Guinea Pig Round Window Membrane Explantation for Ex Vivo Studies.

Efficient and minimally invasive drug delivery to the inner ear is a significant challenge. The round window membrane (RWM), being one of the few entry points to the inner ear, has become a vital focus of investigation. However, due to the complexities of isolating the RWM, our understanding of its pharmacokinetics remains limited. The RWM comprises three distinct layers: the outer epithelium, the middle connective tissue layer, and the inner epithelial layer, each potentially possessing unique delivery properties. Current models for investigating transport across the RWM utilize in vivo animal models or ex vivo RWM models which rely on cell cultures or membrane fragments. Guinea pigs serve as a validated preclinical model for the investigation of drug pharmacokinetics within the inner ear and are an important animal model for the translational development of delivery vehicles to the cochlea. In this study, we describe an approach for explantation of a guinea pig RWM with surrounding cochlear bone for benchtop drug delivery experiments. This method allows for preservation of native RWM architecture and may provide a more realistic representation of barriers to transport than current benchtop models.

ChatGPT vs. web search for patient questions: what does ChatGPT do better?

PURPOSE: Chat generative pretrained transformer (ChatGPT) has the potential to significantly impact how patients acquire medical information online. Here, we characterize the readability and appropriateness of ChatGPT responses to a range of patient questions compared to results from traditional web searches. METHODS: Patient questions related to the published Clinical Practice Guidelines by the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery were sourced from existing online posts. Questions were categorized using a modified Rothwell classification system into (1) fact, (2) policy, and (3) diagnosis and recommendations. These were queried using ChatGPT and traditional web search. All results were evaluated on readability (Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kinkaid Grade Level) and understandability (Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool). Accuracy was assessed by two blinded clinical evaluators using a three-point ordinal scale. RESULTS: 54 questions were organized into fact (37.0%), policy (37.0%), and diagnosis (25.8%). The average readability for ChatGPT responses was lower than traditional web search (FRE: 42.3 ± 13.1 vs. 55.6 ± 10.5, p < 0.001), while the PEMAT understandability was equivalent (93.8% vs. 93.5%, p = 0.17). ChatGPT scored higher than web search for questions the 'Diagnosis' category (p < 0.01); there was no difference in questions categorized as 'Fact' (p = 0.15) or 'Policy' (p = 0.22). Additional prompting improved ChatGPT response readability (FRE 55.6 ± 13.6, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT outperforms web search in answering patient questions related to symptom-based diagnoses and is equivalent in providing medical facts and established policy. Appropriate prompting can further improve readability while maintaining accuracy. Further patient education is needed to relay the benefits and limitations of this technology as a source of medial information.

A Benchtop Round Window Model for Studying Magnetic Nanoparticle Transport to the Inner Ear.

INTRODUCTION: The round window membrane (RWM) presents a significant barrier to the local application of therapeutics to the inner ear. We demonstrate a benchtop preclinical RWM model and evaluate superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as vehicles for magnetically assisted drug delivery. METHODS: Guinea pig RWM explants were inset into a 3D-printed dual chamber benchtop device. Custom-synthesized 7-nm iron core nanoparticles were modified with different polyethylene glycol chains to yield two sizes of SPIONs (NP-PEG600 and NP-PEG3000) and applied to the benchtop model with and without a magnetic field. Histologic analysis of the RWM was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Over a 4-h period, 19.5 ± 1.9% of NP-PEG3000 and 14.6 ± 1.9% of NP-PEG600 were transported across the guinea pig RWM. The overall transport increased by 1.45× to 28.4 ± 5.8% and 21.0 ± 2.0%, respectively, when a magnetic field was applied. Paraformaldehyde fixation of the RWM decreased transport significantly (NP-PEG3000: 7.6 ± 1.5%; NP-PEG600: 7.0 ± 1.6%). Confocal and electron microscopy analysis demonstrated nanoparticle localization throughout all cellular layers and layer-specific transport characteristics within RWM. CONCLUSION: The guinea pig RWM explant benchtop model allows for targeted and practical investigations of transmembrane transport in the development of nanoparticle drug delivery vehicles. The presence of a magnetic field increases SPION delivery by 45%-50% in a nanoparticle size- and cellular layer-dependent manner. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 134:3355-3362, 2024.

