Emotion regulation motives in adolescence shape regulatory strategy use.

INTRODUCTION: Emotion regulation (ER) motives (i.e., the reasons individuals regulate their emotions) are key factors influencing the development of adolescents' ER abilities. However, age- and gender-related trends in adolescents' ER motives, as well as their impact on the use of ER strategies, remain unclear. METHODS: We recruited 5629 participants from two schools in Southwest China (M = 15.18, SD = 1.73; 45.11% male) to complete the Emotion Regulation Goals Scale and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Linear and polynomial regression analyses were conducted to examine age- and gender-related differences in ER motive patterns. We then tested whether different patterns of ER motives were also associated with participants' habitual use of two common ER strategies. RESULTS: This study revealed nonlinear and diverse age-related differences in adolescents' contra-hedonic and pro-social motives, with notable fluctuations in contra-hedonic motives. Boys exhibited higher levels of contra-hedonic motives, while girls showed higher levels of performance motives. Moreover, ER motives were significantly and broadly associated with individuals' habitual use of reappraisal and suppression. More specifically, pro-hedonic motives were associated with greater use of reappraisal, while contra-hedonic motives were linked to higher levels of suppression. Furthermore, instrumental motives (i.e., performance, pro-social, and impression management) were positively related to both reappraisal and suppression. CONCLUSIONS: These findings enhance our understanding of how adolescents' ER motives vary by age and gender, as well as the crucial role different ER motives play in shaping patterns of ER strategy use.

Dissecting the mechanism of synergistic interactions between Aspergillus fumigatus and the microalgae Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 under Cd(II) exposure: insights from untargeted metabolomics.

Co-culturing fungi and microalgae may effectively remediate wastewater containing Cd and harvest microalgae. Nevertheless, a detailed study of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic interactions between fungi and microalgae under Cd(II) exposure is lacking. In this study, Cd(II) exposure resulted in a significant enhancement of antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared to the control group, suggesting that the cellular antioxidant defense response was activated. Extracellular proteins and extracellular polysaccharides of the symbiotic system were increased by 60.61 % and ,24.29 %, respectively, after Cd(II) exposure for 72 h. The adsorption behavior of Cd(II) was investigated using three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Metabolomics results showed that the TCA cycle provided effective material and energy supply for the symbiotic system to resist the toxicity of Cd(II); Proline, histidine, and glutamine strengthened the synergistic adsorption capacity of the fungus and microalgae. Overall, the theoretical foundation for a deep comprehension of the beneficial interactions between fungi and microalgae under Cd(II) exposure and the role of the fungal-algal symbiotic system in the management of heavy metal pollution is provided by this combined physiological and metabolomic investigation.

Combining metabolomics and transcriptomics to analyze key response metabolites and molecular mechanisms of Aspergillus fumigatus under cadmium stress.

The co-cultivation of fungi with microalgae facilitates microalgae harvesting and enhances heavy metal adsorption. However, the mechanisms of fungal tolerance to cadmium (Cd) have not yet been studied in detail. In this study, functional groups of fungi were analyzed under Cd stress using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) to explore their morphology. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to characterize the changes in the content of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins, and a decrease in the ratio of glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was monitored. The GSH and GSSG contents in mycelium were 7.4 and 7.9 times higher than that in the control, respectively. After 72 h of Cd treatment, the fungal extracellular polysaccharide and extracellular protein contents increased by 16 and 11.4 mg/g, respectively, compared to the control. This provided several functional groups for the complexation of Cd ions to enhance fungal Cd tolerance. The metabolomic and transcriptomic results revealed a total of 358 differential metabolites after 20, 48, and 72 h in the positive and negative ion modes, and the number of differential metabolites specific to each group was 104, 14, and 89, respectively. There were 927, 1167, and 1287 up-regulated genes, and 1301, 1480, and 1683 down-regulated genes at 20, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the ABC transport system are the key metabolic pathways for tolerance enhancement and heavy metal detoxification in fungi. The expression of S-cysteinosuccinic acid was significantly up-regulated after Cd stress and associated with enhanced fungal tolerance and resistance to Cd.

Reciprocal effects between negative affect and emotion regulation in daily life.

