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1.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 55(3): 704-712, 2024 Sep.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39255211

RÉSUMÉ

Combinations of a low dose of opioid, such as thiafentanil, and a high dose of medetomidine, are increasingly being used for immobilization of African ungulates. Both drugs can have undesirable cardiorespiratory effects. In this study we assessed whether vatinoxan, a peripherally acting alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, can be used to alleviate some of these effects without affecting the immobilization quality. Eight healthy, female, boma-confined blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi), weighing a mean (SDtion) of 56.8 (4.4) kg, were immobilized twice in a randomized cross-over study with a 2-wk washout period using (1) 0.5 mg thiafentanil + 1.5 mg medetomidine (TM), (2) TM + vatinoxan: 0.5 mg thiafentanil + 1.5 mg medetomidine + 15 mg vatinoxan per milligram medetomidine (total of 22.5 mg, administered intramuscularly at 10 min post recumbency). Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO2), arterial blood pressure, and sedation scores from 1 to 5 (1 = limited effect; 5 = excessively deep) were measured every 5 min. Arterial blood gases (PaO2 and PaCO2) were measured at 10, 15, 25, and 35 min postrecumbency and the alveolar--arterial oxygen gradient (P[A-a]O2) was calculated. Induction times and immobilization quality did not differ between groups. The heart rate was significantly higher and the mean arterial pressure significantly lower in blesbok after receiving vatinoxan. All animals were hypoxemic and there were no significant differences in the respiratory rates, PaO2, PaCO2, SpO2, or P(A-a)O2 gradients at any time point. Although vatinoxan did not improve respiratory variables and blood oxygenation in these animals, the change in cardiovascular variables may suggest that it improves tissue perfusion, a positive outcome that requires further investigation.


Sujet(s)
Études croisées , Fentanyl , Hypnotiques et sédatifs , Immobilisation , Médétomidine , Animaux , Médétomidine/pharmacologie , Médétomidine/administration et posologie , Femelle , Hypnotiques et sédatifs/pharmacologie , Hypnotiques et sédatifs/administration et posologie , Fentanyl/pharmacologie , Fentanyl/administration et posologie , Fentanyl/analogues et dérivés , Immobilisation/médecine vétérinaire , Rythme cardiaque/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Quinolizines/pharmacologie , Quinolizines/administration et posologie , Pression sanguine/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Boidae , Respiration/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Analgésiques morphiniques/pharmacologie , Analgésiques morphiniques/administration et posologie
2.
Microb Genom ; 10(8)2024 Aug.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39213169

RÉSUMÉ

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is associated with respiratory disease in wild and domestic Caprinae globally, with wide variation in disease outcomes within and between host species. To gain insight into phylogenetic structure and mechanisms of pathogenicity for this bacterial species, we compared M. ovipneumoniae genomes for 99 samples from 6 countries (Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, France and USA) and 4 host species (domestic sheep, domestic goats, bighorn sheep and caribou). Core genome sequences of M. ovipneumoniae assemblies from domestic sheep and goats fell into two well-supported phylogenetic clades that are divergent enough to be considered different bacterial species, consistent with each of these two clades having an evolutionary origin in separate host species. Genome assemblies from bighorn sheep and caribou also fell within these two clades, indicating multiple spillover events, most commonly from domestic sheep. Pangenome analysis indicated a high percentage (91.4 %) of accessory genes (i.e. genes found only in a subset of assemblies) compared to core genes (i.e. genes found in all assemblies), potentially indicating a propensity for this pathogen to adapt to within-host conditions. In addition, many genes related to carbon metabolism, which is a virulence factor for Mycoplasmas, showed evidence for homologous recombination, a potential signature of adaptation. The presence or absence of annotated genes was very similar between sheep and goat clades, with only two annotated genes significantly clade-associated. However, three M. ovipneumoniae genome assemblies from asymptomatic caribou in Alaska formed a highly divergent subclade within the sheep clade that lacked 23 annotated genes compared to other assemblies, and many of these genes had functions related to carbon metabolism. Overall, our results suggest that adaptation of M. ovipneumoniae has involved evolution of carbon metabolism pathways and virulence mechanisms related to those pathways. The genes involved in these pathways, along with other genes identified as potentially involved in virulence in this study, are potential targets for future investigation into a possible genomic basis for the high variation observed in disease outcomes within and between wild and domestic host species.