Utilizing a Functional Lumen Imaging Probe for Evaluation of the Pediatric Airway, A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: Accurate and reproducible measurements of the pediatric airway are critical for diagnostic evaluation and management of subglottic and tracheal stenosis. The endoluminal functional lumen imaging probe (EndoFLIP) is a catheter-based imaging probe which utilizes impedance planimetry to calculate luminal parameters, including cross-sectional area and compliance. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of this system for multidimensional evaluation of the pediatric airway. METHODS: 3D-printed pediatric laryngotracheal models were created based on computed tomography scans, then artificially deformed to simulate both circumferential and posterior subglottic stenosis. Two observers made six measurements of the minimum cross-sectional area (MCSA) and length of stenosis of each model with EndoFLIP. Agreement between observer measurements and model dimensions was evaluated using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient; inter-observer reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation. RESULTS: Four models were created: two without pathology (MCSA: 132.4, 44.3 mm2 ) and two with subglottic stenosis (MCSA: 28.7, 59.7 mm2 , stenotic length 27.8, 24.4 mm). Observer measurements of MCSA and length of stenosis demonstrated high concordance with the models (r = 0.99, 0.95, p < 0.001) with a mean error of 4.5% and 18.2% respectively. There was a low coefficient of variation (0.6%-2.8%) for measurements, indicating high precision. Interrater reliability was high for both MCSA and stenotic length (ICC: 0.99, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: The EndoFLIP system allows for accurate and reproducible measurements of cross-sectional area and stenotic length in pediatric airway models. This method may provide further advantages in the evaluation of airway distensibility, as well as measurements of asymmetric airway pathology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 134:108-112, 2024.

Does reconstruction affect outcomes following exclusively endoscopic endonasal resection of benign orbital tumors: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Objective: As exclusively endoscopic endonasal resection of benign orbital tumors has become more widespread, high-quality outcomes data are lacking regarding the decision of when and how to reconstruct the medial orbital wall following resection. The goal of this study was to systematically review pertinent literature to assess clinical outcomes relative to orbital reconstruction practices. Methods: Data Sources: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science. A systematic review of studies reporting exclusively endoscopic endonasal resections of benign orbital tumors was conducted. Articles not reporting orbital reconstruction details were excluded. Patient and tumor characteristics, operative details, and outcomes were recorded. Variables were compared using χ 2, Fisher's exact, and independent t tests. Results: Of 60 patients included from 24 studies, 34 (56.7%) underwent orbital reconstruction following resection. The most common types of reconstruction were pedicled flaps (n = 15, 44.1%) and free mucosal grafts (n = 11, 32.4%). Rigid reconstruction was uncommon (n = 3, 8.8%). Performance of orbital reconstruction was associated with preoperative vision compromise (p < 0.01). The tendency to forego orbital reconstruction was associated with preoperative proptosis (p < 0.001), larger tumor size (p = 0.001), and operative exposure of orbital fat (p < 0.001) and extraocular muscle (p = 0.035). There were no statistically significant differences between the reconstruction and nonreconstruction groups in terms of short- or long-term outcomes when considering all patients. In patients with intraconal tumors, however, there was a higher rate of short-term postoperative diplopia when reconstruction was foregone (p = 0.041). This potential benefit of reconstruction did not persist: At an average of two years postoperatively, all patients for whom reconstruction was foregone either had improved or unchanged diplopia. Conclusion: Most outcomes assessed did not appear affected by orbital reconstruction status. This general equivalence may suggest that orbital reconstruction is not a necessity in these cases or that the decision to reconstruct was well-selected by surgeons in the reported cases included in this systematic review.