The extended process model of emotion regulation provides a framework for understanding how emotional experiences and emotion regulation (ER) mutually influence each other over time. To investigate this reciprocal relationship, 202 adults completed a ten-day experience-sampling survey capturing levels of negative affect (NA) experience and use of ten ER strategies in daily life. Residual dynamic structural equation models (DSEMs) were used to examine within-person cross-lagged and autoregressive effects of NA and ER (strategy use and between-strategy variability). Results showed that NA predicted lower between-strategy variability, lower subsequent use of acceptance and problem-solving, but higher subsequent use of rumination and worry. Moreover, reappraisal and between-strategy variability predicted lower subsequent NA levels, while expressive suppression and worry predicted higher subsequent NA levels. Stable autoregressive effects were found for NA and for maladaptive ER strategies (e.g., rumination and worry). Exploratory correlation analyses revealed positive associations between NA inertia and maladaptive ER strategies. Together, these findings provide evidence of a dynamic interplay between NA and ER. This work deepens how we understand the challenges of applying ER strategies in daily life. Future clinical and translational research should consider these dynamic perspectives on ER and affect.

Electrode Interface Engineering in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Enabled by a Trifluoroacetamide-Based Electrolyte.

The passivation caused by the deposition of the insulating discharge final product, lithium sulfide (Li2S), leads to the instability of the cycle and the rapid capacity fading of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), which restricts the development of LSBs. This paper proposes the employment of trifluoroacetamide (TFA) as an electrolyte additive to alleviate the passivation by increasing the solubility of Li2S. The solubilization effect of TFA on Li2S is attributed to intermolecular hydrogen bonds and O-Li bonds. Li2S in the TFA-based electrolyte exhibits a flower-like 3D deposition behavior, which further alleviates the surface passivation of the electrode and impels conversion kinetics. In addition, the LiF-rich solid electrolyte interface layer can effectively defend the Li metal anode and suppress the growth of Li dendrites. Accordingly, the discharge capacity of the TFA-based battery remains at an excellent 681.2 mA h g-1 after 400 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99% at 0.5 C. After the battery stabilizes, the capacity decay is only 0.036% per cycle. Under harsh conditions, such as high rates (2 C) and high sulfur loadings (5.2 mg cm-2) with lean electrolytes and elevated temperatures (60 °C), TFA-containing batteries exhibited more durable and stable cycling. This paper provides new insights into solving practical problems and gives an impetus in cycle stability for LSBs.

Population ageing and injurious falls among one million elderly people who used emergency medical services from 2010 to 2017 in Beijing, China: a longitudinal observational study.

OBJECTIVES: To access the epidemiological characteristics of elderly people using emergency medical services (EMS) in Beijing, as a consequence of injurious falls, and the association between an ageing population and injurious falls. DESIGN: A longitudinal observational study based on Beijing EMS data. SETTING: All citizens aged 60 years or above who used EMS from 2010 to 2017 in Beijing, China. PARTICIPANTS: During 2010 to 2017, 2516 128 people used EMS in Beijing. Of these, 1528 938 people aged under 60 years were excluded and the remaining 987 190 people were included in our study. METHODS: Data were from the emergency dispatch database of Beijing's Emergency Medical Centre. We described the proportion of elderly people using EMS in Beijing due to injurious falls with regard to region, time, sex, age and proportion of the elderly population. RESULTS: Among the 987 190 participants who used EMS, 82 694 (8.38%) had had a fall. The proportion of falls rose from 7.12% in 2010 to 9.45% in 2017, and was higher in urban (8.62%) than in suburban (7.80%) regions. Elderly people were more likely to use EMS due to injurious falls during September to November (8.99%) than during December to February (7.68%) (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.19), and during 08:00 to 09:59 (10.02%) than during 00:00 to 01:59 (4.11%) (aOR=2.52). Elderly people in districts with high (8.92%, aOR=1.15) and medium (8.23%, aOR=1.09) proportions of an elderly population were more likely to use EMS due to injurious falls than those in districts with a low proportion of elderly population (7.81%). CONCLUSIONS: In Beijing, the proportion of elderly people using EMS due to injurious falls increased with age, and was positively correlated with the proportion of the elderly population. Taking care of elderly people and preventing injurious falls should be one of the key issues to be handled in a society with an ageing population.