Sujet(s)
Génome bactérien , Capra , Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae , Phylogenèse , Animaux , Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae/génétique , Capra/microbiologie , Ovis/microbiologie , Génomique , Rangifer/microbiologie , Chine , Maladies des ovins/microbiologie , Adaptation physiologique/génétique , Australie , Pneumopathie à mycoplasmes/microbiologie , Pneumopathie à mycoplasmes/médecine vétérinaire
3.
BMC Vet Res ; 20(1): 319, 2024 Jul 16.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39014383

RÉSUMÉ

BACKGROUND: Monitoring blood oxygenation is essential in immobilised rhinoceros, which are susceptible to opioid-induced hypoxaemia. This study assessed the reliability, clinical performance and trending ability of the Nonin PalmSAT 2500 A pulse oximeter's and the Masimo Radical-7 pulse co-oximeter's dual-wavelength technology, with their probes placed at two measurement sites, the inner surface of the third-eyelid and the scarified ear pinna of immobilised white rhinoceroses. Eight white rhinoceros were immobilised with etorphine-based drug combinations and given butorphanol after 12 min, and oxygen after 40 min, of recumbency. The Nonin and Masimo devices, with dual-wavelength probes attached to the third-eyelid and ear recorded arterial peripheral oxygen-haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) at pre-determined time points, concurrently with measurements of arterial oxygen-haemoglobin saturation (SaO2), from drawn blood samples, by a benchtop AVOXimeter 4000 co-oximeter (reference method). Reliability of the Nonin and Masimo devices was evaluated using the Bland-Altman and the area root mean squares (ARMS) methods. Clinical performance of the devices was evaluated for their ability to accurately detect clinical hypoxemia using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and measures of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Trending ability of the devices was assessed by calculating concordance rates from four-quadrant plots. RESULTS: Only the Nonin device with transflectance probe attached to the third-eyelid provided reliable SpO2 measurements across the 70 to 100% saturation range (bias - 1%, precision 4%, ARMS 4%). Nonin and Masimo devices with transflectance probes attached to the third-eyelid both had high clinical performance at detecting clinical hypoxaemia [area under the ROC curves (AUC): 0.93 and 0.90, respectively]. However, the Nonin and Masimo devices with transmission probes attached to the ear were unreliable and provided only moderate clinical performance. Both Nonin and Masimo devices, at both measurement sites, had concordance rates lower than the recommended threshold of ≥ 90%, indicating poor trending ability. CONCLUSIONS: The overall assessment of reliability, clinical performance and trending ability indicate that the Nonin device with transflectance probe attached to the third-eyelid is best suited for monitoring of blood oxygenation in immobilised rhinoceros. The immobilisation procedure may have affected cardiovascular function to an extent that it limited the devices' performance.


Sujet(s)
Oxymétrie , Oxygène , Perissodactyla , Animaux , Perissodactyla/sang , Oxymétrie/médecine vétérinaire , Oxymétrie/instrumentation , Oxymétrie/méthodes , Reproductibilité des résultats , Oxygène/sang , Mâle , Immobilisation/médecine vétérinaire , Immobilisation/instrumentation , Immobilisation/méthodes , Femelle
4.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 55(1): 136-142, 2024 Mar.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38453496

RÉSUMÉ

A mixture of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) is frequently used for immobilization of North American hoofstock. Common adverse effects include respiratory depression, hypoxemia, and bradycardia. In this nonblinded crossover study the efficacy of two a-2 adrenergic antagonists, tolazoline and vatinoxan, were evaluated in alleviating adverse effects of BAM in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis). Early administration of these antagonists was hypothesized to cause an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2), as well as reduction in mean arterial blood pressure without affecting sedation levels. Eight captive adult female elk were immobilized on three separate occasions at least 14 d apart with 0.15 mg/kg butorphanol, 0.05 mg/kg azaperone, and 0.06 mg/kg medetomidine. Tolazoline (2 mg/kg IM), vatinoxan (3 mg/mg medetomidine IV) or sterile saline (2 ml IM) were administered 20 min postinduction. The BAM caused hypoxemia, bradycardia, and moderate hypertension, and because of the severe hypoxemia observed, all animals received intratracheal oxygen throughout immobilization. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, SpO2, PaO2, and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were monitored every 5 min throughout the immobilization. Intramuscular tolazoline caused a brief but significant drop in mean arterial pressure compared with controls and a brief but nonsignificant increase in heart rate. Vatinoxan caused a significant drop in blood pressure and a brief significant increase in heart rate. Changes in respiratory rates and PaO2 were not observed with either antagonist; however, all animals received oxygen, which may have influenced this result. The depth of sedation was unchanged after administration of either drug.