Reflecting on the COVID-19 Surgical Literature Surge: A Scoping Review of Pandemic Otolaryngology Publications.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the high-volume 2020 COVID-19-related surgical literature, with special attention to otolaryngology articles in regard to content, level of evidence, citations, and public attention. STUDY DESIGN: A scoping literature review was performed with PubMed and Web of Science, including articles pertaining to COVID-19 and surgical specialties (March 20-May 19, 2020) or otolaryngologic subspecialties (March 20-December 31, 2020). SETTING: Scoping literature review. METHODS: Otolaryngology-specific COVID-19-related articles were reviewed for publication date, county of origin, subspecialty, content, level of evidence, and Altmetric Attention Score (a weighted approximation of online attention received). Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficients, analysis of variance, independent t tests, and univariable and logistic regressions. RESULTS: This review included 773 early COVID-19 surgical articles and 907 otolaryngology-specific COVID-19-related articles from 2020. Otolaryngology was the most represented surgical specialty within the early COVID-19-related surgical literature (30.4%). The otolaryngology-specific COVID-19 surgical literature responsively reflects the unique concerns within each otolaryngologic subspecialty. Although this literature was largely based on expert opinion (64.5%), articles with stronger levels of evidence received significantly more citations (on Web of Science and Google Scholar, P < .001 for both) and public attention (according to Altmetric Attention Scores, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Despite concerns of a surge in underrefereed publications during the COVID-19 pandemic, our review of the surgical literature offers some degree of reassurance. Specifically, the COVID-19 otolaryngology literature responsively reflects the unique concerns and needs of the field, and more scholarly citations and greater online attention have been given to articles offering stronger levels of scientific evidence.

Socioeconomic Factors Affect Presentation Stage and Survival in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Socioeconomic factors affect oncologic outcome in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC). However, the relationship between these factors and stage at presentation (SAP)-a critical, early point in the care cycle-is not known. This study sought to determine the role of race/ethnicity, treatment facility type, insurance status/carrier, and other socioeconomic factors in SAP and survival among patients with advanced SNSCC. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Using the National Cancer Database, 6,155 patients with SNSCC were identified and divided into those with "early" (Stage I or II; 2,212 (35.9%)) versus "advanced" (Stage III or IV; 3,943 (64.1%)) disease. Associations between sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors on SAP and survival were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Black (odds ratio [OR]: 2.18, CI: 1.74-2.76), Asian and Pacific Islander (API) (OR: 2.37, CI: 1.43-4.14), and Medicaid or uninsured (OR: 2.04, CI: 1.66-2.53) patients were more likely to present with advanced disease. Among patients with advanced disease, API patients demonstrated the highest 10-year survival rate (30.2%), and Black patients had the lowest 2-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates (47.7%, 31.9% and 19.2%, respectively). Older age (HR:1.03, CI:1.03-1.04), Black race (HR:1.39, CI:1.21-1.59), Medicaid or uninsured status (HR:1.48, CI:1.27-1.71), and treatment at a community hospital (HR:1.25, CI:1.14-1.37) were associated with poorer overall survival among patients with advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: Factors including race/ethnicity, treatment facility type, insurance status/carrier, and other socioeconomic factors influence SAP and survival in SNSCC. An improved understanding of how these factors relate to outcomes may elucidate opportunities to address gaps in education and access to care in vulnerable populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2421-2428, 2021.

Exclusively endoscopic endonasal resection of benign orbital tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Cavernous Hemangioma Exclusively Endonasal Resection (CHEER) classification system was developed to standardize prospective outcome analysis following orbital cavernous hemangioma (OCH) resection. The goal of this study was to retroactively apply the CHEER system to all prior existing reports of endoscopic resection of primary benign orbital tumors (BOTs) to: (1) compare patient presentations, perioperative characteristics, and outcomes between OCH and other BOTs; and (2) determine whether the CHEER categorization regime could be expanded to other BOTs. METHODS: A systematic review of studies reporting exclusively endoscopic resections of OCH and other BOTs (eg, solitary fibrous tumor, schwannoma, and meningioma) was performed. Patient, tumor characteristics, and operative outcomes were recorded. All tumors with adequate reporting were retrospectively assigned a CHEER stage. Outcomes were compared using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Ninety-three studies met inclusion criteria, and sufficient data were available in 36 studies, comprising 105 tumors (n = 87 OCHs; n = 18 other BOTs). Baseline patient and tumor characteristics, as well as intraoperative and short-term postoperative outcomes were not significantly different between OCHs and other BOTs. Long-term outcomes (eg, visual deficits, diplopia, eye position, and recurrence) also did not differ when controlling for CHEER stage. CONCLUSION: This review represents the largest collection of outcomes data following exclusively endoscopic endonasal resection of BOTs. Short-term and long-term outcomes appear similar between OCHs and other BOTs. These results suggest that exclusively endoscopic resection of orbital tumors may be effective in a range of benign pathologies. Furthermore, these results support a broader application of the CHEER system to other benign primary orbital tumors.

