Cholecystokinin-Induced Duodenogastric Bile Reflux Increases the Severity of Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Antral Ulcers in Re-fed Mice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We examined the involvement of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the exacerbation of indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric antral ulcers by gastroparesis caused by atropine or dopamine in mice. METHODS: Male mice were fed for 2 h (re-feeding) following a 22-h fast. Indomethacin (IND; 10 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered after re-feeding; gastric lesions were examined 24 h after IND treatment. In another experiment, mice were fed for 2 h after a 22-h fast, after which the stomachs were removed 1.5 h after the end of the feeding period. Antral lesions, the amount of gastric contents, and the gastric luminal bile acids concentration were measured with or without the administration of the pro- and antimotility drugs CCK-octapeptide (CCK-8), atropine, dopamine, SR57227 (5-HT3 receptor agonist), apomorphine, lorglumide (CCK1 receptor antagonist), ondansetron, and haloperidol alone and in combination. RESULTS: IND produced severe lesions only in the gastric antrum in re-fed mice. CCK-8, atropine, dopamine, SR57227 and apomorphine administered just after re-feeding increased bile reflux and worsened IND-induced antral lesions. These effects were significantly prevented by pretreatment with lorglumide. Although atropine and dopamine also increased the amount of gastric content, lorglumide had no effect on the delayed gastric emptying provoked by atropine and dopamine. Both ondansetron and haloperidol significantly inhibited the increase of bile reflux and the exacerbation of antral lesions induced by atropine and dopamine, respectively, but did not affect the effects of CCK-8. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CCK-CCK1 receptor signal increases bile reflux during gastroparesis induced by atropine and dopamine, exacerbating IND-induced antral ulcers.

Profile of uterine flush lipid mediators in cows with subclinical endometritis: pilot study.

Subclinical endometritis affects reproductive outcomes and causes economic losses in dairy cows, thus, it is important to understand disease progression mechanisms and develop diagnostic procedures for better disease management. We measured the levels of 146 lipid mediators in uterine flush samples using lipid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We detected 25 lipid mediators in the uterine flush of both the control and subclinical endometritis cows; 15 of the 25 lipid mediators were AA-derived metabolites. Among the AA-derived metabolites, cyclooxygenase (COX)-generated mediators were the most abundant. Specifically, levels of 11ß-13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin (PG) F2α, PGE2, PGA2, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and PGD1 were elevated in all the cows with subclinical endometritis. This study may provide new insights for the management of subclinical bovine endometritis.

Ectopic bile duct concomitant with gastric ulcer hemorrhage: report of a case.

BACKGROUND: An ectopic bile duct opening into the stomach is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary system, and thus, there are few case reports with gastric ulcer hemorrhage. Herein, we presented a case of ectopic bile duct concomitant with gastric ulcer hemorrhage. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because she repeatedly vomited blood and had melena. Endoscopic hemostasis was attempted for hemorrhage from a gastric ulcer located on the anterior wall of the antrum. However, the bleeding was difficult to stop, and a laparoscopic distal gastrectomy was performed. Her postoperative course was uneventful. Pathological examination revealed that the bleeding point was an ectopic bile duct. In retrospect, an annual endoscopy performed at her family clinic had revealed a bulge in the same portion of the stomach. Exposure to bile acids from an ectopic bile duct opening can cause gastric mucosal damage and ulceration. CONCLUSIONS: Ectopic bile ducts opening into the stomach can cause gastric ulcer and hemorrhage. Hemorrhage from a submucosal ridge with ulcer in the stomach may be rarely related to the presence of ectopic bile ducts.

Suspected renal interstitial cell tumor causing polycythemia in two dogs.

