased at 0.97 mg/L for 24 h. From this we can conclude that phagocytic parameters are sensitive to assess the effect of acute intoxication with organophosphorus pesticides on Nile tilapia.

Behavioral and subjective health changes in US and Mexico border residing participants in two promotora-led chronic disease preventive interventions.

Chronic diseases are the primary health burden among Mexican-origin populations and health promotion efforts have not been able to change negative population trends. This research presents behavioral and subjective health impacts of two related community health worker (CHW) interventions conducted in the US-Mexico border region. Pasos Adelante (United States) and Meta Salud (Mexico) are 12-13 week CHW-led preventive interventions implemented with Mexico-origin adults. Curricula include active learning modules to promote healthy dietary changes and increasing physical activity; they also incorporate strategies to promote social support, empowerment and group exercise components responsive to their communities. Questionnaire data at baseline (N = 347 for Pasos; 171 for Meta Salud), program completion and 3-month follow-up were analyzed. Results showed statistically significant improvements in multiple reported dietary, physical activity and subjective health indicators. Furthermore, at follow-up across both cohorts there were ≥10% improvements in participants' meeting recommended physical activity guidelines, consumption of whole milk, days of poor mental health and self-rated health. While this study identifies some robust health improvements and contributes to the evidence base for these interventions current dissemination, the lack of change observed for some targeted behaviors (e.g. time sitting) suggests they may have stronger overall impacts with curricula refinement.

Human Neutrophil Defensin-1, -3, and -4 Are Elevated in Nasal Aspirates from Children with Naturally Occurring Adenovirus Infection.

Background: Adenoviruses are highly contagious pathogens which cause respiratory disease particularly in children; they may induce severe disease in infants. Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) have been found to exhibit antiadenoviral activity. Thus, we have investigated HNPs in nasal aspirates (NAs) of children suffering from adenoviral common cold. Objective: To investigate the release of HNP-1-4 in adenovirus infection and the relationship with self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections. Methods: Nasal aspirate samples (n=14) were obtained from children (aged 6-12 years) infected with adenovirus between June 2012 and December 2015. Control samples were taken 4 weeks after infection when the children were asymptomatic. Levels of HNPs were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There were increased levels of HNP-1, -3, and -4, but not HNP-2, in nasal aspirates (NAs) during adenovirus infections compared to healthy specimens (p ≤ 0.01). Moreover, there was also increase in the neutrophil count, which is a known cell source of HNPs. Conclusion: Our finding supports the involvement of HNP-1, -3, and -4 in naturally occurring cold in children infected with adenovirus. Because of their known antiviral properties, it is tempting to hypothesize that HNPs might play a protective role in adenovirus-induced respiratory disease; however, this remains to be shown.

Seguridad de las fluoroquinolonas: riesgos habitualmente olvidados para el clínico / Safety of fluoroquinolones: risks usually forgotten for the clinician

Resumen Las quinolonas constituyen una familia de antimicrobianos de amplio uso y si bien son consideradas segura para los pacientes, el conocimiento del perfil de seguridad es necesario para que los profesionales estén alertas a lo que deben vigilar. Sobre el sistema músculo-esquelético, las quinolonas tienen el potencial de dañar cartílagos, provocando incluso muy excepcionalmente rotura de tendón. A nivel endocrino se ha observado hipoglicemia/hiperglicemia, por lo que en pacientes diabéticos se recomienda el control cuidadoso de la glicemia. Las reacciones adversas cardiovasculares son poco frecuentes, pero pueden ir desde alteraciones del ECG como prolongación del QT sin traducción clínica a graves arritmias que pueden ser de riesgo vital. En el sistema nervioso, destaca la aparición de alteraciones del sistema nervioso central y la neuropatía periférica. Durante la evaluación de la seguridad de las quinolonas es importante considerar las potenciales interacciones con otros medicamentos. En niños se prefiere no usar las fluoroquinolonas debido al potencial riesgo de daño a los cartílagos de crecimiento, efectos que no parecen ser tan dramáticos a la luz de la evidencia actual. A pesar del optimismo se debe evaluar la seguridad del tratamiento de estos antimicrobianos en todo paciente pediátrico.

