Clinical follow-up investigation on thickness changes in the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer of patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness changes and analyse factors associated with visual recovery of G11778A Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with G11778A LHON between July 2017 and December 2020 in Tongji hospital were included in this follow-up study. Patients were grouped according to disease duration. Variations in the RNFL thickness in each quadrant at different disease stages were characterised using optical coherence tomography. According to the absence or presence of significant visual acuity improvements, LHON patients of disease duration ≥ 6 months were divided into two groups. A bivariate logistic regression model was constructed to analyse the potential factors associated with spontaneous visual recovery. RESULTS: This study included 56 G11778A LHON patients (112 eyes) and 25 healthy controls (50 eyes), with a mean follow-up of 5.25 ± 1.42 months. All quadrants and mean RNFL thicknesses of LHON patients first increased and then decreased, except for the temporal RNFL. As the disease progressed, RNFL thinning slowed; however, gradual RNFL thinning occurred. Logistic regression revealed that baseline best corrected visual acuity was related to spontaneous visual recovery of LHON patients with disease duration ≥ 6 months. CONCLUSION: The pattern of RNFL involvement could be helpful in the differential diagnosis of LHON and other optic neuropathies. LHON patients with better vision are more likely to experience some degree of spontaneous visual acuity recovery after the subacute phase.

Role of the Pseudomonas plecoglossicida fliL gene in immune response of infected hybrid groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂).

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, a gram-negative bacterium, is the main pathogen of visceral white-point disease in marine fish, responsible for substantial economic losses in the aquaculture industry. The FliL protein, involved in torque production of the bacterial flagella motor, is essential for the pathogenicity of a variety of bacteria. In the current study, the fliL gene deletion strain (ΔfliL), fliL gene complement strain (C-ΔfliL), and wild-type strain (NZBD9) were compared to explore the influence of the fliL gene on P. plecoglossicida pathogenicity and its role in host immune response. Results showed that fliL gene deletion increased the survival rate (50%) and reduced white spot disease progression in the hybrid groupers. Moreover, compared to the NZBD9 strain, the ΔfliL strain was consistently associated with lower bacterial loads in the grouper spleen, head kidney, liver, and intestine, coupled with reduced tissue damage. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2 238 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spleens of fish infected with the ΔfliL strain compared to the NZBD9 strain. Based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, the DEGs were significantly enriched in seven immune system-associated pathways and three signaling molecule and interaction pathways. Upon infection with the ΔfliL strain, the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was activated in the hybrid groupers, leading to the activation of transcription factors (NF-κB and AP1) and cytokines. The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokine-related genes IL-1ß, IL-12B, and IL-6 and chemokine-related genes CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL4 were significantly up-regulated. In conclusion, the fliL gene markedly influenced the pathogenicity of P. plecoglossicida infection in the hybrid groupers. Notably, deletion of fliL gene in P. plecoglossicida induced a robust immune response in the groupers, promoting defense against and elimination of pathogens via an inflammatory response involving multiple cytokines.

The role of pericyte in ocular vascular diseases.

Pericytes are located in the stromal membrane of the capillary outer wall and contain endothelial cells (ECs). They are pivotal in regulating blood flow, enhancing vascular stability, and maintaining the integrity of the blood-retina barrier (BRB)/blood-brain barrier (BBB). The pluripotency of pericytes allows them to differentiate into various cell types, highlighting their significance in vascular disease pathogenesis, as demonstrated by previous studies. This potential enables pericytes to be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and a target for treatment of vascular disorders. The retina, an essential part of the eyeball, is an extension of cerebral tissue with a transparent refractive medium. It offers a unique window for assessing systemic microvascular lesions. Routine fundus examination is necessary for patients with diabetes and hypertension. Manifestations, such as retinal artery tortuosity, dilation, stenosis, and abnormal arteriovenous anastomosis, serve as typical hallmarks of retinal vasculopathy. Therefore, studies of ocular vascular diseases significantly facilitate the exploration of systemic vascular diseases.