Infection After Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: Incidence and Implications.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR) is an increasingly common procedure performed by otolaryngologists. While EN-DCR has a high rate of success at relieving blockage of the lacrimal system, little is known regarding associated postoperative infection (POI) rates and risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the occurrence of postoperative orbital and rhinologic infection in a large cohort of patients undergoing EN-DCR. METHODS: A retrospective review of 582 patients who underwent EN-DCR was performed. All patients received antibiotic prophylaxis as a single intraoperative intravenous administration and a ten-day postoperative oral course. Clinical and demographic information was reviewed, including the occurrence of acute orbital or rhinologic infection within 30 days of surgery. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with POI. RESULTS: Fifteen of 582 patients (2.6%) developed POI following EN-DCR. The most common POI was acute rhinosinusitis (10/15, 66.7%), followed by acute dacryocystitis (2/15, 13.3%), preseptal cellulitis (2/15,13.3%), and acute bacterial conjunctivitis (1/15, 6.7%). The majority of patients (464/582, 79.7%) underwent concurrent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). In most cases (302/464, 65.1%), ESS was performed to address comorbid rhinosinusitis, whereas 7.8% (36/464) of patients underwent surgery to enhance surgical access to the lacrimal sac. Patients who underwent concurrent ESS were less likely to develop POI (OR: 0.17, CI: 0.04-0.80, p < 0.05). Evidence of mucopurulence at surgery increased the likelihood of POI (OR: 6.24, CI: 1.51-25.84, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mucopurulence at the time of surgery significantly increased the risk of POI, whereas concurrent ESS, performed most commonly to address comorbid rhinosinusitis, significantly decreased the risk of POI. Awareness of risk factors for POI and appropriate surgical management of concurrent rhinosinusitis can lead to reduced infectious complications after EN-DCR.

Incidence and Predictive Factors for Additional Opioid Prescription after Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery.

Introduction Postoperative pain management and opioid use following endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) is not well understood. A subset of patients requires additional opioid prescription (AOP) in the postoperative period. The objective of this study is to describe the incidence of AOP, as well as evaluate patient and surgical characteristics that may predict additional pain management requirements following ESBS. Methods A retrospective review of cases undergoing ESBS between November 2016 and August 2018 was performed. We reviewed patients' sociodemographic and clinical data, and Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System (CURES) records. Stepwise multivariable logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the factors associated with AOP within 60 days following surgery. Results A total of 42 patients were identified. Indications for ESBS included intracranial mass (64.2%), sinonasal malignancy (23.8%), and skull base reconstruction (9.5%). AOP were recorded in nine patients (21.4%). There were no significant differences in operative factors, including approach, lesion location, or perioperative analgesia between the two cohorts. On multivariable logistic regression, we found that younger age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.891, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79-1.00, p = 0.050), comorbid depression (OR: 86.48, 95% CI: 1.40-5,379.07, p = 0.034), and preoperative opioid use (OR: 104.45, 95% CI: 1.41-7,751.10, p = 0.034) were associated with additional prescriptions postoperatively. Conclusion The requirement for extended postoperative opioid pain control is common after ESBS. Patient demographics including age and psychosocial factors, such as depression may predict the need for AOP after ESBS. These results suggest that patient-driven factors, rather than surgical characteristics, may determine the need for prolonged pain control requirements after ESBS.

Follow-Up Adherence Is Associated with Outcomes After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Clinical follow-up after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) allows for assessment of the sinonasal cavity, debridement, and tailoring of medical therapies. Frequency and timing of postoperative clinical visits is debated, but the impact of adherence on disease-specific outcomes is not well understood. In this longitudinal study, we assessed the association between follow-up adherence and quality of life (QOL) outcomes in the 12 months after ESS. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients undergoing ambulatory ESS for CRS between 11/2016 and 1/2018 was performed. We assessed sociodemographic characteristics, radiographic severity, and QOL utilizing the 22-item sinonasal outcome test (SNOT-22). Patients were categorized as "non-adherent," "moderately-adherent," and "fully-adherent" to a 1-, 3- and 5-week postoperative visit schedule. RESULTS: A total of 166 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 55 (33.1%) were fully-adherent, 105 (63.2%) were moderately-adherent, and 6 (3.6%) were non-adherent within the 6 weeks following ESS. In the immediate postoperative period, fully-adherent patients demonstrated worse QOL (SNOT-22: 31.2 ± 23.1 vs 27.5 ± 17.6, P = .047). This cohort also had greater psychological dysfunction at baseline and 12-months (P < .05) after ESS. Extra-nasal symptom scores increased at a lower rate in the fully-adherent cohort (0.12 vs 1.29 points per 6 months, P = .038), as did ear/facial symptoms (1.17 vs 3.05 points per 6 months, P = .044). CONCLUSION: Despite worse symptom severity in the immediate postoperative period, patients who are more adherent to the follow-up schedule demonstrated slower return of symptoms in the extra-rhinological and ear-facial domains. These findings suggest that clinical adherence and management may impact the long-term evolution of ESS outcomes.