Here we report a case series of two dogs diagnosed as renal interstitial cell tumor (RICT) accompanied by elevated serum erythropoietin level and marked polycythemia. RICT is a rare tumor in dogs, originating from renal interstitial cells. While several renal tumors such as renal lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, carcinoma, sarcoma, fibrosarcoma and nephroblastoma may cause polycythemia, polycythemia caused by RICT has never been reported in dogs. The tumors in both dogs were solitary and lied within cortex or cortico-medullary junction. Histopathology revealed spindle-shaped cells suggesting mesenchymal origin, with no mitotic figures suggesting that the tumors in both dogs were benign. Following surgical removal of the affected kidney, serum erythropoietin level and polycythemia normalized in both dogs.

Gastroparesis Worsens Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Antral Ulcers by Bile Reflux via Activation of 5-HT3 and Dopamine D2 Receptors in Mice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We examined the contributions of gastric emptying and duodenogastric bile reflux in the formation of gastric antral ulcers induced by NSAIDs in mice. METHODS: We used the murine re-fed indomethacin (IND) experimental ulcer model. Outcome measures included the appearance of gastric lesions 24 h after IND treatment and the assessment of gastric contents and the concentration of bile acids 1.5 h after re-feeding. The effects of atropine, dopamine, SR57227 (5-HT3 receptor agonist), apomorphine, ondansetron, haloperidol, and dietary taurocholate and cholestyramine were also examined. RESULTS: IND (10 mg/kg, s.c.) induced severe lesions only in the gastric antrum in the re-fed model. The antral lesion index and the amount of food intake during the 2-h refeeding period were positively correlated. Atropine and dopamine delayed gastric emptying, increased bile reflux, and worsened IND-induced antral lesions. SR57227 and apomorphine worsened antral lesions with increased bile reflux. These effects were prevented by the anti-emetic drugs ondansetron and haloperidol, respectively. The anti-emetic drugs markedly decreased the severity of antral lesions and the increase of bile reflux induced by atropine or dopamine without affecting delayed gastric emptying. Antral lesions induced by IND were increased by dietary taurocholate but decreased by the addition of the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that gastroparesis induced by atropine or dopamine worsens NSAID-induced gastric antral ulcers by increasing duodenogastric bile reflux via activation of 5-HT3 and dopamine D2 receptors.

Fibrinogen Aα-chain amyloidosis outbreaks in Japanese squirrels (Sciurus lis): a potential disease model.

Fibrinogen Aα-chain amyloidosis is a hereditary systemic amyloidosis characterized by glomerular amyloid depositions, which are derived from the fibrinogen Aα-chain variant in humans. Despite its unique pathology, the pathogenic mechanisms of this disease are only partially understood. This is in part because comparative pathological studies on fibrinogen Aα-chain amyloidosis are currently unavailable as there is a lack of reported cases in animals other than humans. In this study, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses of Japanese squirrels (Sciurus lis) that died in five Japanese zoos showed that they developed glomerular-associated fibrinogen Aα-chain amyloidosis with an extremely high incidence rate (29/38 cases, 76.3%). The condition was found to be age-dependent in the Japanese squirrels, with 89% of individuals over 4 years of age affected. Mass spectrometry revealed that the C-terminal region of the fibrinogen Aα-chain was involved in amyloidogenesis in Japanese squirrels as well as humans. No gene variations were identified between amyloid-positive and amyloid-negative squirrels, which contrasted with the available data for humans. The results indicate that fibrinogen Aα-chain amyloidosis is a senile amyloidosis in Japanese squirrels. The results have also provided comparative pathological support that the amyloidogenic C-terminal region of the fibrinogen Aα-chain is involved in the characteristic glomerular pathology, regardless of the animal species. This study elucidates the potential causes of death in Japanese squirrels and will contribute to future comparative pathological studies of fibrinogen Aα-chain amyloidosis. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Effects of Alfaxalone on the Induction and Maintenance of Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua).