Sujet(s)
Hypnotiques et sédatifs , Quinolizines , Tolazoline , Animaux , Femelle , Azapérone/effets indésirables , Bradycardie/médecine vétérinaire , Butorphanol/effets indésirables , Études croisées , Rythme cardiaque , Hypnotiques et sédatifs/effets indésirables , Hypoxie/médecine vétérinaire , Immobilisation/médecine vétérinaire , Médétomidine/effets indésirables , Oxygène , Quinolizines/pharmacologie , Tolazoline/pharmacologie
5.
J Wildl Dis ; 59(1): 197-201, 2023 01 01.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36656269

RÉSUMÉ

Adult, free-ranging cougars (Puma concolor) were sampled in three regions of Utah, US, from 2018 to 2021. A total of 68% (23/34) of the sampled cougars had antibodies to feline parvovirus, 15% (5/33) to canine distemper virus, 18% (6/34) to calicivirus, and 22% (8/37) to Yersinia pestis. Forty-one percent (13/32) had IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and 6% (2/33) to feline immunodeficiency virus, and 3% (1/32) were positive for Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) antigen. All were seronegative for Toxoplasma gondii IgM, feline enteric coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, feline leukemia virus, feline herpesvirus, and Francisella tularensis. Tapeworms and Toxascaris leonina eggs were detected in the feces. The disease exposures detected were similar to what has been reported from cougar populations in other western US states, and the current level of exposures is unlikely to have a negative impact on the state's population.


Sujet(s)
COVID-19 , Maladies des chats , Dirofilaria immitis , Puma , Animaux , Chats , Utah , Anticorps antiviraux , COVID-19/médecine vétérinaire , SARS-CoV-2 , Maladies des chats/épidémiologie
6.
J Wildl Dis ; 58(4): 902-908, 2022 10 01.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35917403

RÉSUMÉ

American beavers (Castor canadensis), trapped between 2017 and 2020 for the purpose of translocation, underwent hematologic, serologic, and fecal examinations. Eight of 73 beavers were seropositive for Leptospira spp. and 1/49 seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii. Two of 40 beavers tested positive for Giardia spp., and 22/44 beavers had strongyle-type ova in the feces; one was positive for coccidia. Hematologic variables were largely within published reference ranges for captive beavers. Within the specific ecosystems sampled, the disease prevalence in beavers appeared low; however, prophylactic deworming is recommended prior to translocation. Further, appropriate personal protective equipment should be used when handling beavers, to prevent zoonotic infection with Giardia spp.


Sujet(s)
Écosystème , Animaux , Utah
7.
Ecol Evol ; 12(7): e9109, 2022 Jul.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35866023

RÉSUMÉ

Ecological context-the biotic and abiotic environment, along with its influence on population mixing dynamics and individual susceptibility-is thought to have major bearing on epidemic outcomes. However, direct comparisons of wildlife disease events in contrasting ecological contexts are often confounded by concurrent differences in host genetics, exposure histories, or pathogen strains. Here, we compare disease dynamics of a Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae spillover event that affected bighorn sheep populations in two contrasting ecological contexts. One event occurred on the herd's home range near the Rio Grande Gorge in New Mexico, while the other occurred in a captive facility at Hardware Ranch in Utah. While data collection regimens varied, general patterns of antibody signal strength and symptom emergence were conserved between the two sites. Symptoms appeared in the captive setting an average of 12.9 days postexposure, average time to seroconversion was 24.9 days, and clinical signs peaked at approximately 36 days postinfection. These patterns were consistent with serological testing and subsequent declines in symptom intensity in the free-ranging herd. At the captive site, older animals exhibited more severe declines in body condition and loin thickness, higher symptom burdens, and slower antibody response to the pathogen than younger animals. Younger animals were more likely than older animals to clear infection by the time of sampling at both sites. The patterns presented here suggest that environment may not be a major determinant of epidemiological outcomes in the bighorn sheep-M. ovipneumoniae system, elevating the possibility that host- or pathogen-factors may be responsible for observed variation.

