Peritoneal dialysis catheterization with an upward tunnel and exit site: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: The preferred techniques for peritoneal dialysis catheterization are uncertain. Catheter implantation with formation of an inferiorly-directed tunnel and exit site is widely recommended to reduce the risk of infective complications. We aimed to compare percutaneous peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion using an upwardly-directed tract to catheter insertion using a downwardly-directed tract. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed on consecutive peritoneal dialysis catheterizations over a 10-year period at a single centre. Participants were classified into two groups: catheter insertion with an upward tunnel and exit site versus insertion with a downward tunnel and exit site. The primary outcome was peritoneal dialysis catheter survival. RESULTS: There were 247 peritoneal dialysis catheters inserted during the study period. The median catheter survival was 18 months, with no difference between the two groups (p = 0.23). The 12-month catheter patency rates were 76% for catheters with an upward tract and 79% for catheters with a downward tract (p = 0.15). Multivariate analysis identified no clinical factors predictive of catheter survival. A downward catheter tunnel and exit site was associated with an increased incidence of peritonitis (0.23 vs 0.11 episodes per year; p ⩽ 0.01). CONCLUSION: In this study, percutaneous peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion with an upward tunnel and exit site demonstrated similar catheter survival to insertion with a downward tunnel and exit site and was not associated with increased infections.

Effect of insertion site on tunnelled haemodialysis catheter outcomes: an observational study of 967 catheters.

BACKGROUND: The right internal jugular vein is the preferred approach to tunnelled haemodialysis catheter placement. However, the effect of the insertion site on long-term catheter outcomes remains uncertain. AIMS: We aimed to analyse a large cohort of tunnelled haemodialysis catheter placements to compare short-term and long-term results according to central venous catheter location. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed on consecutive tunnelled catheter insertions at two centres over 7 years. The primary outcome was catheter survival, compared according to the central vein site. We used the Kaplan-Meier curve method and Cox proportional hazards modelling to determine the effect of the catheterisation route on primary patency, adjusted for clinical risk factors for catheter failure. RESULTS: There were 967 tunnelled dialysis catheter placements in 620 patients. The median survival for right internal jugular vein catheters was 569 days. There were no differences in rates of catheter failure between right internal jugular, left internal jugular (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-1.21), external jugular (HR, 0.79; CI, 0.33-3.13), subclavian (HR, 0.67; CI, 0.58-2.44) and femoral vein (HR, 1.20; CI, 0.36-1.33) catheters following multivariable analysis. There were no major differences in functionality or complications between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified no statistically significant relationship between tunnelled haemodialysis catheter insertion site and catheter survival. The contemporary approach to dialysis vascular access should be tailored to specific patient circumstances.

Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis / Diálisis peritoneal aguda

Peritoneal dialysis is an important form of kidney replacement therapy. Most patients presenting with an unplanned, urgent need for dialysis are prescribed haemodialysis, leading to peritoneal dialysis underutilisation. Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis refers to treatment that is commenced within 2 weeks of catheter placement. Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis represents an efficacious, cost-effective alternative to the conventional approach of commencing dialysis. There is a paucity of evidence to guide management, however experience with the technique is increasing. This article overviews the rationale and practical application of urgent-start peritoneal dialysis. (AU)

La diálisis peritoneal es una forma importante de terapia de reemplazo renal. A la mayoría de los pacientes que presentan una necesidad urgente e imprevista de diálisis se les prescribe hemodiálisis, lo que lleva a la infrautilización de la diálisis peritoneal. La diálisis peritoneal de inicio urgente se refiere al tratamiento que se inicia dentro de las 2 semanas posteriores a la colocación del catéter. La diálisis peritoneal de inicio urgente representa una alternativa eficaz y rentable al enfoque convencional de iniciar la diálisis. Hay escasez de evidencia para guiar el manejo, sin embargo, la experiencia con la técnica está aumentando. Este artículo describe la justificación y la aplicación práctica de la diálisis peritoneal de inicio urgente. (AU)

Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis.

Peritoneal dialysis is an important form of kidney replacement therapy. Most patients presenting with an unplanned, urgent need for dialysis are prescribed haemodialysis, leading to peritoneal dialysis underutilisation. Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis refers to treatment that is commenced within 2 weeks of catheter placement. Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis represents an efficacious, cost-effective alternative to the conventional approach of commencing dialysis. There is a paucity of evidence to guide management, however experience with the technique is increasing. This article overviews the rationale and practical application of urgent-start peritoneal dialysis.

Dialysis and extracorporeal therapies for enhanced elimination of toxic ingestions and poisoning.

Poisoning and toxic ingestions cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Extracorporeal therapies such as dialysis, hemoperfusion, and plasma exchange are selectively applied to patients with severe intoxications unresponsive to standard interventions and can be lifesaving. Extracorporeal therapies are a complex but fundamental aspect of the practice of nephrology. Without high-quality evidence to guide implementation, an understanding of toxicokinetics and the physiochemical principles of the enhanced elimination techniques is especially important. This review provides a comphrensive, user-friendly outline of the application of extracorporeal therapy in the poisoned patient.