The metabolic reprogramming of γ-aminobutyrate in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common head and neck malignancy. The oncometabolites have been studied in OSCC, but the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming remains unclear. To identify the potential metabolic markers to distinguish malignant oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue from adjacent healthy tissue and study the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming in OSCC. We compared the metabolites between cancerous and paracancerous tissues of OSCC patients by 1HNMR analysis. We established OSCC derived cell lines and analyzed their difference of RNA expression by RNA sequencing. We investigated the metabolism of γ-aminobutyrate in OSCC derived cells by real time PCR and western blotting. Our data revealed that much more γ-aminobutyrate was produced in cancerous tissues of OSCC patients. The investigation based on OSCC derived cells showed that the increase of γ-aminobutyrate was promoted by the synthesis of glutamate beyond the mitochondria. In OSCC cancerous tissue derived cells, the glutamate was catalyzed to glutamine by glutamine synthetase (GLUL), and then the generated glutamine was metabolized to glutamate by glutaminase (GLS). Finally, the glutamate produced by glutamate-glutamine-glutamate cycle was converted to γ-aminobutyrate by glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2). Our study is not only benefit for understanding the pathological mechanisms of OSCC, but also has application prospects for the diagnosis of OSCC.

PEGylated AIEgens for dual sensing of ATP and H2S and cancer cells photodynamic therapy.

Fluorescent sensors have been widely applied for biosensing, but probes for both multiple analytes sensing and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect are less reported. In this article, we reported three AIE-based probes anchored with different mass-weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) tails, i.e., TPE-PEG160, TPE-PEG350, and TPE-PEG750, for both adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection and also cancer cells photodynamic therapy. TPE-PEGns (n = 160, 350 and 750) contain the tetraphenylethylene-based fluorophore core, the pyridinium and amide anion binding sites, the H2S cleavable disulfide bond, and the hydrophilic PEG chain. They exhibit a good amphiphilic property and can self-assemble nona-aggregation with a moderated red emission in an aqueous solution. Importantly, the size of aggregation, photophysical property, sensing ability and photosensitivity of these amphiphilic probes can be controlled by tuning the PEG chain length. Moreover, the selected probe TPE-PEG160 has been successfully used to detect environmental H2S and image ATP levels in living cells, and TPE-PEG750 has been used for photodynamic therapy of tumor cells under light irradiation.

[Sjögren's syndrome combined with cold agglutinin disease: A case report].

Sjögren's syndrome(SS)is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands, especially salivary and lacrimal glands. The main clinical manifestations are dry mouth and dry eyes, but also multi-organ and multi-system can be involved. Cold agglutinin disease(CAD)is an autoimmune disease characterized by red blood cell agglutination in the blood vessels of extremities caused by cold agglutinin at low temperature, resulting in skin microcirculation disturbance, or hemolytic anemia. Cold agglutinin disease is divided into two categories, primary cold agglutinin disease and secondary cold agglutinin disease. Primary cold agglutinin disease is characterized with cold agglutinin titer of 1 ∶4 000 or more and positive Coomb's test. However, the Coomb's test is not necessarily positive and the cold agglutinin titer is between 1 ∶32 and 1 ∶4 000 in secondary cold agglutinin disease. Here, we reported an elderly patient admitted to hospital due to fever. He was diagnosed with respiratory infection, but he showed incompletely response to the anti-infection treatment. Further laboratory tests showed the patient with positive ANA and anti-SSA antibodies. Additionally, the patient complained that he had dry mouth and dry eyes for 1 year. Schirmer test and salivate gland imaging finally confirmed the diagnosis Sjogren's syndrome. During the hospital stay, the blood clots were found in the anticoagulant tubes. Hemolytic anemia was considered as the patient had anemia with elevated reticulocytes and indirect bilirubin. In addition, further examination showed positive cold agglutination test with a titer of 1 ∶1 024, and cold agglutinin disease was an important type of cold-resistant autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, the patient developed cyanosis after ice incubating at the tip of the nose. Hence, the patient was diagnosed as CAD and he was successfully treated with glucocorticoids instead of anti-infection treatments. Hence, the patient was diagnosed with SS combined with secondary CAD. SS combined CAD are rarely reported, and they are both autoimmune diseases. The abnormal function of B lymphocytes and the production of autoantibodies might be the common pathogenesis of them. Cold agglutinin disease can lead to severe hemolytic anemia, even life-threatening. In clinical practice, timely recognizing and dealing with CAD might promote the prognosis of the patient.