Systemic anesthesia in penguins is often achieved using inhalation anesthetic agents alone, and information on injectable drugs for systemic anesthesia is limited. General anesthesia with a minimal effect on circulatory dynamics is necessary to perform noninvasive examinations and treatments in animals, including penguins. In this study, alfaxalone (ALFX), an injectable anesthetic agent, was examined to establish the optimal anesthetic method for gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua). Alfaxalone was administered intravenously through the metatarsal vein, and anesthesia was maintained by a constant rate infusion (CRI). A biological monitor was used to record numerous clinical indices, and the anesthetic depth was evaluated every 5 minutes during anesthesia; the CRI was adjusted until the optimal anesthetic depth was obtained. Anesthesia depth was assessed, and the CRI rate was adjusted. The CRI was stopped, and the time until recovery was recorded. Blood samples were collected to analyze plasma concentrations of ALFX. The mean total dose of ALFX required for anesthetic induction was 9 ± 1.9 mg/kg, the intubation time was 126 ± 21 seconds, and the maintenance infusion rate of ALFX was 0.3 ± 0.08 mg/kg/min. The time from discontinuation of anesthesia to extubation was 42 ± 23 minutes, and the time to recovery was 90 ± 33 minutes. Significant changes in the heart rate and blood pressure were not observed during the anesthetic events. The plasma concentration of ALFX under stable anesthesia was 6734 ± 4386 ng/mL (range, 3315-14 326 ng/mL). Although anesthesia using ALFX tended to result in a prolonged time to recovery in gentoo penguins, rapid induction of anesthesia and stable hemodynamics during anesthetic maintenance were achieved. Therefore, ALFX may be considered a suitable anesthetic method for noninvasive examinations and treatments in penguins.

The effect of exposure on cattle thyroid after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident.

Nuclear plant accidents can be a risk for thyroid cancer due to iodine radioisotopes. Near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, cattle were exposed to radiation after the accident occurred in May 2011. Here we estimated the total radiation exposure to cattle thyroid and its effects on thyroid function. Until October 2016, the estimated external exposure dose in Farm A was 1416 mGy, while internal exposure dose of 131I, 134Cs, and 137Cs were 85, 8.8, and 9.7 mGy in Farm A and 34, 0.2, and 0.3 mGy in Farm B, respectively. The exposed cattle had thyroid with relatively lower weight and lower level of stable iodine, which did not exhibit any pathological findings. Compared with the control, the plasma level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was higher in Farm A cattle born before the accident, while the plasma thyroxine (T4) was higher in Farm A cattle born after the accident, suggesting that exposed cattle showed slight hyperactivation of the thyroid gland. In addition, Farm A cattle have higher level of cortisol, one of the anterior pituitary gland-derived hormones. However, we did not observe a causal relationship between the radiation exposure and cattle thyroid.

Effect of Oxidative Status on the Occurrence of Haemolactia in Dairy Cows after Calving.

Introduction: Dairy cows may infrequently give milk tinged with blood after calving, which is a condition termed haemolactia. Economic losses for dairy farmers are caused by cases of haemolactia because of the condemnation of such milk, potential contamination of good bulk tank milk with haemolactic milk, and need for veterinarian intervention. This study was performed to elucidate the oxidative status of dairy cows with haemolactia during the peripartum period. Material and Methods: Plasma glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase concentrations along with serum vitamin A, C and E concentrations were determined as indices of oxidative stress. The sampled dairy cows comprised two haemolactic (n = 11 and n = 6) and two non-haemolactic (n = 11 and n = 6) groups. Results: On the first day when haemolactia was identified in colostrum (at mean 2.1 days after parturition), a significantly increased concentration of plasma MDA was noted in the haemolactic group. During the prepartum period, low levels of serum vitamin E were continuously observed from prepartum week 4 to the parturition day but only in the haemolactic group. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that continuous low levels of serum vitamin E in the prepartum period may play a pivotal role as a requisite factor in the onset of haemolactia after calving.

A seroepidemiological study across age groups before and after the 2010-2011 mumps epidemic in Japan.

