Determinants of glycemic control: Phase 2 analysis from nationwide diabetes report of National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD-2018).

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially among middle and low income nations. Many diabetic complications and comorbidities are attributable to poor glycemic control. The aim of this study was to update and extend the national diabetes reports on the status of comorbidities, diabetes care and complications in Iran. Moreover, we investigated the risk factors of poor glycemic control in the Iranian population. METHODS: National database of 99,651 patients with diabetes who attended university-affiliated clinics between April 1, 2017 and February 30, 2018 was used to carry out a cross-sectional study. Stepwise backward selection logistic regression model was used to examine the associated factors of glycemic control. RESULTS: In this study 73.0% and 56.5% of the enrolled population with diabetes, had hypertension and hyperlipidemia, respectively. The prevalence of patients who received education for nutrition therapy or diabetes self-management was 16.3% and 23.3% respectively. Poor glycemic control was associated with male gender (OR=1.06, p=0.001), obesity (OR=1.03, p=0.05), duration of diabetes (OR=1.018, p<0.001), smoking (OR=1.08, p=0.041), hypertension (OR=1.53, p<0.001), hyperlipidemia (OR=1.15, p<0.001), insulin therapy (OR=1.26, p<0.001) and combination of insulin and oral anti-diabetic agents compared to oral anti-diabetic agents alone (OR=2.36, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that the prevalence of diabetes comorbidities is high in Iranian population and that a great proportion of Iranian patients with diabetes had not reached the goal of glycemic control. Our findings provide a starting point from which to investigate the obstacles that prevent patients with diabetes from reaching metabolic targets.

Inhibitory Effect of Black and Red Pepper and Thyme Extracts and Essential Oils on Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and DNase Activity of Staphylococcus aureus.

In this study, extracts and essential oils of Black and Red pepper and Thyme were tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Staphylococcus aureus. Black and Red pepper and Thyme were provided from Iranian agricultural researches center. 2 g of each plant powder was added to 10 cc ethanol 96°. After 24 h, the crude extract was separated as an alcoholic extract and concentrated by distillation method. Plants were examined for determining their major component and essential oils were separated. Phytochemical analyses were done for detection of some effective substances in extracts. The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Staphylococcus aureus was tested and the results showed that all extracts and essential oils were effective and essential oils were more active. The extracts and oils that showed antimicrobial activity were later tested to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Dilution (MID) for those bacteria. They were also effective on the inhibition of DNase activity. This study was indicated that extracts and essential oils of Black and Red pepper and Thyme can play a significant role in inhibition of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Staphylococcus aureus.

The effect of pretreatment with clonidine on propofol consumption in opium abuser and non-abuser patients undergoing elective leg surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, increases the quality of perioperative sedation and analgesia with a few side effects. This study was designed to assess the effect of clonidine premedication on the anesthesics used for elective below knee surgeries in opium abusers and non-abusers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial, 160 patients were selected and assigned into four groups. Eighty patients among the opium abusers were divided randomly into clonidine and no clonidine groups, with 40 patients in each, and 80 among the non-abusers were again divided randomly into clonidine and no clonidine groups, with 40 patients in each group. All were anesthetized for elective orthopedic operation using the same predetermined method. The total administered dose of propofol and other variables were compared. RESULTS: THE TOTAL PROPOFOL DOSE IN A DECREASING ORDER WAS AS FOLLOWS: Abuser patients receiving placebo (862 ± 351 mg), non-abuser patients receiving placebo (806 ± 348 mg), abuser patients receiving clonidine (472 ± 175 mg), and non-abuser patients receiving clonidine (448 ± 160 mg). Hence, a statistically significant difference was observed among the four study groups (P value for ANOVA = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Adding clonidine as a preoperative medication decreases the patient's anesthetic needs; this decrease was even more considerable on the anesthetic needs than the effect of opium abuse history on anesthetic dose.