Identification of core genes associated with different phosphorus levels in quinoa seedlings by weighted gene co-expression network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Quinoa is a highly nutritious and novel crop that is resistant to various abiotic stresses. However, its growth and development is restricted due to its limited utilization of soil phosphorus. Studies on the levels of phosphorus in quinoa seedlings are limited; therefore, we analyzed transcriptome data from quinoa seedlings treated with different concentrations of phosphorus. RESULTS: To identify core genes involved in responding to various phosphorus levels, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis method was applied. From the 12,085 expressed genes, an analysis of the gene co-expression network was done. dividing the expressed genes into a total of twenty-five different modules out of which two modules were strongly correlated with phosphorus levels. Subsequently we identified five core genes that correlated strongly either positively or negatively with the phosphorus levels. Gene ontology and assessments of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes have uncovered important biological processes and metabolic pathways that are involved in the phosphorus level response. CONCLUSIONS: We discovered crucial new core genes that encode proteins from various transcription factor families, such as MYB, WRKY, and ERF, which are crucial for abiotic stress resistance. This new library of candidate genes associated with the phosphorus level responses in quinoa seedlings will help in breeding varieties that are tolerant to phosphorus levels.

Effect of a modified regimen on drug-sensitive retreated pulmonary tuberculosis: A multicenter study in China.

Background and objective: Retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) still accounts for a large proportion of tuberculosis, and the treatment outcome is unfavorable. The recurrence of retreatment PTB based on long-term follow-up has not been well demonstrated. This study aimed to evaluate effect of a modified regimen on drug-sensitive retreated pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: This multicenter cohort study was conducted in 29 hospitals from 23 regions of China from July 1, 2009, to December 31, 2020. Patients were divided into two treatment regimen groups including experimental group [modified regimen (4H-Rt2-E-Z-S(Lfx)/4H-Rt2-E)]and control group [standard regimen (2H-R-E-Z-S/6H-R-E or 3H-R-E-Z/6H-R-E)]. The patients enrolled were followed up of 56 months after successful treatment. We compared the treatment success rate, treatment failure rate, adverse reaction rate, and recurrence rate between two regimens. Multivariate Cox regression model was used to identify the potential risk factors for recurrence after successful treatment with proportional hazards assumptions tested for all variables. Results: A total of 381 patients with retreatment PTB were enrolled, including 244 (64.0%) in the experimental group and 137 (36.0%) in the control group. Overall, the treatment success rate was significant higher in the experimental group than control group (84.0 vs. 74.5%, P = 0.024); no difference was observed in adverse reactions between the two groups (25.8 vs. 21.2%, P > 0.05). A total of 307 patients completed the 56 months of follow-up, including 205 with the modified regimen and 102 with the standard regimen. Among these, 10 cases (3.3%) relapsed, including 3 in the experimental group and 7 in the control group (1.5% vs 6.9%, P = 0.035). Reduced risks of recurrence were observed in patients treated with the modified regimen compared with the standard regimen, and the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.19 (0.04-0.77). Conclusion: The modified retreatment regimen had more favorable treatment effects, including higher treatment success rate and lower recurrence rate in patients with retreated drug-sensitive PTB.

Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of lipocalin families in Lepidoptera with an emphasis on Bombyx mori.

Lipocalins exhibit functional diversity, including roles in retinol transport, invertebrate cryptic coloration, and stress response. However, genome-wide identification and characterization of lipocalin in the insect lineage have not been thoroughly explored. Here, we found that a lineage-specific expansion of the lipocalin genes in Lepidoptera occurred in large part due to tandem duplication events and several lipocalin genes involving insect coloration were expanded more via tandem duplication in butterflies. A comparative analysis of conserved motifs showed both conservation and divergence of lepidopteran lipocalin family protein structures during evolution. We observe dynamic changes in tissue expression preference of paralogs in Bombyx mori, suggesting differential contribution of paralogs to specific organ functions during evolution. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that lipocalins localize to the cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, or nucleus in BmN cells. Moreover, several lipocalin genes exhibited divergent responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, and 1 lipocalin gene was upregulated by 300 fold in B. mori. These results suggest that lipocalins act as signaling components in defense responses by mediating crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses. This study deepens our understanding of the comprehensive characteristics of lipocalins in insects.