8.
Conserv Physiol ; 10(1): coac046, 2022.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35795016

RÉSUMÉ

Increasing risk of pathogen spillover coupled with overall declines in wildlife population abundance in the Anthropocene make infectious disease a relevant concern for species conservation worldwide. While emerging molecular tools could improve our diagnostic capabilities and give insight into mechanisms underlying wildlife disease risk, they have rarely been applied in practice. Here, employing a previously reported gene transcription panel of common immune markers to track physiological changes, we present a detailed analysis over the course of both acute and chronic infection in one wildlife species where disease plays a critical role in conservation, bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Differential gene transcription patterns distinguished between infection statuses over the course of acute infection and differential correlation (DC) analyses identified clear changes in gene co-transcription patterns over the early stages of infection, with transcription of four genes-TGFb, AHR, IL1b and MX1-continuing to increase even as transcription of other immune-associated genes waned. In a separate analysis, we considered the capacity of the same gene transcription panel to aid in differentiating between chronically infected animals and animals in other disease states outside of acute disease events (an immediate priority for wildlife management in this system). We found that this transcription panel was capable of accurately identifying chronically infected animals in the test dataset, though additional data will be required to determine how far this ability extends. Taken together, our results showcase the successful proof of concept and breadth of potential utilities that gene transcription might provide to wildlife disease management, from direct insight into mechanisms associated with differential disease response to improved diagnostic capacity in the field.

9.
Animals (Basel) ; 12(8)2022 Apr 14.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35454275

RÉSUMÉ

Infectious pneumonia associated with the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is an impediment to bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) population recovery throughout western North America, yet the full range of M. ovipneumoniae virulence in bighorn sheep is not well-understood. Here, we present data from an M. ovipneumoniae introduction event in the Zion desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) population in southern Utah. The ensuing disease event exhibited epidemiology distinct from what has been reported elsewhere, with virtually no mortality (0 adult mortalities among 70 animals tracked over 118 animal-years; 1 lamb mortality among 40 lambs tracked through weaning in the two summers following introduction; and lamb:ewe ratios of 34.9:100 in the year immediately after introduction and 49.4:100 in the second year after introduction). Individual-level immune responses were lower than expected, and M. ovipneumoniae appeared to fade out approximately 1.5 to 2 years after introduction. Several mechanisms could explain the limited burden of this M. ovipneumoniae event. First, most work on M. ovipneumoniae has centered on Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (O. c. candensis), but the Zion bighorns are members of the desert subspecies (O. c. nelsoni). Second, the particular M. ovipneumoniae strain involved comes from a clade of strains associated with weaker demographic responses in other settings. Third, the substructuring of the Zion population may have made this population more resilient to disease invasion and persistence. The limited burden of the disease event on the Zion bighorn population underscores a broader point in wildlife disease ecology: that one size may not fit all events.

10.
Conserv Sci Pract ; 4(11)2022 Nov.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36590384

RÉSUMÉ

Peninsular bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) are found exclusively in Southern California and Baja Mexico. They are federally endangered due to multiple threats, including introduced infectious disease. From 1981 - 2017, we conducted surveillance for 16 pathogens and estimated population sizes, adult survival, and lamb survival. We used mixed effects regression models to assess disease patterns at the individual and population levels. Pathogen infection/exposure prevalence varied both spatially and temporally. Our findings indicate that the primary predictor of individual pathogen infection/exposure was the region in which an animal was captured, implying that transmission is driven by local ecological or behavioral factors. Higher Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae seropositivity was associated with lower lamb survival, consistent with lambs having high rates of pneumonia-associated mortality, which may be slowing population recovery. There was no association between M. ovipneumoniae and adult survival. Adult survival was positively associated with population size and parainfluenza-3 virus seroprevalence in the same year, and orf virus seroprevalence in the previous year. Peninsular bighorn sheep are recovering from small population sizes in a habitat of environmental extremes, compounded by infectious disease. Our research can help inform future pathogen surveillance and population monitoring for the long-term conservation of this population.