Socioeconomic and demographic determinants of postoperative outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Socioeconomic and demographic factors have a significant impact on healthcare utilization and surgical outcomes. The effect of these variables on baseline symptom severity and quality of life (QOL) after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is not well established. Our goal was to investigate the association of sociodemographic factors on QOL before and after ESS, as reflected by the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) score. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: From October 2016 to August 2018, 244 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent ESS were included. Socioeconomic and demographic data, surgical characteristics, and baseline and postoperative SNOT-22 scores were recorded. Univariate and multivariate regression were performed to identify determinants of baseline symptom severity and improvement following ESS. RESULTS: Nonwhite patients reported worse baseline symptoms severity (SNOT-22, 52.06 vs. 43.76, P = .021) compared to white patients, yet lower CRS symptoms at follow-up (SNOT-22, 23.38 vs. 28.63, P = .035). Relative improvement was higher in nonwhite patients as well (41.2% vs. 36.5%, Mann-Whitney U = 1,747, P = .015). In an adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, below-median income ($71,805 [California]) was associated with worse baseline symptom severity (ß = 7.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10, 14.26). Nonmarried patients (ß = 6.78; 95% CI: 2.22, 13.48) and white patients (ß = 8.45; 95% CI: 0.40, 13.97) had worse QOL at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Nonwhite patients and those with below-median income present with more severe CRS symptoms at baseline. However, a greater degree of absolute and relative QOL improvement was found in nonwhite and married patients following ESS. Improved understanding of the significance of socioeconomic and demographic factors and attention to cultural differences/marital status could have a substantial impact on ESS outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 130:297-302, 2020.

Impact of margin status on survival after surgery for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is the most common malignancy of the paranasal sinuses. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, yet positive surgical margins (PSM) are common and the prognostic impact on overall survival (OS) is mixed. Given the heterogeneity of impact of PSM on OS within the literature, we hypothesized that extent of tumor extirpation (microscopic PSM vs macroscopic PSM) may play a role in OS. METHODS: Patients with SNSCC were identified in the National Cancer Database (NCDB, n = 7808). Of these, 4543 patients underwent surgery, 3265 patients underwent nonsurgical therapy. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare OS between negative surgical margin (NSM), micro-PSM, and macro-PSM cohorts vs patients undergoing primary nonsurgical therapy in a propensity-score-matched analysis. Multivariable analysis of factors associated with macro-PSM was also performed. RESULTS: One thousand thirty-three (22.0%) of the surgery patients had PSM, and approximately half (n = 521, 50.6%) of these had macro-PSM. When compared with nonsurgical treatment, propensity-score-matched results demonstrated improved OS in patients with NSM and micro-PSM (p < 0.001), but macro-PSM patients did not demonstrate improvement (p = 0.20). Tumor within the paranasal sinuses and advanced nodal classification (N2/N3) (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; p = 0.02; and OR, 15.09; p = 005, respectively) was associated with increased odds of macro-PSM on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that the degree of tumor extirpation correlates with OS. Macro-PSM did not confer a benefit to OS when compared with nonsurgical therapy, and factors including tumor location and advanced nodal status affect whether surgery will result in macro-PSM. Given these findings, informed, shared decisionmaking between patient and surgeon regarding nonsurgical alternatives should occur before electing to proceed with surgery in SNSCC.