Correlation between food-specific IgG antibodies and phenotypes of chronic spontaneous urticaria / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between food-specific IgG (sIgG) antibodies and phenotypes of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) .Methods:Serum samples were collected from outpatients with active CSU, symptomatic dermographism (SD) , or acute urticaria (AU) , and healthy controls from 5 third-grade class-A hospitals such as the First Hospital of China Medical University between April 2014 and March 2015. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to detect serum levels of 90 food-sIgG antibodies and total IgE, Western blot analysis to detect levels of 20 allergen-specific IgE antibodies, and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay to detect levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase IgG antibodies and anti-thyroglobulin IgG antibodies. Comparisons of normally distributed quantitative data between two groups and among several groups were performed by t test and one-way analysis of variance, respectively; comparisons of non-normally distributed quantitative data between two groups were performed by Mann-Whitney U test; for comparisons of proportions, chi-square test and Fisher′s exact test were used. Results:A total of 248 patients with CSU, 22 with SD, 15 with AU and 13 healthy controls were recruited. The cut-off level for sIgG positivity was 100 U/ml (at least 2+) , and the positive rate of food-sIgG antibodies was slightly higher in the patients with CSU (176/248, 70.97%) , SD (15/22, 68.18%) and AU (11/15) than in the healthy controls (7/13; χ2 = 1.80, P = 0.615) . Among the 248 CSU patients, the proportion of patients with family history of allergic diseases was significantly higher in the sIgG-positive group (71/176, 40.34%) than in the sIgG-negative group (19/72, 26.39%; χ2 = 4.30, P = 0.042) , while no significant difference was observed in the 1-day urticaria activity score (UASday) between the two groups ( Z = 0.18, P = 0.859) . Totally, 177 CSU patients completed 12- to 40-week treatment; their condition could be completely controlled by second-generation H1-antihistamines, and there was no significant difference in the required dosage of second-generation H1-antihistamines between the sIgG-positive group (128 cases) and sIgG-negative group (49 cases; Z = -1.06, P = 0.298) . Conclusions:The prevalence of family history of allergic diseases was relatively high in food-sIgG-positive patients with CSU. However, food-sIgG could not be used as an indicator to reflect the disease activity of CSU and treatment response.

Surgical timing for primary encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: A case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Primary encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but devastating disease that causes fibrocollagenous cocoon-like encapsulation of the bowel, resulting in bowel obstruction. The pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment strategies of EPS remain unclear so far. Since most patients are diagnosed during exploratory laparotomy, for the non-surgically diagnosed patients with primary EPS, the surgical timing is also uncertain. CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old female patient was referred to our center on September 6, 2021, with complaints of abdominal distention and bilious vomiting for 2 d. Physical examination revealed that the vital signs were stable, and the abdomen was slightly distended. Computerized tomography scan showed a conglomerate of multiple intestinal loops encapsulated in a thick sac-like membrane, which was surrounded by abdominal ascites. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic EPS. Recovery was observed after abdominal paracentesis, and the patient was discharged on September 13 after the resumption of a normal diet. This case raised a question: When should an exploratory laparotomy be performed on patients who are non-surgically diagnosed with EPS. As a result, we conducted a review of the literature on the clinical manifestations, intraoperative findings, surgical methods, and therapeutic effects of EPS. CONCLUSION: Recurrent intestinal obstructions and abdominal mass combined with the imaging of encapsulated bowel are helpful in diagnosing idiopathic EPS. Small intestinal resection should be avoided.

Sp1 transcription factor represses transcription of phosphatase and tensin homolog to aggravate lung injury in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus-pulmonary tuberculosis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can enhance the risk of mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and aggravate pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study intended to explore the function of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in T2DM-PTB and the molecules involved. Mice were treated with streptozotocin to induce T2DM and then infected with Mtb. The mice with T2DM had increased weight, blood glucose level, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, and increased susceptibility to PTB after Mtb infection. PTEN was significantly downregulated in mice with T2DM-PTB and it had specific predictive value in patients. Overexpression of PTEN improved mouse survival and reduced bacterial load, inflammatory infiltration, cell apoptosis, and fibrosis in lung tissues. Sp1 transcription factor (SP1) was predicted and identified as an upstream regulator of PTEN. SP1 suppressed PTEN transcription. Silencing of SP1 enhanced mouse survival and alleviated the lung injury, and it promoted the M1 polarization of macrophages in murine lung tissues. However, further downregulation of PTEN increased protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation and blocked the alleviating roles of SP1 silencing in T2DM-PTB. This study demonstrates that SP1 represses PTEN transcription to promote lung injury in mice with T2DM-PTB through Akt activation.

Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor ameliorates acute ulcerative colitis in mice via regulating intestinal bacteria homeostasis and Nrf2/NLRP3 pathway to repair intestinal mucosa / 药学学报

This study investigated the protective effect and related mechanisms of Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor on mice with ulcerative colitis. Animal experiments follow the rules of Animal Ethics Committee of Southern Medical University. C57BL/6 mice were given 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 6 days to induce acute ulcerative colitis. During this period, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor, decoction of Citrus reticulata blanco (both orally administrated with 300 mg·kg-1·d-1 crude polysaccharide) or positive drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg·kg-1·d-1) were gavaged continuously for 9 days. Cecal contents were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The levels of inflammatory factors, tight junction proteins and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 / Nod-like receptor protein 3 (Nrf2/NLRP3) pathway related proteins in the colon were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence and Western blot. Our results showed that Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor and Citrus reticulata blanco protected against UC-induced weight loss, diarrhea, bloody stool, and colon shortening. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 6 (Il-6) and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10) and NLRP3 inflammasome were significantly decreased; the mRNA levels of colon anti-inflammatory factor (Il-10), tight junction protein [zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1), occludin, claudin-1], mucin 2 (Muc2), Nrf2, as well as the mRNA and protein levels of NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were significantly increased. In addition, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor increased the abundance of Akkermansia and reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria Enterococcus and Streptococcus. The correlation analysis showed that the abundance of Akkermansia was positively correlated with anti-inflammatory factors, tight junction protein and the related genes levels of Nrf2 signaling pathway. In summary, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor ameliorates acute ulcerative colitis in mice via regulating intestinal bacteria homeostasis and Nrf2/NLRP3 pathway to repair intestinal mucosa.

The Application of Tissue Glue in Eyelid Laceration Repair in Children During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Lockdown in Wuhan.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss a rapid and effective treatment used for children with eyelid lacerations during the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan to limit the risk of cross-infection. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted of forty-five patients with eyelid lacerations who attended the Ophthalmology Department of Wuhan Children's Hospital between January 23, 2020 and March 6, 2020. The tissue glue Histoacryl was used to bond the wounds in 24 cases, while the traditional suture method was used for 21 cases. The wound healing time, complications, treatment satisfaction, and number of visits of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The two groups had similar baseline characteristics. The wound healing time (from wound disinfection to wound dressing) was shorter in the tissue glue group (4.35 ± 0.47min versus 11.71 ± 1.85 min, P< 0.01). There was 1 case of wound dehiscence in the tissue glue group. Twenty-two cases in the tissue glue group were satisfied, 2 cases were basically satisfied, and 0 were dissatisfied. Eleven cases in the traditional suture group were satisfied, 9 cases were basically satisfied, and 1 case was dissatisfied. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In terms of the number of visits, the tissue glue group visited (1.54 ± 0.88) times, while the traditional suture group visited (2.38 ± 0.59) times. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 of all medical staff in the ophthalmology emergency room were negative. CONCLUSION: Compared with the traditional suture method, tissue glue used in eyelid laceration in children has the advantages of painlessness, shorter operation duration, higher safety and satisfaction, greater ease of care, and fewer hospital visits. Tissue glue can be widely used to reduce the risk of cross-infection.

The activation of galanin receptor 2 plays an antinociceptive effect in nucleus accumbens of rats with neuropathic pain.

Our previous research has shown that galanin plays an antinociceptive effect via binding to galanin receptors (GalRs) in nucleus accumbens (NAc). This study focused on the involvement of GalR2 in galanin-induced antinociceptive effect in NAc of neuropathic pain rats. The chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve (CCI) was used to mimic neuropathic pain model. The hind paw withdrawal latency (HWL) to thermal stimulation and hind paw withdrawal threshold (HWT) to mechanical stimulation were measured as the indicators of pain threshold. The results showed that 14 and 28 days after CCI, the expression of GalR2 was up-regulated in bilateral NAc of rats, and intra-NAc injection of GalR2 antagonist M871 reversed galanin-induced increases in HWL and HWT of CCI rats. Furthermore, intra-NAc injection of GalR2 agonist M1145 induced increases in HWL and HWT at day 14 and day 28 after CCI, which could also be reversed by M871. Finally, we found that M1145-induced antinociceptive effect in NAc of CCI rats was stronger than that in intact rats. These results imply that the GalR2 is activated in the NAc from day 14 to day 28 after CCI and GalR2 is involved in the galanin-induced antinociceptive effect in NAc of CCI rats.