Quinolones are a group of widely used antimicrobials. Although they are considered safe for patients, knowledge of the safety profile is necessary so that professionals become aware of what is necessary to monitor. At the musculoskeletal level, quinolones have the potential to damage cartilage, causing even tendon rupture in infrequent cases. Hypoglycemia / hyperglycemia has been observed at the endocrine level, thus, careful monitoring of glycemia in patients with quinolone is recommended in diabetic patients. At the cardiovascular level, arrhythmias induced by these antimicrobials are rare but severe. At the level of the nervous system, the appearance of alterations of the central nervous system and the peripheral neuropathy are emphasized. When assessing the safety of quinolones, it is important to consider potential interactions with other substances (medical products). In children it is preferred not to use fluoroquinolones because of the potential risk of cartilage damage and growth, effects that do not seem to be so dramatic in the face of new evidence. Despite optimism, the safety of the treatment of these antimicrobials should be evaluated in every pediatric patient.

[Safety of fluoroquinolones: risks usually forgotten for the clinician]. / Seguridad de las fluoroquinolonas: riesgos habitualmente olvidados para el clínico.

Quinolones are a group of widely used antimicrobials. Although they are considered safe for patients, knowledge of the safety profile is necessary so that professionals become aware of what is necessary to monitor. At the musculoskeletal level, quinolones have the potential to damage cartilage, causing even tendon rupture in infrequent cases. Hypoglycemia / hyperglycemia has been observed at the endocrine level, thus, careful monitoring of glycemia in patients with quinolone is recommended in diabetic patients. At the cardiovascular level, arrhythmias induced by these antimicrobials are rare but severe. At the level of the nervous system, the appearance of alterations of the central nervous system and the peripheral neuropathy are emphasized. When assessing the safety of quinolones, it is important to consider potential interactions with other substances (medical products). In children it is preferred not to use fluoroquinolones because of the potential risk of cartilage damage and growth, effects that do not seem to be so dramatic in the face of new evidence. Despite optimism, the safety of the treatment of these antimicrobials should be evaluated in every pediatric patient.

Cinemática fisiológica de rodilla en futbolistas amateur: análisis 3D / Physiological kinematics of the knee in amateur soccer players: a 3D analysis

La lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) tiene un alta prevalencia en jugadores de fútbol. En esta disciplina, las carreras con cambios de dirección son frecuentes y pueden ser un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de lesiones del LCA sin contacto. Objetivo: Describir en futbolistas jóvenes los rangos cinemáticos fisiológicos de rodilla sometida a tareas funcionales con cambios bruscos de dirección. Método: En una muestra de ocho futbolistas con rodillas clínicamente sanas, se evaluó, mediante un sistema de análisis de movimiento 3D, la cinemática de la rodilla de apoyo durante la ejecución de tres tareas funcionales, dos de estas implicaron cambios de dirección en 90° (CD90°) y 180° (CD180°), la tercera golpear un balón (GB). Los rangos fisiológicos de movimiento (ROM) fueron registrados y comparados en la misma rodilla en tres planos diferentes (T-Transversal; F-Frontal; S-Sagital). Resultados: Los rangos fisiológicos obtenidos fueron para las tareas funcionales CD90°: T 11°(13-8), F 5.6° (11-4) y S 22°(30-17); para CD180°: T 9°(12-8), F 6.3°(8-5) y S 17.6°(21-14); y para GB: T 9°(10-5), F 3.8°(10-2), y S 9.6°(15-6). El ROM fue significativamente mayor en el plano transversal para la tarea CD90°. El el plano sagital el ROM fue mayor para CD90° comparado con GB (p<.05), sin embargo no hubo diferencias respecto a la tarea CD180°. No existen diferencias del ROM en el plano frontal. Conclusión: Se logró describir los rangos cinemáticos fisiológicos de la rodilla durante la ejecución de tres tareas funcionales que implicaron cambios bruscos de dirección en futbolistas amateur. En la muestra evaluada, la prueba que produjo una mayor exigencia de los rangos articulares de rodilla en los planos transversal y sagital fue la prueba con cambio de dirección en 90°...