Kidney autotransplantation as a treatment for resistant hypertension due to renal artery stenosis: A case report and review of the literature.

Resistant hypertension is a common presentation of renal artery stenosis. Hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis is typically managed with lifestyle and pharmacological interventions and less commonly with angioplasty or stenting, although exact treatment varies depending on the cause. In select cases refractory to these measures, kidney autotransplantation may be a valuable last-line approach. This case report demonstrates the successful use of kidney autotransplant for managing resistant hypertension in a young male with Takayasu's arteritis and renal artery stenosis of a solitary kidney. We review the literature on the indications for kidney autotransplantation in renal artery stenosis, including the outcomes on blood pressure control and renal function and also the potential complications.

Burden of kidney failure from atheroembolic disease and association with survival in people receiving dialysis in Australia and New Zealand: a multi-centre registry study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality in kidney failure (KF). Patients with KF from atheroembolic disease are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease than other causes of KF. This study aimed to determine survival on dialysis for patients with KF from atheroembolic disease compared with other causes of KF. METHODS: All adults (≥ 18 years) with KF initiating dialysis as the first kidney replacement therapy between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2017 according to the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant registry were included. Patients were grouped into either: KF from atheroembolic disease and all other causes of KF. Survival outcomes were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis adjusted for patient-related characteristics. RESULTS: Among 65,266 people on dialysis during the study period, 334 (0.5%) patients had KF from atheroembolic disease. A decreasing annual incidence of KF from atheroembolic disease was observed from 2008 onwards. Individuals with KF from atheroembolic disease demonstrated worse survival on dialysis compared to those with other causes of KF (HR 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61-2.03). The respective one- and five-year survival rates were 77 and 23% for KF from atheroembolic disease and 88 and 47% for other causes of KF. After adjustment for patient characteristics, KF from atheroembolic disease was not associated with increased patient mortality (adjusted HR 0.93 95% CI 0.82-1.05). CONCLUSIONS: Survival outcomes on dialysis are worse for individuals with KF from atheroembolic disease compared to those with other causes of KF, probably due to patient demographics and higher comorbidity.

Recurrent pulseless electrical activity and cardiac arrest caused by baroreceptor failure following neck irradiation.

INTRODUCTION: Baroreceptor damage and hypersensitivity can produce labile autonomic blood pressure control. Neck irradiation for malignancy is a well-known but under-recognised cause of baroreceptor failure. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a dramatic delayed complication of neck irradiation treatment. Our patient developed recurrent unexplained hypotension and pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest upon connection to intermittent haemodialysis, which he had previously tolerated uneventfully until exposure to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: No other cause was identified, and this case thus highlights baroreflex dysfunction as an important differential diagnosis in patients with profound hypotension.

Respiratory Failure: A Rare Complication of Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorder.

Background: Disordered metabolism of bone and minerals is a problem frequently encountered in patients with chronic kidney disease. Early biochemical changes include altered calcium and phosphate balance, while advanced disease produces reduced bone strength and extraskeletal calcification. The syndrome describing this constellation of findings is termed chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder. Case Report: This report details a rare and extreme manifestation of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder in a patient on long-term hemodialysis for end-stage renal failure. Progressive abnormalities of the thoracic skeleton were ultimately severe enough to produce restrictive lung physiology and symptomatic respiratory failure. Conclusion: Cases of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder with pronounced clinical sequelae occur uncommonly in contemporary practice because of early detection and effective therapies. To our knowledge, this report is the first case in the literature of severe thoracic involvement manifesting as respiratory failure.

Addressing social influences reduces antibiotic duration in complicated abdominal infection: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections is often inappropriately prolonged. An intervention addressing factors influencing the duration of intravenous antibiotic use was undertaken. This study reports the antibiotic prescribing patterns before and after the intervention and a qualitative analysis of the experience of the intervention. METHODS: Quantitative: A retrospective audit of patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection before and after a multifaceted persuasive intervention was performed. Qualitative: Semi-structured interviews were performed to evaluate which elements of the intervention were perceived to be effective. RESULTS: An intervention including collaborative inter-specialty and inter-professional educational meetings, and education of all professional streams was undertaken. Quantitative: Twenty-three patients before and 22 patients after the intervention were included. The total duration of antibiotics decreased significantly following the intervention (9.2 versus 6.6 days P = 0.02). The duration of intravenous antibiotics did not change significantly (5.4 versus 4.5 days, P = 0.06). Qualitative: Eighteen health-care professionals participated. Thematic analysis indicated that a collaborative approach between senior surgical and infectious disease specialists in the pre-intervention stage led to perceived ownership and leadership of the intervention by the surgical team, which was thought critical to the success of the intervention. Conversely, the ability of nurses and pharmacists to influence antibiotic practice was considered limited and a poster promoting the intervention was perceived as ineffective. CONCLUSION: Consultant leadership and specialty ownership of the process were perceived to be critical in the success of the intervention. Antibiotic stewardship programs which address social factors may have greater efficacy to optimize antimicrobial prescribing.