SSR1 is involved in maintaining the function of mitochondria electron transport chain and iron homeostasis upon proline treatment in Arabidopsis.

Although increasing intracellular proline under stressed condition could help the plants survive, treating plant with high level of proline under normal condition could be inhibitory to plant growth. Among other possible mechanisms, proline-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to electron overflow in mitochondria electron transport chain (mETC) caused by elevated proline degradation may contribute to the proline toxicity. However, direct evidences are still elusive. Here, we reported a functional characterization of SSR1, encoding a protein localized in mitochondria matrix, in maintaining the function of mETC through analyzing the proline hypersensitive phenotype of an Arabidopsis mutant ssr1-1 with a truncated SSR1 protein. Our analysis demonstrated that upon proline treatment, there were higher mitochondrial ROS, lower ATP content, reduced activity of mETC complex I and II, and reduced iron content in ssr1-1, in comparison to the wild type. Therefore, SSR1 is involved in maintaining normal capacity of mETC in transporting electrons in a way that related to iron homeostasis. Our results also supported that normal mETC activity is required for alleviating the proline toxicity.

Basal Energy Expenditure of Chinese Healthy Adults: Comparison of Measured and Predicted Values.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure the basal energy expenditure (BEE) of Chinese healthy adults and establish an accurate predictive equation for this population. METHODS: In total, 470 Chinese healthy adults had their BEE measured using the Cosmed K4b 2 portable metabolic system. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to develop new optimal equations for predicting BEE. The bias, accuracy rate, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the predictive equations. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in BEE between males and females, with 5,954 kJ/d and 5,089 kJ/d, respectively. People living in rural areas expended significantly higher BEE (5,885 kJ/d) than those in urban areas (5,279 kJ/d). Previous equations developed by Henry, Schofield, Harris-Benedict (H-B), and Liu overestimated the BEE of Chinese healthy adults. The new equations derived from the present study displayed the smallest average bias and RMSE from the measured basal energy expenditure (mBEE). The CCC of the new equations was higher than other predictive equations, but it was lower than 0.8. There was no significant difference in the accuracy rate among all predictive equations. CONCLUSIONS: Sex and regional differences in BEE were observed in Chinese healthy adults. Neither the widely used previous predictive equations nor the one derived in the present study were accurate enough for estimating the BEE of Chinese healthy adults. Further study is required to develop more accurate equations for predicting the BEE of Chinese healthy adults aged between 20-45 years.

Macrophage activation syndrome as an initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus.

In a recent article on World J Clin Cases 2019; 7: 3859-3865, Sun et al reported a case of 36-year-old female with macrophage activity syndrome as an onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. Although this is a very interesting case, some concerns still need to be addressed. First, the patient had an extremely elevated serum ferritin but a normal C-reactive protein level, which was unparallel with the inflammatory condition before she received any treatments. Second, the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus seemed to be insufficient according to the patient's medical information presented, most of which were not specific to lupus but could be explained by macrophage activity syndrome. Hence, more medical information on the patient should be provided, and a profound discussion needs to be addressed.

The F-box protein EST1 modulates salt tolerance in Arabidopsis by regulating plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiport activity.

F-box protein, one of the building blocks of the SCF complex, functions in substrate recognition of the SCF subtype of E3 ubiquitin ligase. However, the role of F-box protein in salt stress is largely elusive in plants. Here, we report the characterization of an Arabidopsis salt-tolerant mutant est1 with significantly reduced sodium content and higher Na+/H+ antiporter activity after NaCl treatment compared to the wild-type. Over-expression of EST1 resulted in increased sensitivity to salt stress, suggesting that EST1 may act as a negative regulator for salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. EST1 encodes an F-box protein, which interacts with ASK4, ASK14, and ASK18, and is likely targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, EST1 interacts with MKK4 and negatively regulates MKK4 protein levels and the activity of the plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter. Our findings demonstrate the existence of an EST1-MKK4 module that mediates salt sensitivity by regulating the activity of the plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter. These results provide important information for engineering salt-tolerant crops.