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesions are frequent among soccer players. In this sport cutting movements are usually made while running and may be a risk factor in developing non-contact ACL injuries. Purpose: To describe the physiological kinematics of the knee during sudden change of direction movements in amateur soccer players. Methods:Eight amateur soccer players without previous injuries were analysed. The kinematics of the support knee were evaluated using 3D motion analysis while executing 3 common manoeuvres: two of them involved a change of direction at 90° and 180° (CD90° and CD180°), and the third while kicking a ball (GB). Physiological articular ranges of motion (ROM) were recorded and compared for the same knee in three different planes (T-Transversal; F-Frontal; S-Sagittal). Results: The physiological ranges obtained were, for manouvre CD90°: T 11°(13-8), F 5.6° (11-4) and S 22°(30-17); for CD180°: T 9°(12-8), F 6.3°(8-5) and S 17.6°(21-14); and for GB: T 9°(10-5), F 3.8°(10-2), and S 9.6°(15-6). ROM was significantly greater in the transversal plane for the CD90° manoeuvre (P<.05). In the sagittal plane, ROM was greater for the CD90° when compared to the GB (P<.05), but no differences were seen when compared to the CD180° manoeuvre (P>.05). There were no differences in ROM in the frontal plane. Conclusion: A description of the physiological kinematic ranges of the knee during three sudden changes of direction manoeuvres in amateur soccer players was presented. According to our results, change of direction in 90° demands a higher range of motion in both the transversal and sagittal planes...

Community-based sampling methods for surveillance of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae).

In Guatemala, the most widespread vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the causative agent of Chagas disease, is Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). T. dimidiata is native to Guatemala and is present in both domestic and sylvatic habitats. Consequently, control of T. dimidiata is difficult because after successful elimination from homes, individual insects can recolonize homes from the surrounding environment. Therefore, intensive long-term surveillance of this species is essential to ensure adequate control is achieved. Manual inspection for signs of infestation, the current method used to monitor Triatominae throughout Central and South America, is labor and time-consuming, so cost-effective alternatives are needed. The current study compared the effectiveness of the current method of surveillance of T. dimidiata with community-based techniques of G6mez-Nuñez sensor boxes, collection and observation of bugs by householders, and presence of triatomine-like feces on walls. Although manual inspection was the most sensitive method when used alone, collection by householders also was sensitive and specific and involved less effort. Sensor boxes were not sensitive indicators of T. dimidiata infestation when used alone. Two recorded variables, visual inspection for feces and the sighting of bugs by householders, were sensitive and specific indicators of infestation, and in combination with collection by householders and sensor boxes these methods were significantly more likely to detect infestations than manual inspection alone. A surveillance program that combines multiple community-based techniques should have low cost and involve minimal effort from the government and at the same time promote sustainable community involvement in disease prevention.

Risk factors for domestic infestation by the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma dimidiata in Chiquimula, Guatemala.

In Guatemala prior to control initiatives, the main vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, were Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata. This study conducted in 2006 in the department of Chiquimula recorded a high level of T. dimidiata infestation and an absence of R. prolixus in all surveyed communities. In Guatemala, the presence of T. dimidiata as domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic populations results in control difficulties as houses are re-infested from the surrounding environment. Entomological surveys, the current method used to select houses in need of control efforts, are labour intensive and time consuming. A time- and cost-effective way to prioritize houses for evaluation and subsequent treatment is the stratification of houses based on the risk of triatomine infestation. In the present study, 17 anthropogenic risk factors were evaluated for associations with house infestation of T. dimidiata including: wall, floor and roof type. There was an increased likelihood of domestic infestation with T. dimidiata associated with the presence of dirt floors (18/29; OR 8.075, 95% CI 2.13-30.6), uncoated bajareque walls (12/17; OR 4.80, 95% CI 1.35-17.1) and triatomine-like faeces on walls (16/26; OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.19-12.7). These factors could be used to target control of T. dimidiata to communities with an increased risk of being infested.