In Japan, large-scale mumps epidemics recur every 4-6 years because of low vaccination coverage. This study aimed to describe the seroprevalence of mumps in the Japanese population and identify the age groups most affected. The prevalence of anti-mumps antibodies was evaluated based on 1000 serum samples obtained from the Japanese National Serum Reference Bank. These samples consisted of 50 sera for each of 10 different age groups, collected during 2007-2008 (pre-epidemic period) and 2012-2013 (post-epidemic period). Seropositivity was lowest in the 6-11 months subgroup (3% and 0% in pre- and post-epidemic periods, respectively) and highest in the 10-14 years group (66% and 72% in pre- and post-epidemic periods, respectively). A comparison of anti-mumps antibody prevalence throughout the two periods considered revealed a large rise in seropositivity among the 2004-2008 birth cohort, using that of the 1-4 years group as representative in the pre-epidemic period (from 22% in pre- to 58% in post-epidemic periods; p = 0.0002). These results indicate that most people likely gain antibodies to the mumps virus during their childhood, especially during the first epidemic that they experience after their second year of life. Therefore, children should be vaccinated against mumps soon after their first birthday for effective prevention.

Characteristics and incidence of vaccine adverse events after Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination: A national surveillance study in Japan from 2013 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Japan amended the recommended age for the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination to less than 6 months after 2005, but subsequently amended the recommended age to 5-8 months (latest amendment, <1 year) in April 2013 due to the increasing incidence of BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis since 2005. METHODS: We collected data on BCG-associated vaccine adverse events (VAEs) in the population aged <1 year between April 2013 and March 2017. The incidence of BCG-associated VAE was analyzed using census and vaccine coverage data from the government website. We compared the incidence of VAEs in patients vaccinated at less than 6 months with those vaccinated at 6 months or older. RESULTS: Among the 581 BCG-associated VAEs recorded during the study period, 354 (61%) were male, and the average age at vaccination was 5.7 months. The incidence of VAEs per million population aged <1 year at vaccination was highest for suppurative lymphadenitis (63.7), followed by skin lesions (38.4), and BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis (3.1). Disseminated BCG and anaphylaxis were rare (1.1 and 1.6%, respectively). The incidence of VAEs in the population vaccinated at <6 months of age was higher for BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis (3.8) and disseminated BCG (1.3) than in the population vaccinated at ≥6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The population vaccinated at <6 months of age was more likely to develop BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis than the population vaccinated at ≥6 months of age, indicating that the change in the recommended vaccination age in 2013 might have contributed to the subsequent decrease in the incidence of BCG-associated osteitis/osteomyelitis.

Global DNA Methylation in Cord Blood as a Biomarker for Prenatal Lead and Antimony Exposures.

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism for gene expression modulation and can be used as a predictor of future disease risks. A prospective birth cohort study was performed to clarify the effects of neurotoxicants on child development, namely, the Tohoku Study of Child Development, in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the association of prenatal exposure to five toxic metals-arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, N = 166)-with global DNA methylation in umbilical cord blood DNA. DNA methylation markers, 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (mC) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (hmC), were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mC content in cord blood DNA was positively correlated with Pb and Sb levels (r = 0.435 and 0.288, respectively) but not with cord blood PCBs. We also observed significant positive correlations among Pb levels, maternal age, and hmC content (r = 0.155 and 0.243, respectively). The multiple regression analysis among the potential predictors demonstrated consistent positive associations between Pb and Sb levels and mC and hmC content. Our results suggest that global DNA methylation is a promising biomarker for prenatal exposure to Pb and Sb.

[Important Points at Interpretation ofNongenotoxic-Carcinogenicity Induced by Pesticidesin Rodent Bioassays].

Assessment of carcinogenicity is important for human health at dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues. This article indicated important points on interpretation of carcinogenicity in toxicological evaluation of pesticide residues based on principles of risk analysis in foods by CODEX to be a guide for risk assessors. This guidance was referred from the guidance on carcinogenicity evaluation by international and/or national organizations, and the interpretations of Food Safety Commissions of Japan (FSCJ) published in their risk assessment reports. We focused on carcinogenicity obtained from routine carcinogenicity bioassays in rodents. The guidance includes the purpose and usefulness of the bioassay studies, consideration points to be carcinogenicity and influencing factors to carcinogenicity in the test to judge carcinogenic hazard at hazard identification. Considering on human relevance as carcinogenic hazard also was proposed using practical case examples. Next, a carcinogenic hazard is evaluated on dose-response relationship to judge points of departure on carcinogenicity. At the end of this article, we challenged our recommendation on future assessment of carcinogenicity to progress from hazard to risk.