11.
J Wildl Dis ; 58(1): 222-227, 2022 01 01.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34780603

RÉSUMÉ

We investigated causes of antler deformities in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) bucks from the Paunsaugunt Plateau in southern Utah, US. A total of 10 hunter-harvested and nine live-captured bucks with antler deformities and six hunter-harvested and 43 live-captured bucks with normal antlers were included in the study. All were screened by serology for exposure to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) types 1, 2, and 6, bluetongue virus, Brucella abortus, Brucella ovis, caprine arthritis, encephalitis virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Serum testosterone and trace minerals concentrations were measured, and whole-blood counts evaluated. Testicular tissue from the hunter-harvested bucks was tested by quantitative PCR for EHDV-1, -2, and -6. All bucks with antler deformities had low to non-detectable serum testosterone concentrations from end-stage fibrosing orchitis, and EHDV-2 was detected by quantitative PCR in one of the testicular tissues tested. All bucks with antler deformities were seropositive for EHDV-2. In comparison, only 53% of bucks with normal antlers were EHDV-2 seropositive. More than 67% of hunter-harvested and live-captured bucks had antibodies to BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, probably because of high cattle exposure in the area. Our results support previous research linking infection with EHDV-2 to development of antler deformities; however, it remains unclear why some infected bucks develop testicular fibrosis, and others recover from the infection.


Sujet(s)
Andouillers , Cervidae , Virus de la maladie hémorragique épizootique , Animaux , Bovins , Equidae , Capra , Mâle , Utah/épidémiologie
12.
J Wildl Dis ; 58(1): 168-182, 2022 01 01.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34818408

RÉSUMÉ

Netgun capture is a commonly used capture method for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in North America. Mortalities during netgun captures are generally low, and most often caused by direct trauma and occasionally fatal capture myopathy. Capture is a stressful event for a wild animal, and subclinical capture myopathy is difficult to measure. The use of tranquilizers during netgun capture is not widespread. We compared physiologic variables from 250 netgun-captured deer (57 males and 193 females) that did or did not receive midazolam and azaperone (mean, 0.14 mg/kg; SD, 0.02 mg/kg; range, 0.08-0.21 mg/kg) at time of capture and before transporting to a processing location, with the goal of evaluating whether drug administration would improve or worsen the physiologic state of the animal. Deer were captured in association with management activities between December 2018 and March 2020, with 132 deer receiving midazolam and azaperone at time of capture. Variables recorded included chase times, time from capture to arrival at the processing location, time from capture to release, serial rectal temperatures, heart rates, respiratory rates, body condition, age, sex, O2 administration, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, packed cell volume, red blood cell concentration, and hemoglobin, as well as serial venous pH, pCO2, HCO3-, and base excess. All animals were collared with GPS tracking devices and monitored after release. There was no difference in survival after capture between deer that did or did not receive midazolam and azaperone. All animals experienced severe metabolic lactic acidosis, which generally worsened with increasing chase time, highlighting the critical importance of limiting chase times during captures. Drug administration did not influence the degree of metabolic acidosis; however, it appeared to have a favorable effect on several stress-related indices, including rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and packed cell volume.


Sujet(s)
Azapérone , Cervidae , Animaux , Azapérone/pharmacologie , Spectroscopie de résonance de spin électronique/médecine vétérinaire , Equidae , Femelle , Mâle , Midazolam/pharmacologie
13.
J Wildl Dis ; 57(4): 831-843, 2021 10 01.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34648639

RÉSUMÉ

We analyzed retrospective data on harvest management practices and corresponding chronic wasting disease (CWD) prevalence trends in 36 western US and Canadian mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) management units (units). Our analyses employed logistic regression and model selection, exploiting variation in practices within and among jurisdictions to examine relationships between harvest management and apparent prevalence (the proportion of positive animals among those sampled). Despite notable differences in hunting practices among jurisdictions, our meta-analysis of combined data revealed strong evidence that the amount of harvest was related to CWD prevalence trends among adult male mule deer in the 32 units where prevalence at the start of the analysis period was ≤5%. All competitive models included the number of male deer harvested or number of hunters 1-2 yr prior as an explanatory variable, with increasing harvest leading to lower prevalence among males harvested in the following year. Competitive models also included harvest timing. Although less definitive than the number harvested, median harvest dates falling closer to breeding seasons were associated with lower prevalence in the following year. Our findings suggest harvest-when sufficient and sustained-can be an effective tool for attenuating CWD prevalence in adult male mule deer across western ranges, especially early in the course of an epidemic. Evidence of a broad relationship between the amount of harvest and subsequent changes in CWD prevalence among adult male mule deer provides an empirical basis for undertaking adaptive disease management experimentation aimed at suppressing or curtailing CWD epidemics.