Resistance of Fasciola hepatica against Triclabendazole in cattle in Cajamarca (Peru): a clinical trial and an in vivo efficacy test in sheep.

Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica, is the most prevalent parasitic disease in dairy cattle from the northern region of Cajamarca, Peru. The control of this parasite is based on the use of Triclabendazole (TCBZ), a drug that has been used for more than fifteen years in this area. Recent studies, however, have reported a lack of clinical efficacy after treating dairy cattle. This research was aimed to determine the efficacy of TCBZ in a clinical trial. Eleven dairy cows all positive to F. hepatica identified by presence of eggs in feces, were treated with TCBZ (Fasinex(®) 10%) at 12 mg/kg body weight. Fourteen and thirty days after treatment, the animals were analyzed for F. hepatica eggs in their feces by the fecal egg count reduction test. The results found show an overall efficacy of 31.05% and 13. 63% (14 and 30 days post treatment, respectively). Furthermore, an in vivo efficacy test was conducted in sheep with metacercariae obtained from eggs isolated from a cow clinically resistant to TCBZ. Eleven sheep divided in two groups, a control group with no treatment (n=5) and a treated group (n=6) were all infected with two hundred metacercariae. One hundred and six days after infection all the animals demonstrated F. hepatica eggs in their feces, confirming the presence of adult parasites in their livers. The animals were then treated with TCBZ (Fasinex(®) 10%) at 10mg/kg body weight. Fifteen days later, the animals were sacrificed and the number of F. hepatica in their livers counted. The results of this experiment showed an efficacy of the flukicide of 25.2% confirming the resistance to TCBZ of the F. hepatica isolated from dairy cattle in Cajamarca, Peru.

Análise epidemiológica das condenações de bovinos por tuberculose em abatedouros do estado de São Paulo / Epidemiological analysis of the bovine tuberculosis condemnations in abattoirs in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

A partir de informações e amostras coletadas em abatedouro, o presente estudo estabeleceu o perfil dos animais condenados por tuberculose em abatedouros do Estado de São Paulo e também caracterizou as suas propriedades de origem. Entre maio de 2002 a janeiro de 2004, foram colhidas 587 amostras de lesões sugestivas de tuberculose em 79 abatedouros bovinos do Estado de São Paulo, das quais foram obtidos 253 isolados de Mycobacterium bovis. Um conjunto de informações sobre as carcaças condenadas acompanhou cada amostra colhida e as propriedades de origem desses animais foram rastreadas e nelas foi aplicado um questionário. A análise dos resultados permitiu concluir que a tuberculose bovina no Estado de São Paulo está mais concentrada em rebanhos de leite com algum grau de tecnificação da produção e que acomete preferencialmente fêmeas leiteiras de raças europeias com idade superior a 36 meses. Além disso, as propriedades foco de tuberculose praticam a introdução e a venda de animais aparentemente sem a realização de testes tuberculínicos, contribuindo para a disseminação da doença.

Analyzing data and samples collected at abattoirs in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, the present study provided a profile of the tuberculosis condemned bovine and characterized their herds. From May/2002 to January/2004, tuberculosis lesions from 587 animals were sampled in 79 abattoirs, and from these samples a total of 253 Mycobacterium bovis isolates were obtained. The herds of these animals were tracked down and an epidemiological questionnaire was applied. A dataset about the condemned carcasses was attached to each sample. The data analyses showed that bovine tuberculosis in São Paulo state is concentrated in dairy herds with some sophistication of the production system and mostly affects dairy cows of European breeds older than 36 months. Moreover, the owners of infected herds sell animals without testing them for tuberculosis, contributing to the spread of the disease.