Effect of vitamin K3 supplementation on immunoglobulin G concentration in colostrum of periparturient Holstein dairy cows.

This study was to examine the effects of dietary vitamin K (VK) 3 supplementation on immune-related substances in milk, oxidative stress indices in plasma and VK1, and menaquinone 4 (MK-4) in plasma and milk in periparturient dairy cows. Forty healthy perinatal Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were used in this study. Twenty-one animals were randomly selected and categorized into the VK3 supplemented (50 mg/day/head as VK3) group; the remaining 19 were categorized into the control group. On day 3 after calving, blood and milk were sampled, and their chemical components were determined. The VK3 supplemented group had significantly higher menaquinone 4 levels in plasma and milk on day 3 postpartum than the control group. In addition, there was a significant increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) level in milk. VK3 may be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and converted to MK-4, the biologically active form of VK, in the mammary gland and other tissues. It was thought that the increase in MK-4 level in plasma and milk induced an increase in the concentration of IgG in milk. VK3 supplementation to periparturient dairy cows may contribute to the production of colostrum with high concentrations of IgG and MK-4.

Histological Features of the Nasal Passage in Juvenile Japanese White Rabbits.

Rabbits are sometimes used for intranasal toxicology studies. We investigated the postnatal development of the nasal passage in juvenile Japanese white rabbits from just after birth to 6-week-old to provide information for conducting intranasal toxicological evaluation using juvenile animals. On postnatal day (PND) 1, the nasal passage consisted of the septum with mostly cartilaginous nasal wall and turbinates. The lining squamous, transitional, respiratory, and olfactory epithelia were already distributed similar to adults and were still underdeveloped. The nasal passage gradually expanded with age, as did the nasal wall, including the turbinates formed by endochondral ossification. The maxilloturbinate elongated, during which it branched complexly. The respiratory epithelium takes the form of columnar epithelium together with a reduction in goblet cells. In addition, the olfactory epithelium had clear cytoplasm in the ethmoturbinate, the olfactory nerve bundles thickened, and Bowman's gland acini increased in size and number. Other tissues, including the vomeronasal organ, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, and nasolacrimal duct, also developed histologically with age. This investigation characterized the postnatal histological development of the nasal passage in Japanese white rabbits, providing basic knowledge regarding the histological examination and rationale for appropriate study design of intranasal toxicology studies in juvenile rabbits.

Intra-Left Ventricular Hemodynamics Assessed with 4D Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Left Ventricular Thrombus.

Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) has been identified to be crucial in patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF). Three-dimensional cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) can visualize the intra-LV vortex during diastole and quantify the maximum flow velocity (Vmax) at the apex. In this study, we investigated whether the change in the intra-LV vortex was associated with the presence of LVT in patients with cardiac disease.In total, 36 patients (63.5 ± 11.9 years, 28 men, 12/24 with/without LVT) with diffuse LV dysfunction underwent 4D flow MRI. The relative vortex area using streamline images and Vmax of blood flow toward the apex at the apical left ventricle were evaluated. The correlation between the relative vortex area and Vmax was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The ability to detect LVT was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic.The relative vortex area was found to be smaller (27 ± 10% versus 45 ± 11%, P = 0.000026), whereas Vmax at the apical left ventricle was lower (19.1 ± 4.4 cm/second versus 27.4 ± 8.9 cm/second, P = 0.0006) in patients with LVT. Vmax at the apical left ventricle demonstrated significant correlations with the relative vortex area (r = 0.43, P = 0.01) and relative transverse length of the vortex (r = 0.45, P = 0.007). The AUC was 0.91 for the relative vortex area, whereas it was 0.80 for Vmax in the apical left ventricle.A smaller LV vortex and lower flow velocity at the LV apex were associated with LVT in patients with reduced EF.