Sujet(s)
Cervidae , Maladie du dépérissement chronique , Animaux , Canada , Spectroscopie de résonance de spin électronique/médecine vétérinaire , Equidae , Mâle , Prévalence , Études rétrospectives , Maladie du dépérissement chronique/épidémiologie
14.
J Wildl Dis ; 57(2): 447-452, 2021 04 01.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33822157

RÉSUMÉ

A 2013 outbreak of respiratory disease in bighorn sheep from California's Mojave Desert metapopulation caused high mortality in at least one population. Subsequent PCR and strain-typing indicate widespread infection of a single strain of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae throughout this region. Serosurvey of archived samples showed that some populations have had antibodies to M. ovipneumoniae since at least 1986, although pre-2013 strain-type data are unavailable.


Sujet(s)
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae/immunologie , Pneumopathie à mycoplasmes/médecine vétérinaire , Ovis canadensis , Animaux , Anticorps antibactériens , Californie/épidémiologie , Espaceur de l'ADN ribosomique/génétique , Climat désertique , Pneumopathie à mycoplasmes/épidémiologie , Études séroépidémiologiques
15.
J Wildl Dis ; 57(1): 230-233, 2021 01 06.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33635984

RÉSUMÉ

We necropsied an American black bear (Ursus americanus) from central Utah, US and found several liters of cloudy fluid and multiple white nodules in the peritoneal cavity. Histopathologic examination and staining with pancytokeratin and vimentin markers identified a peritoneal mesothelioma. Mesothelioma has not been reported previously in black bears.


Sujet(s)
Tumeurs de l'abdomen/médecine vétérinaire , Mésothéliome/médecine vétérinaire , Ursidae , Tumeurs de l'abdomen/anatomopathologie , Animaux , Femelle , Mésothéliome/anatomopathologie
16.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 27(3): 988-990, 2021 03.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33622465

RÉSUMÉ

In August 2020, outbreaks of coronavirus disease were confirmed on mink farms in Utah, USA. We surveyed mammals captured on and around farms for evidence of infection or exposure. Free-ranging mink, presumed domestic escapees, exhibited high antibody titers, suggesting a potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission pathway to native wildlife.


Sujet(s)
Animaux sauvages/virologie , Visons/virologie , SARS-CoV-2/isolement et purification , Animaux , COVID-19/diagnostic , COVID-19/épidémiologie , COVID-19/transmission , COVID-19/médecine vétérinaire , Fermes , Mammifères/virologie , SARS-CoV-2/génétique , SARS-CoV-2/immunologie , Utah/épidémiologie , Zoonoses/diagnostic , Zoonoses/épidémiologie , Zoonoses/transmission
17.
BMC Ecol ; 20(1): 6, 2020 02 03.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32013942

RÉSUMÉ

BACKGROUND: Assessing wildlife movements and habitat use is important for species conservation and management and can be informative for understanding population dynamics. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) population of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania has been declining, and little was known about the movement, habitat selection, and space use of the population, which is important for understanding possible reasons behind the decline. A total of 12 African buffalo cows from four different herds were collared with satellite transmitters. Movements were assessed over 2 years from 11 animals. RESULTS: The space use of the individual collared buffaloes as an approximation of the 95% home range size estimated using Brownian bridge models, ranged from 73 to 601 km2. The estimated home ranges were larger in the wet season than in the dry season. With the exception of one buffalo all collared animals completed a wet season migration of varying distances. A consistent pattern of seasonal movement was observed with one herd, whereas the other herds did not behave the same way in the two wet seasons that they were tracked. Herd splitting and herd switching occurred on multiple occasions. Buffaloes strongly associated with habitats near the Great Ruaha River in the dry season and had little association to permanent water sources in the wet season. Daily movements averaged 4.6 km (standard deviation, SD = 2.6 km), with the longest distances traveled during November (mean 6.9 km, SD = 3.6 km) at the end of the dry season and beginning of the wet season. The shortest daily distances traveled occurred in the wet season in April-June (mean 3.6 km, SD = 1.6-1.8 km). CONCLUSION: The Great Ruaha River has experienced significant drying in the last decades due to water diversions upstream, which likely has reduced the suitable range for buffaloes. The loss of dry season habitat due to water scarcity has likely contributed to the population decline of the Ruaha buffaloes.