ANÁLISE EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DAS CONDENAÇÕES DE BOVINOS POR TUBERCULOSE EM ABATEDOUROS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

ABSTRACT Analyzing data and samples collected at abattoirs in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, the present study provided a profile of the tuberculosis condemned bovine and characterized their herds. From May/2002 to January/2004, tuberculosis lesions from 587 animals were sampled in 79 abattoirs, and from these samples a total of 253 Mycobacterium bovis isolates were obtained. The herds of these animals were tracked down and an epidemiological questionnaire was applied. A dataset about the condemned carcasses was attached to each sample. The data analyses showed that bovine tuberculosis in São Paulo state is concentrated in dairy herds with some sophistication of the production system and mostly affects dairy cows of European breeds older than 36 months. Moreover, the owners of infected herds sell animals without testing them for tuberculosis, contributing to the spread of the disease.

RESUMO A partir de informações e amostras coletadas em abatedouro, o presente estudo estabeleceu o perfil dos animais condenados por tuberculose em abatedouros do Estado de São Paulo e também caracterizou as suas propriedades de origem. Entre maio de 2002 a janeiro de 2004, foram colhidas 587 amostras de lesões sugestivas de tuberculose em 79 abatedouros bovinos do Estado de São Paulo, das quais foram obtidos 253 isolados de Mycobacterium bovis. Um conjunto de informações sobre as carcaças condenadas acompanhou cada amostra colhida e as propriedades de origem desses animais foram rastreadas e nelas foi aplicado um questionário. A análise dos resultados permitiu concluir que a tuberculose bovina no Estado de São Paulo está mais concentrada em rebanhos de leite com algum grau de tecnificação da produção e que acomete preferencialmente fêmeas leiteiras de raças europeias com idade superior a 36 meses. Além disso, as propriedades foco de tuberculose praticam a introdução e a venda de animais aparentemente sem a realização de testes tuberculínicos, contribuindo para a disseminação da doença.

Culex flavivirus isolates from mosquitoes in Guatemala.

A new strain of Culex flavivirus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, CxFV), an insect virus first described in Japan, was isolated from adult Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in 2006 from Izabal Department on the Caribbean coast of Guatemala. Mosquito pools were assayed for flavivirus RNA by using flavivirus group-specific primers that amplified a 720-bp region of the nonstructural (NS) 5 gene by standard reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. From 210 pools (1,699 mosquitoes), eight tested positive, and six of these mosquito pools produced virus isolates in Aedes albopictus Skuse C6/36 cells. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the eight flavivirus RNA-positive pools showed that there was 100% identity among them, and phylogenetic analysis of the NS5 and envelope gene regions indicated that they represent a strain of the recently described CxFV from Japan. This is the first report of an insect flavivirus from Central America.

Morphological, rheological and mechanical characterization of polypropylene nanocomposite blends.

In the present work, the effectiveness of styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene rubbers grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) and a metallocene polyethylene (mPE) as toughening materials in binary and ternary blends with polypropylene and its nanocomposite as continuous phases was evaluated in terms of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), oscillatory shear flow and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA). The flexural modulus and heat distortion temperature values were determined as well. A metallocene polyethylene and a polyamide-6 were used as dispersed phases in these binary and ternary blends produced via melt blending in a corotating twin-screw extruder. Results showed that the compatibilized blends prepared without clay are tougher than those prepared with the nanocomposite of PP as the matrix phase and no significant changes in shear viscosity, melt elasticity, flexural or storage moduli and heat distortion temperature values were observed between them. However, the binary blend with a nanocomposite of PP as matrix and metallocene polyethylene phase exhibited better toughness, lower shear viscosity, flexural modulus, and heat distortion temperature values than that prepared with polyamide-6 as dispersed phase. These results are related to the degree of clay dispersion in the PP and to the type of morphology developed in the different blends.

TBC ganglionar en escolar: a propósito de un caso / Ganglionar tuberculosis (TBC)in a school: a purpose of a case