Plasma Globotriaosylsphingosine and α-Galactosidase A Activity as a Combined Screening Biomarker for Fabry Disease in a Large Japanese Cohort.

Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder of α-galactosidase A (GLA) deficiency. Our previous interim analysis (1 July 2014 to 31 December 2015) revealed plasma globotriaosylsphingosine as a promising primary screening biomarker for Fabry disease probands. Herein, we report the final results, including patients enrolled from 1 January to 31 December 2016 for evaluating the potential of plasma globotriaosylsphingosine and GLA activity as a combined screening marker. We screened 5691 patients (3439 males) referred from 237 Japanese specialty clinics based on clinical findings suggestive of Fabry disease using plasma globotriaosylsphingosine and GLA activity as primary screening markers, and GLA variant status as a secondary screening marker. Of the 14 males who tested positive in the globotriaosylsphingosine screen (≥2.0 ng/mL), 11 with low GLA activity (<4.0 nmol/h/mL) displayed GLA variants (four classic, seven late-onset) and one with normal GLA activity and no pathogenic variant displayed lamellar bodies in affected organs, indicating late-onset biopsy-proven Fabry disease. Of the 19 females who tested positive in the globotriaosylsphingosine screen, eight with low GLA activity displayed GLA variants (six classic, two late-onset) and five with normal GLA activity displayed a GLA variant (one classic) and no pathogenic variant (four late-onset biopsy-proven). The combination of plasma globotriaosylsphingosine and GLA activity can be a primary screening biomarker for classic, late-onset, and late-onset biopsy-proven Fabry disease probands.

Linear stapler anastomosis for esophagogastrostomy in laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy reduce reflux esophagitis.

PURPOSE: There are various reconstruction methods for Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy (LPG), such as esophagogastrostomy (EG), double-tract reconstruction, and jejunal interposition. We have performed EG using a circular stapler (OrVil) from 2013 and using a linear stapler from 2017. The aim of this retrospective study was to clarify which stapler is better for EG for LPG. METHODS: The data of 84 patients who underwent EG for LPG between January 2013 and September 2019 were analyzed. EG with fundoplication was done using a circular stapler (OrVil) in 45 patients (CS group) and a linear stapler in 39 patients (LS group). The patients' medical records were reviewed. Clinical symptoms were obtained by interview at each outpatient consultation. All patients underwent postoperative 1-year follow-up endoscopy. To minimize bias between the two groups, propensity scores were calculated using a logistic regression model. After propensity-score matching, 60 patients (30 in the CS group and 30 in the LS group) were studied. RESULTS: Patient characteristics, operative outcomes were similar in two groups. Anastomotic leakage occurred in one patient (3.3%) in both groups. Anastomotic stenosis occurred in five patients (16.7%) in the CS group and two patients (6.7%) in the LS group. The rate of patients with severe reflux esophagitis (grade C or D) was significantly lower in the LS group (3.4%) than in the CS group (26.7%) (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: EG with a linear stapler could reduce the risk of severe reflux esophagitis, and it could be a safe and feasible anastomosis for patients after LPG.

Proteinous pancreatic lipase inhibitor is responsible for the antiobesity effect of young barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf extract.

Young barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.) have various health effects and are employed as an ingredient in the production of health-promoting foods. Promoting antiobesity is one such health effect; however, the mechanism and bioactive compounds are unclear. In this research, young barley leaf extract (YB) was demonstrated to possess pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. The addition of YB to a high-fat diet in mice increased fecal lipid content, indicating reduced absorption of lipids as the mechanism underlying antiobesity effect. The investigation of bioactive compounds in YB resulted in the identification of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase as a proteinous lipase inhibitor. Maximum inhibition of the protein was 45%, but inhibition was displayed at a concentration as low as 16 ng/mL, which is a characteristic inhibition compared with other reported proteinous lipase inhibitors.