Sujet(s)
Buffles , Parcs de loisirs , Animaux , Bovins , Écosystème , Femelle , Saisons , Tanzanie
18.
J Wildl Dis ; 56(2): 495-498, 2020 04.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31833815

RÉSUMÉ

In association with a study investigating the apparent decline of African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania, 40 buffalos were screened for selected diseases. Bovine tuberculosis was detected in 23%, and exposure to Brucella abortus and Rift Valley fever virus in 18% and 8%, respectively, of buffalos tested.


Sujet(s)
Infections bactériennes/médecine vétérinaire , Buffles , Parasitoses animales/parasitologie , Maladies virales/médecine vétérinaire , Animaux , Infections bactériennes/épidémiologie , Infections bactériennes/microbiologie , Composition corporelle , Femelle , Mâle , Parasitoses animales/épidémiologie , Tanzanie/épidémiologie , Maladies virales/épidémiologie , Maladies virales/virologie
19.
J Wildl Dis ; 55(3): 699-703, 2019 07.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30702953

RÉSUMÉ

Thirty-two American beavers (Castor canadensis) were immobilized with a mixture of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (NalMedA) for tail transmitter placement and health assessments prior to translocation. Inductions and reversals were very smooth, but regardless of the dose administered, which ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 mL/kg, many beavers reacted to mild stimuli such as being lifted out of the cage, drawing blood from the tail, expressing anal glands for sex determination, and turning on isoflurane to deepen anesthesia before placement of tail transmitters. On a scale from 1 to 5, a sedation score of 4 was achieved in 8/32 beavers and a sedation score of 5 in 1/32 of beavers given a mean (SD) dosage of 0.04 (0.01) mL/kg NalMedA, which equated to a mean of 1.09 (0.21) mg/kg nalbuphine, 0.43 (0.09) mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.36 (0.07) mg/kg azaperone. All other animals achieved lower sedation scores. Supplementary isoflurane was needed to deepen anesthesia before tail transmitter placement. Although Nal-MedA appeared to be safe for use in American beavers, the level of sedation achieved was quite variable. Supplementary oxygen is recommended to reduce hypoxemia.


Sujet(s)
Azapérone/pharmacologie , Médétomidine/pharmacologie , Nalbuphine/pharmacologie , Contention physique/médecine vétérinaire , Rodentia , Analgésiques morphiniques/administration et posologie , Analgésiques morphiniques/pharmacologie , Anesthésie/médecine vétérinaire , Anesthésiques par inhalation/administration et posologie , Anesthésiques par inhalation/pharmacologie , Animaux , Azapérone/administration et posologie , Femelle , Hypnotiques et sédatifs/administration et posologie , Hypnotiques et sédatifs/pharmacologie , Isoflurane/administration et posologie , Isoflurane/pharmacologie , Mâle , Médétomidine/administration et posologie , Nalbuphine/administration et posologie
20.
Ecohealth ; 15(3): 656-669, 2018 09.
Article de Anglais | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29869006

RÉSUMÉ

Increasing livestock production to meet growing demands has resulted in greater interactions at the livestock-wildlife-human interface and more opportunities for zoonotic disease spread. Zoonoses impose enormous burdens on low-income countries like Nepal, where populations are largely dependent on livestock production and access to shared grazing lands, often near protected areas, due to population pressures. Several livestock-associated zoonoses have been reported in Nepal; however, little is known regarding Nepali farmers' knowledge of zoonoses and opportunities for disease management. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate Nepali farmers' awareness of zoonoses, assess current health challenges, and evaluate disease prevention and control practices. We found that awareness of zoonotic pathogens was limited, especially in informally educated and illiterate farmers; the majority of which were women. Further, farmers' preventive herd health, food safety, and sanitation practices were not associated with their awareness. Several farmers reported high-risk practices despite being aware of zoonotic diseases, suggesting a disconnect between the farmers' awareness and practice. Our study highlights the need for improving Nepali farmers' knowledge of zoonoses and disease prevention measures. Closing these awareness-practice gaps will require an improved understanding of risk and effective drivers of behavior change, alongside engagement of farmers in development of zoonotic disease prevention programs that encourage participation of both male and female farmers across all levels of education.


Sujet(s)
Élevage , Maladies des bovins/prévention et contrôle , Pays en voie de développement/statistiques et données numériques , Prise en charge de la maladie , Agriculteurs/psychologie , Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques en santé , Zoonoses/prévention et contrôle , Adulte , Sujet âgé , Animaux , Bovins , Maladies des bovins/épidémiologie , Études transversales , Femelle , Humains , Mâle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Népal/épidémiologie
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