Concussions in the National Basketball Association: Analysis of Incidence, Return to Play, and Performance From 1999 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: The effect of concussions on professional athletes has been investigated in many sports. However, few studies have evaluated concussions in National Basketball Association (NBA) players. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that concussion incidence has increased, yet the return-to-play (RTP) rate will remain high following the institution of the NBA concussion policy (NBACP). We also hypothesized that the incidence of repeat concussions will be similar to first occurrences and that player performance and game availability will not be significantly affected by sustaining a concussion. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: Publicly available records were searched to identify all concussions from NBA seasons 1999-2000 to 2017-2018. Player demographics and information regarding career history were tabulated. Incidence of concussion and RTP timing were evaluated before and after institution of the NBACP (2011). Minutes per game and game score per minute were evaluated pre- versus postconcussion. Player availability and performance were also compared with an age-, body mass index-, position-, and experience-matched control group of players who did not sustain a concussion. RESULTS: A total of 189 concussions were reported in the NBA from 1999 to 2018, with a mean ± SD incidence of 9.7 ± 7.3 concussions per season. Following implementation of the NBACP, incidence significantly increased from 5.7 ± 2.8 to 16.7 ± 7.5 concussions per season (P = .007). All players returned to play following first-time concussion after missing 7.7 ± 8.6 days and 3.5 ± 4.1 games. RTP time was not significantly different after implementation of the NBACP (games missed, P = .24; days missed, P = .27), and there was no difference in concussion-free time interval (P = .29). Game score per minute and minutes per game were not significantly affected by sustaining a concussion (both P > .05). CONCLUSION: Concussion incidence in NBA players is approximately 17 instances per season since the 2011 institution of a league-wide concussion policy. The number of reported concussions significantly increased following the policy, in line with trends seen in other professional sports leagues. Players have retained a high rate of RTP after 3 to 4 missed games. Player performance and availability are not affected by sustaining a concussion following successful RTP.

Incidence and predictive factors for additional opioid prescription after endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND: Excessive postoperative opioid prescription is a source of prescription diversion in the United States opioid crisis and may contribute to chronic opioid use. Efficient prescription by the surgeon can mitigate opioid abuse and improve postoperative pain control. In this study we sought to better characterize the incidence and predictive baseline characteristics associated with the need for additional opioid prescription after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on subjects undergoing ambulatory ESS between November 2016 and August 2017. The medical and Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System (CURES) records were reviewed. Uni- and multivariable logistic regressions were performed to evaluate factors associated with additional opioid prescription within 60 days of surgery. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients were included. Additional prescriptions were seen in 22 patients (18%). Surgical factors, including sinuses operated, septoplasty, revision, or extended procedure (Draf IIB/III), were not associated with additional prescription. On multivariate logistic regression, preoperative opioid use (odds ratio [OR], 23.45; 95% CI, 1.52-362.63), greater number of prescribed tablets (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.26), and lower preoperative health status (ASA score) (OR, 11.21; 95% CI, 1.49-84.30) were associated with additional prescription (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A need for extension of postoperative opioid pain control is not uncommon after ESS. Patient baseline clinical characteristics are predictive of a need for re-prescription of opioids. Surgical extent is not associated with need for prolonged postoperative opioid pain management.

Predictive value of SNOT-22 on additional opiate prescriptions after endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is generally well tolerated, yet a subset of patients require an additional opiate prescription in the postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to quantify differences in both preoperative and immediate postoperative 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores between patients with a single prescription and those requiring additional opiate prescriptions (AOPs). METHODS: Patients undergoing ESS between November 2016 and August 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. The Medical and Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System (CURES) records were reviewed; patients requiring AOP within 60 days after surgery were identified. The primary and secondary outcomes of interest were the association of baseline and first postoperative visit SNOT-22 total and domain scores with AOP. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients were reviewed, 22 (18.2%) required AOP. Baseline SNOT-22 scores were higher in aggregate (58.7 ± 16.0 vs 46.1 ± 22.5) and ear/facial domain (11.4 ± 4.8 vs 8.5 ± 5.4) in the AOP group (p < 0.01). AOP patients also demonstrated higher scores across all SNOT-22 domains (p < 0.001) at the immediate preoperative visit. There was no difference in the absolute improvement between groups (15.5 ± 18.30 vs 12.3 ± 23.9, p = 0.54). AOP patients experienced less relative improvement (20.2% vs 34.8%, p < 0.05) and smaller mean effect size (0.57 vs 0.70, p < 0.001) after ESS. CONCLUSION: Patients reporting increased ear and facial symptoms at baseline have an increased risk of additional opiate prescription after surgery; preoperative SNOT-22 scores may provide utility in identifying these patients. Subjects in both cohorts report symptomatic improvement after ESS; however, relative, not absolute, improvement in SNOT-22 scores is more predictive of AOP.