Mycobacterium tuberculosis es un bacilo acido alcohol resistente. Las formas clínicas de la enfermedad pueden ser intratoraxicas 80 por ciento o extratoraxicas. El diagnóstico se confirma al aislar el Mycobacterium por cultivo, muestras de aspiración gástrica, esputo, la prueba de Tuberculina para personas asintomáticas, líquido de lavado bronquial, líquido pleural y cefalorraquídeo, o muestra de biopsia. La mejor manera de diagnósticar tuberculosis pulmonar en niños de corta edad con tos no productiva es el material de aspirado estomacal en la mañana. El Tratamiento usado son las drogas de primera línea: Izoniacida, Rifampicina, Pirazinamida. Se trata de Escolar masculino de 7 años de edad, quien es traído por presentar de 4 meses de evolución fiebre no cuantificada que cede momentáneamente con antipirético. Concomitantemente de 8 días de evolución aumento de volumen en región supraclavicular izquierda que fue aumentando progresivamente, motivo por el cual acude a este centro asistencial decidiéndose su ingreso; con antecedente de Hermano falleció de 12 años por TBC Extrapulmonar. Se le realiza RX de torax muestra ensanchamiento del mediastino superior con imagen nodular izquierda y derecha, además de PPD (+) 15 mm.Rx de tórax que muestra ensanchamiento del mediastino superior donde se evidencia imagen nodular izquierda y derecha, así mismo TAC de cuello-tórax-abdominal que reporta Adenomegalia en región supraclavicular izquierda y conglomerados adenomegalicos en mediastino, biopsia de ganglio cervical que posteriormente reporta Bacilo Acido Alcohol Resistente. Se inicia tratamiento con Izoniacida, Rifampicina, Pirazinamida, con evolución clínica satisfactoria.

Hepatoblastoma en el recien nacido: reporte de un caso / Hepatoblastoma in newborn: a case report

El hepatoblastoma en el recién nacido tiene una baja incidencia, sin embargo es el tumor hepático maligno más común. Solo un 4 por ciento se diagnostica al momento del nacimiento y es muy raro el diagnóstico prenatal. El hepatoblastoma se asocia a malformaciones o condiciones genéticas como el síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann, también con el muy bajo peso al nacer. La quimioterapia preoperatoria mejora las posibilidades de resección y trasplante, así como se reporta mejoría de la sobrevida de un 40 por ciento a un 90 por ciento. Se describe el caso de un recién nacido con un hepatoblastoma de tipo epitelial, en estadio IV dada la imposibilidad de resección primaria.

Patrón de resistencia del staphylococcus aureus a oxacilina en cultivos de muestras de secreción de partes blandas en el Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz, San Cristóbal-estado Táchira desde 1998-2006 / Resistance pattern of the staphylococcus aureus to oxacilina in cultures of samples of secretion of soft tissue: Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz San Cristóbal, state-Táchira 1998-2006

El Staphylococcus aureus es una bacteria ampliamente difundida que ha emergido en las últimas cuatro décadascausante de una gran variedad de enfermedades que van desde leves infecciones en piel pasando por casos de Escarlatina y Síndrome de Piel Escarlatina hasta llegar al terrible Síndrome de Shock Toxico Stafilococico (SSTS). Existe un rápido aumento a nivel mundial en el número de bacterias resistentes a antibióticos; debido al uso excesivo o mal uso de antibióticos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la resistencia del Staphylococcus aureus (SA) a algunos antimicrobianos; provenientes de cultivos obtenidos durante el período 1998-2006. Los datos se obtuvieron del Departamento de Microbiología del Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz de San Cristóbal Estado Táchira; sólo se tomaron aquellos cultivos realizados en secreciones de lesiones de partes blandas, independientemente de la condición de base del paciente. Mediante disco de difusión se evaluó la resistencia de la bacteria a los siguientes antibióticos: oxacilina, clindamicina y vancomicina. Los resultados fueron consignados en una ficha organizada por año y edad. Analizamos 216 muestras y cada año se evidenció la resistencia a la oxacilina con un aumento progresivo d ela misma, paralelamente se evidencio un incremento de la resistencia a la clindamicina usando como medicamento alterno en caso de resistencia axacilina. se observó que un 75 por ciento se debió a abscesos en piel, en lo que respecta a la edad es relevante la resistencia a oxacilina con 20,83 por ciento en emnores de 15 años. Su importancia clínica radica no sólo en la multiresistencia sino en el potencial patogénico, favorecido por factores tales como hacinamiento, mala higiene y presencia de abrasiones en piel.